AWS G 2.3M G2.3-2012 Guide For The Joining of Solid Solution Austenitic Stainless Steels - Part2

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S16880
ER1682
0.10
0.040.08
0.03
0.025
0.025
0.08
0.08
0.180.25
0.08
0.025
0.07
0.08
0.03
0.08
0.03
14.516.5
18.520.0
21.523.5
19.521.5
26.528.5
19.021.5
19.021.5
15.017.0
18.520.5
19.021.0
19.021.0
18.020.0
18.520.5
18.520.5
19.022.0
Cr
7.59.5
9.011.0
7.59.5
24.026.0
30.033.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
34.037.0
9.010.5
32.036.0
32.036.0
11.014.0
13.015.0
13.015.0
15.018.0
Ni
1.02.0
0.25
2.53.5
4.25.2
3.24.2
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
2.03.0
2.03.0
2.03.0
3.04.0
3.04.0
2.53.5
Mo
1.02.0
1.02.0
0.502.00
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.52.0
2.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
1.02.5
5.09.0
Mn
0.300.65
0.300.65
0.90
0.50
0.50
0.651.00
0.300.65
0.300.65
0.300.65
0.15
0.60
0.300.65
0.300.65
0.300.65
0.300.65
Sif
Composition, wt %b, c, d
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.015
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.080.20
0.100.20
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.22.0
0.701.50
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
3.04.0
3.04.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Cu
8 C min./0.40 max.
Nbg
10 C min./1.0 max.
Nbg
2.03.5
0.05
Ti
0.05
Nbg
10 C min./1.0 max.
Nbg
9 C min./1.0 max.
8 C min./1.0 max.
Nbg
Ti
8 C min./1.0 max.
Amount
Nbg
Element
46
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Not for Resale, 08/18/2014 09:29:33 MDT
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Source: Adapted from AWS A5.9/A5.9M:2006, Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods, Table 1, American Welding Society.
Ferritic and martensitic grades are not included in this table. Only austenitic grades and occasionally duplex grades used for welding austenitics are reported herein.
b For classification of the electrode, AWS A5.9/A5.9M requires that if analysis is made by the electrode producer for elements not required by the table, then the total of those elements, excluding iron, must
not exceed 0.50%.
c Single values shown are maximum percentages.
d In the designator for composite, stranded, and strip electrodes, the R is deleted, and in its place the designator C is used for composite and stranded electrodes and the designator Q is used for strip
electrodes. For example, ERXXX designates a solid wire and EQXXX designates a strip electrode of the same general analysis, and the same UNS number. However, ECXXX designates a composite
metal-cored or stranded electrode and may not have the same UNS number. The requirements for metal cored electrodes were added to AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010, Specification for Stainless Steel Flux
Cored and Metal Cored Welding Electrodes and Rods.
e SAE HS-1086, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
f For special applications, electrodes and rods may be purchased with less than specified silicon content.
g Nb may be reported as Nb + Ta.
S30480
ER1910H
S34788
ER347Si
S39209
S34780
ER347
ER2209
N08331
ER330
N08904
S32180
ER321
ER385
N08022
ER320LR
N08028
N08021
ER320
ER383
S31783
S31980
ER318
S31780
ER317
ER317L
S31682
ER316LMn
AWS
UNS
Classificationd Numbere
Table 8.9 (Continued)

Chemical Compositions of Bare and Metal Cored Filler Metalsa (AWS A5.9/A5.9M)
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Provided by IHS
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47

N06022
W86059
N06059
W86686
N06686
W86117
N06117
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo-13
ERNiCrMo-13
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-14
ENiCrCoMo-1b
ERNiCrCoMo-1
0.050.15
0.050.15
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.015
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
58.0 min.
55.0 min.
67.0 min.
59.0 min.
62.0 min.
Ni
20.024.0
21.026.0
19.023.0
19.023.0
22.024.0
22.024.0
20.022.5
20.022.5
14.516.5
14.516.5
20.023.0
20.023.0
18.022.0
13.017.0
13.017.0
Cr
8.010.0
8.010.0
15.017.0
15.017.0
15.016.5
15.016.5
12.514.5
12.514.5
15.017.0
15.017.0
8.010.0
8.010.0
0.52.5
Mo
10.015.0
9.015.0
0.3
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Co
3.04.4
3.04.4
2.53.5
2.53.5
3.04.5
3.04.5
1.0
3.154.15
3.154.15
2.03.0
1.02.5
0.53.0
Nb (Cb) plus
Ta
Compositions for SMAW electrodes are based on AWS Specification A5.11/A5.11M.

