Analysis & Design of Pipe Carrying

Bridge and Trestles

Central Project and Engineering Division, Tata Steel Ltd
Trainee

Project Guide:

Dusi V Praveen Kumar

Civil Engineering Dept.
NIT Silchar

Mr. Manoj Kumar

Head Project: Civil & Structural
Tata Steel Ltd

2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank TATA STEEL LTD, for having provided me with an
unbelievable learning experience during the training. It was indeed a joy to be a
part of such a huge organization which is also the worlds sixth largest producer
of steel. It was indeed an experience of a lifetime.
Again, I take this opportunity to thank my guide Mr.MANOJ KUMAR for
having given me all the time I could have asked for to understand the problem,
proceed in the proper direction in order to analyse the problem, and provide
suitable solutions to the problems. I am indeed grateful for the amount of
interest and enthusiasm they displayed in my project work and make sure the
best environment was made available to me which has indeed gone a long way
in helping me successfully complete the project.
It is very important stage to mention another factor which made my stay
in TATA STEEL a very pleasant experience and that would be the warm and
friendly environment that existed in Engineering and Projects department. At
the end of the training period it really feels as if I was part of one big family. It
will definitely be one of the memories that I would cherish for a long time to
come.

Thanking you,

DUSI V PRAVEEN KUMAR

Ref No:- VT20130163

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project report on ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PIPE
CARRYING BRIDGE AND TRESTLES, submitted by DUSI V PRAVEEN KUMAR of
NIT Silchar is a record of efficient work done by him under my guidance. He has
completed the job successfully. His duration of project was from 7th May to 18th
June 2013.
The report contains sufficient calculations & relevant drawings
related to the subject matter under study & do fulfil all the requirements of the
work assigned to him for the vacation training project.

We wish him every success in life.

Mr. Manoj Kumar

Head Project,
Civil & Structural
Engineering & Projects
TATA STEEL LTD, JAMSHEDPUR

TATA STEEL : a brief introduction

Established in 1907, Tata Steel is among the top ten global steel companies with
an annual crude steel capacity of over 28 million tonnes per annum (mtpa). It is
now one of the world's most geographically-diversified steel producers, with
operations in 26 countries and a commercial presence in over 50 countries.

The Tata Steel Group, with a turnover of US$ 22.8 billion in FY '10, has over
80,000 employees across five continents and is a Fortune 500 company. Tata
steel completed 100 glorious years of existence on august 26, 2007 following the
ideals and philosophy laid down by its founder, Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. The
first private sector steel plant which started with a production capacity of
1,00,000 tonnes has transformed into global giant.
Tata Steel is a global player with a balanced presence in developed European
and fast growing Asias market and with a strong position in the construction,
automotive, and packaging markets.
Tata Steel is to be the global steel industry benchmark for value creation and
corporate citizenship.

Tata Steels vision is to be the worlds steel industry benchmark through the
excellence of its people, its innovative approach and overall conduct.
Underpinning this vision is a performance culture committed to aspiration
targets, safety and social responsibility, continuous improvement, openness and
transparency.
Tata Steels larger production facilities include those in India, the UK, the
Netherlands, Thailand, Singapore, China and Australia. Operating companies
within the Group include Tata Steel Limited (India), Tata Steel Europe Limited
(formerly Corus), NatSteel, and Tata Steel Thailand (formerly Millennium Steel).

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: Introduction

Structural engineering deals with planning, design and construction. These are
the most important steps for dealing any structural project. Design concerned
with either concrete or steel, first prepare the plans showing the arrangement
fulfilling the purpose to be accomplished by the structure. For instance the plans
prepared by structural engineer should be such that not only acceptable
arrangement from functional, strength & adequacy requirements and also it
should be economical.
It is very important to calculate and analyse different types of load acting on a
structure. Once this is done, structure analysis is made to determine different
stresses induced in various member of structure are ascertained. The size and
shape of component member should be chosen such that they will be subjected
to stress not exceeding permissible stress value and then finally field
construction is done.
Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and
large non building structures but they can also be involved in the design of
machinery, medical equipment, vehicle or any item where structural integrity
affects the items function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their
design satisfies given design criteria predicated on safety (e.g. structure must
not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (e.g.
building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants).Structural
engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the
structural performance of different materials and geometries.
Structural engineering design utilizes a number of simple structural elements to
build up structural systems that can be very complex. Structural engineers are
responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements
and materials to achieve these goals.

TYPE OF LOADS AND THEIR DEFINITION

Estimation of total load acting on a structure is very difficult work, but some
time it is very important from safety point of view.
It is very necessary to consider the combination of load for which structure is to
be designed.