A compositionally-equivalent version of the indicated consumable is available in an FCAW electrode (AWS A5.34/A5.34M).
Note: Single values indicate maximum permissible amount unless otherwise indicated.
W86022
N06625
ERNiCrMo-3b
ENiCrMo-10b
W86112
ENiCrMo-3
N10276
N06082
ERNiCr-3b
ERNiCrMo-4
W86182
ENiCrFe-3b
W80276
W86133
ENiCrFe-2b
ENiCrMo-4
UNS
Number
AWS
Classificationa
1.0
0.32.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.50
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.50
1.0
2.53.5
5.09.5
1.03.5
Mn
1.0
0.75
0.08
0.25
0.10
0.2
0.08
0.2
0.08
0.2
0.50
0.75
0.50
1.0
0.75
Si
Table 8.10
Nickel-Based Consumables, Chemical Composition Rangesa
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.5
1.5
2.06.0
2.06.0
4.07.0
4.07.0
5.0
7.0
3.0
10.0
12.0
Fe
0.03
0.50
Al 0.81.5
Ti: 0.60
0.02
0.50
Al 0.5
Ti: 0.25
0.03
0.02
0.50
Ti 0.25
0.50
0.015
0.02
0.50
V 0.35
0.50
Al 0.10.4
0.03
0.50
V 0.35
0.015
0.04
0.50
V:0.35
0.50
0.04
0.02
0.50
Al 0.40
Ti: 0.40
0.50
V:0.35
0.03
0.03
0.50
Ti: 0.75
0.50
0.03
0.03
0.50
0.50
Cu/Other
0.015
0.015
0.02
0.01
0.010
0.01
0.010
0.015
0.03
0.03
0.015
0.02
0.015
0.015
0.02
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table 8.11
Nickel-Based SMAW Electrodes, Specified Tensile Properties
Tensile Strength, Min.
Classification
MPa
ksi
Elongation Min. %
ENiCrFe-2
550
80
30
ENiCrFe-3
550
80
30
ENiCrMo-3
760
110
30
ENiCrMo-4
690
100
25
ENiCrMo-10
690
100
25
ENiCrMo-13
690
100
25
ENiCrMo-14
690
100
30
ENiCrCoMo-1
620
90
25
Note: Minimum mechanical properties specified by AWS A5.11/A5.11M:2010 for SMAW electrodes.
8.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). The GMAW process, commonly referred to as MIG (a nonstandard term),
uses a spooled wire electrode that is continuously fed into an arc created between the electrode and the weld pool.
Shielding gas is required to protect the weld pool from atmospheric contaminants. The electrode is consumed continuously as it is fed into the arc. Electrodes are produced as either a solid alloy wire or by adding powdered alloy elements
in the core of a tubular metal sheath. Cored electrodes used with the GMAW process do not have fluxing agents, in contrast to the flux-cored electrodes used with the FCAW process.
The use of constant voltage equipment allows the voltage and arc length to remain relatively constant for reasonable
adjustments to wire feed speed. The GMAW process is normally operated on direct current electrode positive (DCEP).
The GMAW process can be set up either as semiautomatic or fully automatic. Welding operations utilizing amperages in
excess of 400 amperes (A) may require the use of water cooled guns to avoid overheating. Welding guns in tandem are
used to increase deposition rates.
A wide variety of GMAW electrodes are available for welding the austenitic stainless steels. AWS A5.9/A5.9M classifies the electrodes according to chemical composition only. Annex A of the specification is a useful guide for the purchase and intended use of the filler metals. The annex also discusses ferrite determination and controls for the different
electrode types. See Table 8.9 for chemical composition limits of bare stainless steel welding electrodes and rods.
There are three possible types of arc transfer modes with the GMAW process: short circuiting transfer, spray transfer,
and globular transfer. Pulsed spray transfer is a variation of spray transfer.
8.3.1 Short Circuiting Transfer. Short circuiting transfer, also known as short arc, is a low heat input GMAW welding application that typically exhibits shallow penetration with relatively low deposition rates. The filler metal is transferred to the weld zone by direct contact when the electrode, with an attached molten droplet of filler metal, short circuits
against the material. Short circuiting transfer is frequently used for welding sheet metal from 0.60 mm to 3.60 mm
[0.025 in to 0.145 in] where shallow penetration is desirable to avoid excessive burn-through. Short circuiting transfer is
also frequently used for the welding of root passes in complete joint penetration (CJP), open root, and single- or doublewelded joints.
Because of the low heat input of the short circuiting transfer process, the process can be used in the vertical, horizontal,
and overhead positions. CJP welds made with the process may be restricted from being used in certain applications
because of the shallow penetration characteristics and the chance of unfused whiskers poking through on the backside
of single-welded joints. Whiskers may be the source of corrosion or cause downstream mechanical failure if they break
48
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
off in the process stream of specific process applications. Electrodes with a diameter of 1.1 mm [0.045 in] or less are
typically used in most short circuiting transfer applications. Electrodes 0.9 mm [0.035 in] in diameter and smaller are
preferable for welding thin sheet metals.
One of the most common shielding gases used for welding stainless steels in the short circuiting transfer mode is
90%He-7.5%Ar-2.5%CO2. A summary of the different gases typically used in short circuiting transfer applications is
provided in Table 8.12. Other possible short circuiting transfer gas mixtures and applications are described in AWS
A5.32/A5.32M-97. Shielding gas producers may also be consulted for proprietary blends that they have developed for
specific applications. Typical short circuiting transfer parameters are shown in Table 8.13. Short circuiting transfer welding equipment may employ the use of inductance controls to reduce the amount of spatter during the short circuiting
transfer weld cycle.
8.3.2 Spray Transfer. Spray transfer, also known as spray arc, is a transfer mode that is used for welding base materials typically 6 mm [0.25 in] and thicker and is used primarily only in the flat position because of the high fluidity of the
weld pool. This process can be characterized as a moderate to high heat input welding process with a relatively high deposition rate. The weld penetration is typically deeper when compared to the short circuiting transfer process; consequently, spray transfer is usually unsuitable for welding materials less than 6 mm [0.25 in] thick because of excessive
burn-through without using special techniques or backing materials. The welding equipment needs to be able to provide
a suitable spray transfer current level as the weld metal is transferred across the arc as extremely small droplets. Stainless
steels welded using the GMAW spray transfer mode are commonly welded using argon-oxygen (either 1% or 2% O2)
shielding gases although other gas blends are well proven to be effective. A summary of the different gases typically
used in spray transfer applications is provided in Table 8.12. Other possible gas mixtures suitable for spray transfer
welding of austenitic stainless steels are described in AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97. Typical parameters for spray transfer
welding the 300 series stainless steels are shown in Table 8.14.
8.3.3 Globular Transfer. Globular transfer, also known as globular arc, is less preferred than spray transfer or short
circuiting transfer because of an irregular arc and excessive spatter. Globular transfer occurs as a relatively large molten
droplet of filler metal propelled across the arc toward the base metal. The droplet size is typically larger than the diameter of the electrode. Globular transfer is achieved by operating at amperage and voltage levels between short circuiting
transfer and spray transfer levels. Globular transfer, when used, is limited to a flat welding position.
8.3.4 Pulsed-Spray Gas Metal Arc Welding. The GMAW pulsed spray (GMAW-P) process may be selected for any
of the following situations or reasons:
(1) To reduce arc fume emissions30 and spatter.
(2) To weld on metals that are too thin for the GMAW spray transfer process.
(4) To weld materials that are thicker than what would be suitable for the short circuiting transfer process.
(5) To reduce heat input compared to the spray transfer process, which results in reduced distortion and dilution and
enhanced HAZ properties.
(6) Ease of use when using synergic equipment (preprogrammed welding schedules).
(7) To possibly improve deposition rates.
In the GMAW-P variation, the power source provides two output current levels at regular intervals: (1) A background
current too low in magnitude to produce metal transfer but sufficiently high to maintain the arc; and (2) A pulsed, highoutput, peak current that causes melting of droplets from the electrode, which are then transferred across the arc to the
weld zone. The process operates in the spray transfer mode only on the peak current portion of the pulse cycle. Ideally,
one droplet is transferred during each pulse. As mentioned previously, controlling the background current helps maintain
the arc and lowers the average heat input. The current can be cycled between a high and low value at up to several hundred cycles per second. Setting and adjusting parameters can be difficult in older GMAW pulsing equipment that does not
have programmed (synergic) capabilities because of the comparatively large number of pulsing parameter variables.
30 Castner,
H. R., 1996, Fume Generation Rates for Stainless Steel, Nickel, and Aluminum Alloys, Welding Journal 75(12): 393-s
401-s.
49
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(3) To offer greater out-of-position capabilities than with the spray transfer process.
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table 8.12
GMAW (MIG) Shielding Gas Selection
Commentsa, h
Shielding Gas
90%He + 7.5%Ar + 2.5%CO2
Commonly used for short circuiting transfer welding of austenitic stainless