Types of loads
Dead loads
Live load
Longitudinal load
Impact load
Wind load
Horizontal load
Upthrust load
Earth load
Temp effect
Deformation stress
Secondary stress
Erection stress
Seismic force

dead load of structure:

Dead load of a structure means weight of a structure itself. The dead load of a
structure is not known before it is designed. It is assumed. Dead load is
compared with actual dead load if the difference is significant, the assumed
dead load is revised and the structure is redesigned. Dead load should include
the superimposed loads that are permanently attached to the structure.
Different materials should have different dead loads.

Live load on a structure:

Live load is the movable or changeable load acting on a structure. It may change
its position. In case of roof the live load due to human load ,access load(if
present).
In case of tank, live load is human load and liquid load.

Wind load on a structure:

The wind load intensity at any height of a structure depends upon the velocity
and density of air, shape and height of structure , topography of surrounding
ground surface and angle of wind attack.
Design wind sped at any height z is given by,
VZ = Vz*K1*K2*K3
Where,
K1 = probability factor of risk coeffecient
K2 = height and structure factor based on terrain category
K3 = topography factor
Wind pressure = 0.6 (Vz)2 N/mm2.

Project Details
Project Title: Analysis and Design of Pipe carrying steel structure Bridge and
Trestle.
Given:

10 m

1.65 m
m

1. 2 numbers of CO pipe of diameter = 500mm.

2. 1 number of water pipe of diameter = 300mm.

1.65 m
m
1.75 m
m
1.65 m

3m

20 m

3m

Other Data:
Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3
Muck (live load) = 1200 kg/m3
[Note: Muck is sediment formation inside CO gas pipe which is assumed to be
occupying 1/3rd area of the pipe (worst case) and is periodically removed.]
The pipes are continuous and the next trestle support is at 6m, hence the
projected pipe influence is 3m in length.

Preliminary Planning:
In order to proceed further, exterior has to be planned judiciously with some
assumptions, which get refined with experience.
Depth of the Bridge:
This depends on the type of loading, ie. Light, medium, heavy. As the loading
increases light to heavy the depth should increase and this is governed by span
to depth ratio which can be enumerated as follows:

Basing on experience our project guide has guided us that this is medium
loading and span to depth ratio is taken as 12 and after fine tuning to a rational
no. depth is arrived at 1.65 m.
No. of panels in front view truss:
Firstly to simplify the design some degree of symmetry is incorporated. Hence
the diagonal members are arranged in back slash up until middle and forward
slash for the rest. Usually to satisfy the above requirement and to avoid
indeterminacy even no. of panels is preferred. Also along with this to ensure
practical feasibility and aesthetics the diagonal member is inclined at around
range.
Keeping the above points in view, the end panels are of length 1.75m and the
intermediate panels are of length 1.65m.
Accordingly the horizontal bracings in the top and bottom truss systems, (that
resist wind loads) are laced continuously.

Estimation of Loads:
1. Dead Load (DL)
a. DL of CO pipe (2 nos.)
Diameter () = 500mm
Thickness (t) = 10mm
Density of steel () = 78.5 kN/m
DL = 2**(0.512 -0 .492)/4 kN/m
= 2.47kN/m.
b. DL of water pipe (1 no.)
Diameter () = 300mm
Thickness (t) = 8mm
Density of steel () = 78.5 kN/m
DL = *(..3082 - .2922)/4 kN/m
= .60kN/m.
c. DL of truss = 2kN/m (assumption)
Total DL acting on Top chords of Vertical Truss = 5.07 kN/m
DL acting on Each Top Chord of Vertical Truss = 2.535 kN/m
Also, DL of projected pipe on ends of truss = 4.605 kN
2. Live Load
a. LL due to running water = 10**0.2922/4 kN/m
= .669 kN/m
b. LL due to Muck in CO pipes (2 Nos) :
Density of Muck = 12 kN/m3
Area of CO pipe, ACO= *.492/4 m2
Assumption : 1/3rd of cross sectional area of CO pipes is filled with
muck (worst case)
So, Maximum LL due to Muck = 2*ACO*12 kN/m
= 1.5 kN/m
Total LL acting on Top chords of Vertical Truss = 2.169 kN/m
LL acting on Each Top Chord of Vertical Truss = 1.085 kN/m