steels. Helium improves wetting. No effect on corrosion resistance, small HAZ,
no undercutting, minimum distortion, minimal carbon pickup. Has been used for
GMA welding of piping without backing gas.k
Ar + (1%3%)O2
Less commonly used shielding gas than He-Ar-CO2 blends. Especially useful
for thin (<1 mm [0.040 in] sheet, gaps, etc. due to low sustainable arc voltage,
low arc energy, low weld penetration (useful to prevent burn-through).a, c
97%Ar + (2%5%) CO2
Beneficial for reduced distortion, burn-through, and weld oxidation. CO2

exceeding 5% will increase carbon content of weld deposit.a, e
90%Ar + 7.5%He + 2.5%CO2
Popular European mix.f

Transfer Mode: Pulsed Spray Transfer or Spray Transfer
Ar +(2%5%)CO2
Better wetting, weld profile, and less surface oxide than argon oxygen mixes.
Up to 5%CO2 can be used on L-grade stainless and still maintain L-grade composition. 25% travel speed increase achievable with 5%CO2 compared to Ar +
1%O2a, l
99%Ar + 1%O2
Good arc stability with a fluid and controllable weld pool. Good coalescence
and reasonable bead contour. Some surface oxide. Minimal undercutting on
heavier stainless steels.
98%Ar + 2%O2
Better arc stability, coalescence, and welding speed than 1% oxygen mixture.
Some surface oxide.
55%He + 43%Ar + 2%CO2
Good operability.c
90%Ar + 7.5%He + 2.5%CO2
See table footnotes f, j.
Ar + He + CO2
Ar + CO2 + H2
Ar + 30%40%He + 1%3%CO2, and Ar + 3%5%CO2 + 1%2%H2 blends are

considered premium blends for joining SS with pulsed or spray transfer. The
latter blend is used where bead surface appearance is particularly critical. The
reducing atmosphere generated by the hydrogen addition is a benefit. Ar + 25%
35%He + 1%2%CO2 can provide a 20% or more increase in travel speed compared to most two-part blends.i, j, l
Transfer Mode: Pulsed Spray Transfer or Spray Transfer
Ar + (10%40%He) + (1%15%) CO2
Used most often on heavy sections in positions other than flat. Good mechanical
properties and weld pool control are characteristic of these mixtures.g
Ar + CO2 + N2 blends
These specialized blends can be used for the higher alloy austenitics as well as
duplex stainless steels where increased corrosion resistance is important.
Craig, E., September 1994, GMAW Shielding Gases: Simplifying Selection, Welding Design & Fabrication; 97%Ar3%CO2 is discussed as a universal
gas mix.
b Irving, B., 1994, Trying to Make Some Sense Out of Shielding Gases, Welding Journal 73(5): 6570; Cost comparisons of shielding gases are discussed
in the feature article.
c Irving, B., 1999, Shielding Gases are the Key to Innovations in Welding, Welding Journal 78(1): 37; Cost and quality comparisons of shielding gases
are discussed in the feature article.
d AWS Welding Handbook, 7th ed., Vol. 2, Table 4.5.
e Lucas, W., July 1992, Choosing a Shielding Gas, Welding & Metal Fabrication: 275High CO levels can cause excessive carbon pickup in the weld
2
pool; typically, between 0.010% and 0.020% will be added to the weld metal carbon content when welding with Ar+2%CO2 shielding gas. This will
contribute to weld metal sensitization problems. CO2 concentrations exceeding 3% should normally be avoided; however, up to 25%CO2 additions in
argon have been used in noncritical, noncorrosive applications.
f Nickel Institute Reference Book, Series No. 11007, Guidelines for the Welded Fabrication of Nickel-Containing Stainless Steels for Corrosion
Resistant Services, p. 19.
(Continued)
50
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Transfer Mode: Short Circuiting Transfer
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012

GMAW (MIG) Shielding Gas Selection
g
AWS A5.32/A5.32M-97, Specification for Welding Shielding Gases, 7.3.2.1 and 7.3.2.2.
Chemical abbreviations: Argon (Ar), Helium (He), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen (H2).
i Lyttle, K. A., and W. F. G. Stapon, 1990, Select the Best Shielding Gas Blend for the Application. Stainless steels are frequently welded with threepart mixes containing helium to improve weld quality through better bead appearance, improved weld pool fluidity and higher potential travel speeds.
Welding Journal 69(11): 24.
j AWS Welding Handbook, 7th ed., Vol. 2, p. 136: Mixtures of Ar, He, & CO are favored for pulsed arc welding and with Short Arc and pulse arc welding of stainless steels. Mixtures in which argon is the primary constituent are used for pulse arc. When helium is the primary constituent it is for short
arc welding.
k Messer, B., et al., 2002, Welding Stainless Steel Piping with no Backing Gas, Welding Journal 81(12): 32-34. Cost savings are described by eliminating
backing gas when GMA welding 300 series piping materials using high silicon filler metals, inverter power sources, and tri-mix shielding gases.
l Lyttle, K. and G. Stapon, June 2004, Selecting a Shielding Gas for Joining Stainless Steel, The Fabricator: 36.
mAWS C5.10/C5.10M:2003, Recommended Practices for Shielding Gases for Welding and Cutting, Table 6.
Table 8.13
GMAW Parameters (Short Circuit, DCEP He + 7.5%Ar + 2.5%CO2 Shielding Gas)a
Base Material Thickness
mm [in]
a
b
Electrode Diameter
mm [in]
Wire Feed Speed

m/min [ipm]
Amperage
Voltageb
1.63.2 [1/161/8]
0.8 [0.030]
4.77.1 [185280]
85125
2124
1.2 [0.047] [18 gage]
0.9 [0.035]
3.03.8 [120150]
5575
1920
1.5 [0.059] [16 gage]
0.9 [0.035]
4.65.2 [180205]
8595
1920
1.9 [0.075] [14 gage]
0.9 [0.035]
5.87.0 [230275]
105110
2021
2.73.5 [0.1060.138] [12-10 gage]
0.9 [0.035]
7.68.3 [300325]
125130
2021
4.8 [3/16]
0.9 [0.035]
8.99.5 [350375]
140150
2122
2.7 [0.106] [12 gage]
1.1 [0.045]
2.53.2 [100125]
100120
1920
3.5 [0.138] [10 gage]
1.1 [0.045]
3.84.4 [150175]
135150
21
4.8 [3/16]
1.1 [0.045]
5.66.4 [220250]
170175
22
6.4 [1/4]
1.1 [0.045]
6.47.0 [250275]
175185
2223
Short circuit welding parameters using other shielding gas types may vary.
For Argon + 2%O2, reduce voltage approximately 6 V. Welding parameters using other shielding gas types may vary.
Note: Electrode extension range is from 9 mm to 18 mm [3/8 in to 3/4 in] with an optimum range of 9 mm to 15 mm [3/8 in to 5/8 in].
Source: Adapted from AWS Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 2, p. 140 and Lincoln Electric Gas Metal Arc Welding Guide, GS-100, pp. 32 and 33,
Tables 16 and 17.
Table 8.14
GMAW Parameters (Spray Transfer, DCEP, 98%Ar + 2%O2 Shielding Gas)a
Base Material Thickness
mm [in]
Electrode Diameter
mm [in]
Wire Feed Speed