3. Wind Load:
Wind Loads are calculated according to IS 875 : 1984 Part 3
Basic Wind Speed, Vb = 47 m/s
Design Wind Speed at any height z, Vz = k1.k2.k3.Vb
Where,

k1 = Probability Factor (Risk Coefficient),

k2 = Terrain, height and structure factor
k3 = Topography factor

As per Code Clause,

k1 =1
k2 =0.87 (Category III, Class B)
k3 = 1
So, Design Wind Speed at any height z, Vz = 1*0.87*1*47 m/s
= 40.89 m/s
As per Code Clause,
Design Wind Pressure Pz = 0.6*Vz2 N/m2
= 1003.2 N/m2
Design Wind Force, Fz = Cf*Ae*Pz N
Where, Cf = Force coefficient, depends on solidity Ratio ()
Ae = Effective area
Pz = Design Wind Speed
Wind Force on Pipe :
Wind Udl on Pipe, Wp = Cf*Ae*Pz/L
Cf = 0.5
[As per IS 875 part 3, Fig. 6]
L = Length of Pipe
So, Wind Udl on pipe, Wp = 0.6*0.7*D*Pz
= 0.6*0.7*0.5*1003.3

= 210.693 N/m
Total Udl on all (three) pipes due to Wind, Wpt = 1.5*210.693
= 316.0395 N/m
Wind Load Udl on Lateral Truss :
Total Wind load udl on Windward Side Truss Wt = Cf*Ae*Pz/L
Cf on windward side depends on Solidity ratio ()
Solidity Ratio () =
Assuming ISLC 125 for Top Chord and Bottom Chord, ISA 65X65 for
Vertical and Diagonal members,
Windward Side truss,
Ae = 0.125 * 20 * 2 + (10 * 0.065 * (1.414 * 1.65)+2*0.065*2.405) + (13 * 1.65 * 0.065)
= 8.25 m2
So, Solidity Ratio () =
= 0.25
Cf = 1.35
[as per IS 875 Part 3, Table 28]
So, Wt1 = 1.35*8.25*1003.2/20
= 558.657 N/m
So, WL on Windward side Top Chord = 558.657/2 = 279.32 N/m
and WL on Windward side Bottom Chord = 558.657/2 = 279.32 N/m
Leeward Side Truss,
Total Wind load udl on Windward Side Truss Wt = Cf*Ae*Pz/L
Cf depends on screening factor
Since frame spacing ratio = 1
[as per IS 875 part 3]
= 0.85
Cf 0.85*1.35 =1.14
So, Wt2 = 1.14*8.25*1003.2/20

= 471.754 N/m
So, WL on Leeward side Top Chord = 471.754/2 = 235.877 N/m
and WL on Leeward side Bottom Chord = 471.754/2 = 235.877 N/m
Transferring WL on Pipe to Top chords of Windward Side and Leeward
side we have,
WL on Windward side Top Chord = 158.02+279.32 = 437.94 N/m
WL on Leeward side Top Chord = 158.02+235.87 = 393.89 N/m
WL on Windward side Bottom Chord = 279.32 N/m
WL on Leeward side Bottom Chord = 235.877 N/m
Analysis of horizontal truss system can be done by loading totally on
Windward side top chord and similarly Windward side bottom chord.
Wind Loading for Top Horizontal Truss,
Windward side Chord = 437.94 + 393.89 = 831.83 N/m = 0.83183 kN/m
End Joints (due to projected Pipe) = 0.316 *3 = 0.948 kN
Wind Loading for Bottom Horizontal Truss,
Windward side Chord = 393.89 + 235.88 = 629.77 N/m

Load Combinations :
As per IS 800 : 2007, for the design of steel structures as per limit state
design, following load combination have to be used
1. 1.5(DL + LL)
2. 1.2(DL + LL + WL)

Fig 1: 1.5(DL + LL) case, Front View (kN,m units)

Fig2: 1.2(DL + LL + WL) case, Front View (kN,m units)

Fig3: 1.2(DL+LL+WL) case, Plan view, Top Horizontal truss (kN,m units)

Fig3:1.2(DL+LL+WL) case,Plan view, Bottom Horizontal truss (kN,m units)

Structural Analysis :
Structural Analysis for above loads has been done manually using method of
joints, and is verified using the software modelling.
The Udls shown above are transformed into joint loads according to their length
of influence.
Method of Joints:
After transforming udls to joint loads the internal Axial forces are calculated by
drawing FBD of each joint and finding out the unknown forces after resolving
into mutually perpendicular axes.
Analysis for Load Combination 1.5(DL + LL):

Reactions:
R0 = R12 =

= 66.09 kN

Joint 0:
F25

F25 = -R0 = - 66.09 kN

F0 = 0
F0

R0
Joint 25:
16.541 kN

F25

F24
F26

Joint 1:
F26 F27
F0

F1

Joint 24:
F24
9.231kN
F23
F28
F27

Joint 2:
F28 F29
F1

F2

Joint 23:
F23 8.959kN
F22
F30
F29

Joint 3:
F30 F31
F2

F3

Joint 22:
F22
8.959kN
F21
F32
F31

Joint 4:
F32 F33
F3

F4

Joint 21:
F21 8.959kN
F20
F34
F33

Joint 5:
F34 F35
F4

F5

Joint 20:
F20 8.959kN
F19
F36
F35

Joint 19:
F19 8.959kN
F18
F37
Joint 6:
F36 F37
F5

F38
F6

Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images of this half
section.

Analysis for Load Combination 1.2(DL + LL+WL), front view:

Reactions:
R0 = R12 =

= 52.87 kN

Joint 0:
F25

F25 = -R0 = - 52.83 kN

F0

F0 = 0

R0
Joint 25:
13.227 kN

F25

F24
F26

Joint 1:
F26 F27
F0

F1

Joint 24:
F24
7.385kN
F23
F28
F27

Joint 2:
F28 F29
F1

F2

Joint 23:
F23 7.167kN
F22
F30
F29

Joint 3:
F30 F31
F2

F3

Joint 22:
F22
7.167kN
F21
F32
F31

Joint 4:
F32 F33
F3

F4

Joint 21:
F21 7.167kN
F20
F34
F33

Joint 5:
F34 F35
F4

F5

Joint 20:
F20 7.167kN
F19
F36
F35

Joint 19:
F19 7.167kN
F18
F37
Joint 6:
F36 F37
F5

F38
F6

Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.

Analysis for Load Combination 1.2(DL + LL+WL), Plan View, Top Horizontal
truss:

Reactions:
R0,Top = R12 =
Joint 25:
2.013 kN

F23
F24

Joint 0:
F24 F25
F0
R0
Joint 1:
F38
F0

F1

Joint 24:
F23

1.697kN

F22
F25

F26
F38

= 11.12 kN

Joint 23:
F22 1.697kN
F21
F39
Joint 2:
F26 F39

F27

F1

F2

Joint 3:
F40
F2

F3

Joint 22:
F21
1.697kN
F20
F27
F28
F40

Joint 21:
F20 1.697kN
F21
F41

Joint 4:
F28 F41 F29
F3

F4

Joint 5:
F42
F4

F5

Joint 20:
F19 1.697kN
F18
F29
F30
F42

Joint 19:
F18 1.697kN
F17
F43
Joint 6:
F30 F43
F5

F31
F6

Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.

Analysis for Load Combination 1.2(DL + LL+WL), Plan View, Bottom Horizontal
truss:

Reactions:
R0 = R12 =
Joint 25:
0.66 kN

F23
F24

Joint 0:
F24 F25
F0
R0
Joint 1:
F38
F0

F1

Joint 24:
F23

1.283kN

F22
F25

F26
F38

= 7.55 kN

Joint 23:
F22 1.245kN
F21
F39
Joint 2:
F26 F39

F27

F1

F2

Joint 3:
F40
F2

F3

Joint 22:
F21
1.245kN
F20
F27
F28
F40

Joint 21:
F20 1.245kN
F21
F41

Joint 4:
F28 F41 F29
F3

F4

Joint 5:
F42
F4

F5

Joint 20:
F19 1.697kN
F18
F29
F30
F42

Joint 19:
F18 1.697kN
F17
F43
Joint 6:
F30 F43
F5

F31
F6

Since the truss is symmetric, the forces in other members will be mirror images
of this half section. Axial forces are verified using SAP 2000 model.

Summary of Above Structural Analysis:

As we can see in the Axial force diagrams, the compressive forces are induced in
the top chords of each truss for vertical loading (DL+LL) and in case of WL the
compressive forces are induced in the top and bottom chords of windward side
truss and tensile forces in leeward side top and bottom chords.
This can be diagrammatically visualized as shown below:
(DL + LL)

(WL)

Hence we can see the maximum compression occurs in Windward side top
chord and maximum tensile forces occur in Leeward side bottom chord. The
results of above analysis also prove the same.
So we design the top chords for maximum compressive forces and bottom chord
members for maximum tensile forces, since the direction of wind loads are
reversible in nature.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + LL) as compared to 1.2(DL+LL+WL) combination. This might be
as a result of less wind forces acting because of choice of Terrain, height and
structure factor (k2) while calculating design Wind Speeds.

Structural Design for Induced Forces:

As shown in summary the maximum compressive forces are induced in top
chord of windward side truss and similarly the maximum tensile forces are
induced in bottom chord of leeward side truss.
The wind can change its direction hence the top chord (both windward, leeward
side) are designed for maximum compressive forces and the bottom chord (both
windward, leeward side) are designed for maximum tensile forces.
Design is done using IS 800 : 2007 :
Maximum compressive forces are produced in case of 1.5(DL+LL), P = -164.54 kN
Maximum tensile forces are produced in case of 1.5(DL+LL), P = 160.05 kN
Design of Compression Members

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISMC 125 for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 73.04 and fy 250 is
so,

Since,
the section is O.K for compression.
Design for Tension Members
[Section 6: IS 800:2007]

Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension

Since,

the section is O.K for tension.

Vertical Member maximum compressive force, P = -66.09 kN

Diagonal Member maximum Tensile force, T = -72.22 kN
Design of Compression Members

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for vertical compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is

so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

Design for Tension Members

[Section 6: IS 800:2007]

Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for diagonal tensile members,

Since,

the section is O.K for tension.

Top truss Vertical member maximum compressive forces P = -2.01 kN

Top truss Diagonal member maximum Tensile force T = 10.48 kN
Design of Compression Members

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85

[for weld connections]

L = length of member

r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.

Assuming ISA 6060, t=6mm for vertical compressive members,

Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

Design for Tension Members

[Section 6: IS 800:2007]

Where,
Td = design Tensile force of section
Ag = gross area of section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension
Assuming ISA 6060, t=6mm for diagonal tensile members,

Since,

the section is O.K for tension.

Bottom truss Vertical member maximum compressive forces P = -0.66 kN

Bottom truss Diagonal member maximum Tensile force T = 7.98 kN
Since the forces are less compared to Top truss Vertical member and Diagonal
member maximum forces, we can use the sections decided for top truss
members.
So, Bottom truss Vertical member is provided with ISA 6060 t=6m
And Bottom truss Diagonal member also is provided with ISA 6060 t=6m

TRESTLES:
They are vertical structures that transfer the loads from Pipes and bridge to the
foundations.
As per the problem statement we have a 4 legged trestle and a 2 legged trestle.
Shown below are the frontal and cross sectional views of 4 legged trestle and 2
legged trestle.

1.65 m

Front view of 4 legged trestle

1.65 m

Cross sectional view

of 4 legged trestle

1.65 m

Cross Sectional view

Front view
of 2 legged trestle of 2 legged trestle

Load Combinations:
Since we have DL, LL and WL acting on the trestles, we have following load
combinations:
1. Pipe full condition : 1.2(DL+LL+WL)
2. Pipe empty condition : 1.5(DL+WL)

Structural Analysis :
The forces due to pipes and bridges transferred to trestles as reactions on
trestles. In addition to these loads the wind loads on trestles and Self weight
(DL) of trestle also have to be assumed or calculated.
Analysis for Pipes Full condition :: 1.2(DL+LL+WL) case :
This analysis is split into 1.2DL, 1.2LL and 1.2WL and then superimposed to get
full picture.
Analysis for 1.2 DL:
Reactions from top due to pipe and bridge self-weight:

Reaction on each column

Self-Weight of trestle

(assumed)

Self-Weight of trestle acts on

Members just above supports
Axial forces induced in each column
due to DL of pipes and bridge = 17.98 kN
Axial forces induced in lower column
Members = 22.98 kN
Foundation Reactions

Analysis for 1.2 LL

Reactions from top due to pipes live load (LL):

Reaction on each column

Foundation Reactions
Axial forces induced in each column
due to LL of pipes

Analysis for 1.2WL :

Wind forces act in two mutually perpendicular directions on the trestle. One is
Lateral and other one is longitudinal direction.

Longitudinal direction

Lateral direction

Analysis for Lateral direction (1.2WL) :

Reaction for 1.2WL on Top Horizontal Truss
Reaction for 1.2WL on Bottom Horizontal Truss
Total Transferable WL on trestle
Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design Wind
Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side of
trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMC 200x75 for
columns and ISA6060 section for horizontal and diagonal members

Solidity ratio
Windward side

Section view

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Wind Load (WL) on each column
Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :
Horizontal Reactions,

Joint 1:
F14

4.67kN

F1
Joint 14:
5.31 kN

F14
F25
F13

[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]

Joint 13:
F13
F15

0.64 kN

F12

Joint 4:
F25
F15

F1

F24

F2

Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
0.64kN

F11

F16
F23

Joint 11:
F11
F17

0.64kN

F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4

Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5

Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9

F21

Joint 9:
F9
0.66 kN

F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6

Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.341 kN

RH
F7
RWL, uplift

Superposition of above three cases gives the Load Combination

1.2(DL+LL+WLLateral).
Hence, on superposition we get the following result:
Foundation Reaction
Foundation Reaction

Horizontal Reactions RH = 6.62 kN

RH

RH

R1

R2

Analysis for Longitudinal direction (1.2WLlongitudinal) :

Since the pipe in the cross sectional view is continuous, wind load acts only on
the cross braced frame of the truss at the support.
Assuming ISA 65X65 cross bracing at the support,

Solidity ratio
Windward side

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load in sectional view of bridge

Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design Wind
Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side of
trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMC 200x75 for
columns and ISA6060 section for horizontal and diagonal
members

Solidity ratio
Windward side

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Wind Load (WL) on each column
Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :
Horizontal Reactions,
Joint 1:
F14

0.33kN

F1
Joint 14:
0.651 kN

F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15

0.64 kN

F12

[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]

Joint 2:
F25
F15

F1

F24

F2

Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3
Joint 12:
F12
F24
0.64kN

F11

F16
F23

Joint 11:
F11
F17

0.64kN

F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4

Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5

Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9

F21

Joint 9:
F9
0.66 kN

F19
F8
Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6

Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.341 kN

RH
F7
RWL, uplift

Superposition of above three cases gives the Load Combination

1.2(DL+LL+WLlongitudinal).
Hence, on superposition we get the following result:
Foundation Reaction
Foundation Reaction
Horizontal Reactions RH = 2.27 kN

Analysis for Pipes Empty condition :: 1.5(DL+WL) case

This analysis is split into 1.5DL, and 1.5WL and then superimposed to get full
picture.
Analysis for 1.5 DL
Reactions from top due to pipe and bridge self-weight:

Reaction on each column

Self-Weight of trestle
Self-Weight of trestle acts on
Members just above supports

(assumed)

Analysis for 1.5WL :

Wind forces act in two mutually perpendicular directions on the trestle. One is
Lateral and other one is longitudinal direction.

Lateral direction

Longitudinal direction

Analysis for Lateral direction (1.5WL) :

Reaction for 1.5WL on Top Horizontal Truss
Reaction for 1.5WL on Bottom Horizontal Truss
Total Transferable WL on trestle
Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design
Wind Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side
of trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMC 200x75 for
columns and ISA6060 section for horizontal and diagonal
members

Solidity ratio
Windward side

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Wind Load (WL) on each column

[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]

Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :

Horizontal Reactions,
Joint 1:
F14

5.83kN

F1
Joint 14:
6.63 kN

F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15

0.80 kN

F12

Joint 4:
F25
F15

F1

F24

F2

Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3

Joint 12:
F12
F24
F16
F23

0.80kN

F11

Joint 11:
F11
F17

0.80kN

F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4

Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5

Joint 10:
F10
F22
F18
F9

F21

Joint 9:
F9
0.83 kN

F19
F8

Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6

Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.426 kN

RH
F7
RWL, uplift

Superposition of above two cases gives the load combination

1.5(DL + WLLateral).
Foundation Reaction
Foundation Reaction
Horizontal Reactions RH = 8.27 kN

Analysis for Longitudinal direction (1.2WLlongitudinal) :

Since the pipe in the cross sectional view is continuous, wind load acts only on
the cross braced frame of the truss at the support.
Assuming ISA 65X65 cross bracing at the support,

Solidity ratio
Windward side

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load in sectional view of bridge

Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design Wind
Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side of
trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMC 200x75 for
columns and ISA6060 section for horizontal and diagonal
members

Solidity ratio
Windward side

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Wind Load (WL) on each column

[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]

Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :

Horizontal Reactions,

Joint 1:
F14

0.407kN

F1
Joint 14:
0.811 kN

F14
F25
F13
Joint 13:
F13
F15

0.8 kN

F12

Joint 2:
F25
F15

F1

F24

F2

Joint 3:
F2
F16
F3

Joint 12:
F12
F24
F16
F23

0.8kN

F11

Joint 11:
F11
F17

0.8kN

F10
Joint 4:
F23
F3
F17
F22
F4

Joint 5:
F18 F4
F5

Joint 10:
F10
F22
0.8kN
F18
F9

F21

Joint 9:
F9
0.83 kN

F19
F8

Joint 6:
F21
F5
F19
F20
F6

Joint 7:
F6
F7
RH
RWL, push
Joint 8:
F8
F20
0.426 kN

RH
F7
RWL, uplift

Superposition of above three cases gives the Load Combination

1.2(DL+LL+WLlongitudinal).
Hence, on superposition we get the following result:
Foundation Reaction
Foundation Reaction

Horizontal Reactions RH = 2.84 kN

Analysis for Pipes Full condition :: 1.2(DL+LL+WL) case :

This analysis is split into 1.2DL, 1.2LL and 1.2WL and then superimposed to get
full picture.
Analysis for 1.2 DL:
Reactions from top due to pipe and bridge self-weight:
R0

Self-Weight of trestle

(assumed)

Self-Weight of trestle acts on

Members just above supports
Axial forces induced in each column
due to DL of pipes and bridge = 35.946 kN
Axial forces induced in lower column
Members = 40.946 kN
Foundation Reactions

Analysis for 1.2 LL

R0

Reactions from top due to pipes live load (LL):

Foundation Reactions
Axial forces induced in each column due to LL of pipes

Analysis for 1.2WL :

Wind forces act in two mutually perpendicular directions on the trestle. One is
Lateral and other one is longitudinal direction.

Longitudinal direction

Lateral direction

Analysis for Lateral direction (1.2WL) :

Reaction for 1.2WL on Top Horizontal Truss
Reaction for 1.2WL on Bottom Horizontal Truss
Total Transferable WL on trestle
Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design Wind
Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side of
trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMB 200 for columns
and ISA6565 section for horizontal and diagonal members
Solidity ratio
Windward side,

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :
Horizontal Reactions,
On analysing this 2 legged trestle as done in 4
legged trestle using method of joints yields
following results:
Superposition of above three cases gives the
Load Combination 1.2(DL+LL+WLLateral).
Hence, on superposition we get the following
result:
Foundation Reaction

Foundation Reaction

Horizontal Reactions RH = 9.815 kN

Axial force diagram for

1.2WL

Axial force diagram for

1.2(DL+LL+WL)

Analysis for Pipes Empty condition :: 1.5(DL+WL) case

This analysis is split into 1.5DL, and 1.5WL and then superimposed to get full
picture.
Analysis for 1.5 DL:
Reactions from top due to pipe and bridge self-weight:
R0

Self-Weight of trestle

(assumed)

Self-Weight of trestle acts on

Members just above supports
Axial forces induced in each column
due to DL of pipes and bridge = 44.933 kN
Axial forces induced in lower column
Members = 51.433 kN
Foundation Reactions

Analysis for 1.5WL :

Wind forces act in two mutually perpendicular directions on the trestle. One is
Lateral and other one is longitudinal direction.

Lateral direction

Longitudinal direction

Analysis for Lateral direction (1.5WL) :

Reaction for 1.5WL on Top Horizontal Truss
Reaction for 1.5WL on Bottom Horizontal Truss
Total Transferable WL on trestle
Wind Load on each column

Wind

Plan view

Wind Load Trestle:

We have already calculated, Design Wind Speeds, Design Wind
Pressure for this location.
We now need to calculate the Wind Loads on Windward side of
trestle and Leeward Side of trestle.
To initiate the calculation, we are assuming ISMB 200 for columns
and ISA6565 section for horizontal and diagonal members
Solidity ratio
Windward side,

[as per IS 875 part 3]

Wind Load on windward side (udl)

Frame spacing ratio

Solidity ratio
Shielding Factor,
[as per IS 875 part 3, Table 29]
Leeward side
Wind Load on Leeward side (udl)

Total wind load on trestle

Reactions due to Wind Loads on trestle :
Horizontal Reactions,
On analysing this 2 legged trestle as done in 4 legged trestle using method of
joints yields following results:

Superposition of above three cases gives the Load

Combination 1.2(DL+LL+WLLateral).
Hence, on superposition we get the following result:
Foundation Reaction
Foundation Reaction
Horizontal Reactions RH = 11.65 kN

Axial force diagram for

1.5WL

Axial force diagram for

1.5(DL+WL)

TRESTLES:
4-legged Trestle:
Summary of Above Structural Analysis:
As we can see in the Axial force diagrams, the Maximum Compressive force and
Maximum tensile force occurs in pipe empty load combination,
1.5(DL + WLlateral).
Accordingly,
Maximum Compressive force, column = -114.13 kN
Maximum tensile force, column = -39.63 kN
Maximum Compressive force diagonal members = -21.6 kN
Maximum tensile force diagonal members = 23.47 kN
Again, since the Wind forces are reversible in nature, we design the Column
section for Max compressive forces and diagonal members also for maximum
compressive forces.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + WLLateral), Pipe empty condition as compared to the case of
1.5(DL+WLlongitudinal), Pipe empty condition. This might be as a result of greater
Wind loads in Lateral direction as compared to longitudinal direction as the
effective area in contact with wind forces is greater in lateral direction
Structural Design for Induced Forces:
As shown in summary the column section are to be designed for maximum
compressive forces and the diagonal members also should be designed for their
maximum compressive forces.
Design is done using IS 800 : 2007 :
Maximum compressive forces are produced in columns for the case of
1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -114.13 kN
Design of Compression Members
Where,

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Pd = design compressive force of section

Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISMC 200 for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 73.04 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

OR
Assuming ISA9090 t=10mm for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 85.4 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

this section is also O.K for compression.

Maximum compressive forces are produced in case of diagonal member for the
case of 1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -21.6 kN
Design of Compression Members

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISA 6565, t=6mm for vertical compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

The same section can be provided for horizontal member or ISA 6060 t=6mm
can be provided.

2-legged Trestle:
Summary of Above Structural Analysis:
As we can see in the Axial force diagrams, the Maximum Compressive force and
Maximum tensile force occurs in pipe empty load combination,
1.5(DL + WLlateral).
Accordingly,
Maximum Compressive force, column = -337.10 kN
Maximum tensile force, column = -234.288 kN
Maximum Compressive force diagonal members = -67.73 kN
Maximum tensile force diagonal members = 71.60 kN
Again, since the Wind forces are reversible in nature, we design the Column
section for Max compressive forces and diagonal members also for maximum
compressive forces.
Comments on Structural Analysis:
As we have seen in the above analysis, the maximum forces were induced in
case of 1.5(DL + WLLateral), Pipe empty condition as compared to the case of
1.5(DL+WLlongitudinal), Pipe empty condition. This might be as a result of greater
Wind loads in Lateral direction as compared to longitudinal direction as the
effective area in contact with wind forces is greater in lateral direction
Structural Design for Induced Forces:
As shown in summary the column section are to be designed for maximum
compressive forces and the diagonal members also should be designed for their
maximum compressive forces.
Design is done using IS 800 : 2007 :
Maximum compressive forces are produced in columns for the case of
1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = -337.10 kN
Design of Compression Members
Where,

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Pd = design compressive force of section

Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member
r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.
Assuming ISMB 200 for compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 73.04 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

Maximum compressive forces are produced in case of diagonal member for the
case of 1.5(DL+WLlateral), P = - 67.73 kN
Design of Compression Members

[section 7 : IS 800:2007]

Where,
Pd = design compressive force of section
Ae = effective area of section
fcd = design compressive Stress of section
fcd depends on slenderness ratio and the type of steel
type of steel is Mild Steel (Fe250, fy =250Mpa)
Slenderness ratio
Where, K = 0.85 [for weld connections]
L = length of member

r = minimum radius of gyration of the section.

Assuming ISA 6565, t=10mm for vertical compressive members,
Slenderness ratio
fcd for slenderness ratio 111.3 and fy 250 is
so,
Since,

the section is O.K for compression.

The same section can be provided for horizontal member or ISA 6565 t=10mm
can be provided.

Design of Base plate:

4-legged trestle:

Maximum uplift = 56.71 kN

25 % increase for future consideration = 1.25*56.71 = 70.8875 kN

180

75

= 392.69 mm2

70

36

Assume 25mm dia bolt

37

38

200

37

38

350

Where, fub = 400 MPa

[IS 1367, 4.6 grade bolt]

Tdb = 141368.4/1.25 = 113.094 kN

No. of Bolts = 70.8875/113.094 = 0.622
Hence provide 2 bolts.
The dimensions of base plate are determined by providing minimum clearances
to the bolt and column and then summing up the resulting distance.
Edge clearance from bolt =1.5D

Hole clearance from the section = 25+0.5D

Thickness of base plate (for ISMC 200 Column):
Permissible stresses in the base plate, fb = 189 MPa
Contact pressure between concrete of M25 grade and steel = 7 MPa
Considering bending about major column length:

Considering bending about minor column length:

So, choose 25 mm thickness base plate for 4-legged trestles.

Thickness of base plate (for ISA9090 Column):

220

Permissible stresses in the base plate, fb = 189 MPa

Contact pressure between concrete of M25 grade and
steel = 7 MPa
Considering bending about any column length(symmetric):

220

So, choose 25 mm thickness base plate for 4-legged trestles (ISA 9090 t=10mm).

2-legged trestle
Maximum uplift = 234.20 kN
25 % increase for future consideration = 1.25*234.20 = 292.75 kN

70
75
200

75

350

Where, fub = 400 MPa

[IS 1367, 4.6 grade bolt]

Tdb = 141368.4/1.25 = 113.094 kN

No. of Bolts = 292.75/113.094 = 2.588
Hence provide 4 bolts.
The dimensions of base plate are determined by providing minimum clearances
to the bolt and column and then summing up the resulting distance.
Edge clearance from bolt =1.5D
Hole clearance from the section = 25+0.5D
Thickness of base plate (for ISMB 200 Column):
Permissible stresses in the base plate, fb = 189 MPa
Contact pressure between concrete of M25 grade and steel = 7 MPa
Considering bending about major column length:

240

= 392.69 mm2
100

70

Assume 25mm dia bolt

Considering bending about minor column length:

So, choose 25 mm thickness base plate for 2-legged trestles.

REFERENCES

www.google.com
www.Tatasteel.com
IS : 875 (Part 3)-1897
IS : 800 : 2007
SP : 6 steel tables.
Books :
Design of Steel structures SK Duggal.
Design of steel structures Ramamrutham