m/min [ipm]
Amperage
Voltageb
Commentsb
125150
1521
Up to 3.2 [1/8]
0.9 [0.035]
3.38.1 [125320]
3.2 [1/8] and over
0.9 [0.035]
10.212.1 [400475]
180210
2325
Note c
3.2 [1/8] and over
1.1 [0.045]
6.19.1 [240360]
195260
2426
Note c
3.26.4 [1/81/4]
1.6 [1/16]
3.36.1 [130240]
225300
2428
Note d
6.4 [1/4] and over
1.6 [1/16]
5.17.6 [200300]
300390
2932
Note c
Spray arc welding parameters using other shielding gas types may vary.
b For flat position or horizontal fillets. Listed ranges are approximate. Welding parameters for thin base materials are usually operated at the low end of
the range.
c Parameters adapted from Lincoln Electric Gas Metal Arc Welding Guide, GS-100, p. 31, Table 15.
d AWS Welding Handbook, Welding Processes, 8th ed., Vol. 2, Parameters adapted from Table 4.10, p. 139.
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
The net result of operating in pulsed spray transfer mode is to produce a spray transfer with average current levels much
below the typical transition current required for a particular electrode diameter and type. For example, using a 1.1 mm
[0.045 in] diameter stainless electrode with 99%Ar+1%O2 shielding gas, the minimum spray transfer current is 225 A
compared to 104 A (average) when pulsing.31 This allows the joining of thinner base metals than is normally possible
with standard spray transfer. Pulsed spray welding may be used in all positions. Welding fume levels are the lowest
obtainable with solid wire GMAW.32
Most modern synergic welding machines allow for the development and storage of pulsing parameters that are different
from the factory installed programs. This option may be needed for specific welding applications where the factory
installed programs are not optimum for the situation.
Pulsing occurs at regular intervals. The pulsing rate can be varied, depending on the base material, thickness, wire diameter, shielding gas, and welding position. Pulsing parameters include: pulse frequency, peak time, peak current, background time, background current, and voltage, as depicted in Figure 8.1. Because of the large number of pulsing
parameters/variables, specific operating parameters for pulse GMAW welding are not provided in this document. It is
recommended that the preprogrammed parameters be used, or, that new programs be developed within the welding
equipment manufacturers recommendations.
Selection of a shielding gas for pulsed spray welding is typically based on the following factors:
(1) The shielding gas needs to be able to support spray transfer.
(2) The shielding gas needs to protect the weld pool from absorbing deleterious elements that may cause porosity,
excessive oxidation, or cracking.
(3) The shielding gas should be compatible with the particular synergic program selected for the application.
For example, a welding equipment manufacturer may have preestablished welding parameters for stainless steels that are
based on only a few shielding gas choices. The end user would select the preferred gas from one of the pre-established
options. Other shielding gases could potentially be used with the corresponding parameters for a specific shielding
gas/parameter program; however, the parameters for these new gases may need to be modified for optimum operability.
The common shielding gases that are used for welding the austenitic stainless steels in the GMAW pulsed spray transfer
mode are shown in Table 8.13.
8.4 Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW). The FCAW process is a variation of the GMAW process. The FCAW process,
commonly referred to as flux core, uses a spooled tubular (i.e., flux-cored) electrode that is continuously fed into the
arc created between the electrode and the weld pool. The tubular electrodes are produced by adding powdered fluxing
agents in the core of a tubular metal sheath. Depending on the manufacturer, the electrode core may also contain principal alloying elements in powdered form.
The FCAW process is commonly used in production because the process is capable of providing high deposition rates.
The process has the potential for increased productivity compared to the GTAW and SMAW processes. The FCAW process is ideally suited for welding plate and sheet metal over 3 mm [0.12 in] thick, although thinner materials can also be
welded.
The FCAW process can be further defined by the electrode type and whether or not external gas shielding is utilized.
Gas-shielded FCAW (FCAW-G) is a variation of the FCAW process that requires supplementary gas shielding. Selfshielded FCAW (FCAW-S) is a variation that uses electrodes specifically produced to operate without the need for supplementary gas shielding.
A wide variety of FCAW electrodes are available for welding austenitic stainless steels. AWS A5.22/A5.22M prescribes
requirements for the classification of the electrodes. It classifies the electrodes according to chemical composition, the
position of welding, shielding medium, and the type of welding current used. It also indicates the minimum mechanical
property requirements for weld deposits for the various alloys. Annex A of AWS A5.22/A5.22M provides useful information on the intended use of the various filler metals, as well as a discussion of ferrite in weld deposits.
Classification schemes for AWS A5.22/A5.22M are summarized in Table 8.15.
--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
31 Miller
Electric, GMAW-P, Pulsed Spray Transfer, p. 5, Figure 5.

Shielding Gases Selection Manual: 32.
32 Praxair,
Provided by IHS
52
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
CHANGES TO ARC
COMMENTS
A Electrode extension (stickout)
B Arc length
C Contact tube-to-work distance should be 3/8 in to
3/4 in [9 mm to 19 mm]. Recommended gun
angle is 10 to 20 from vertical.
Increasing peak amperage only:

Increases burn-off rate, which directly affects arc
length
Increases average amperage slightly
Increases heat input slightly
Note: A good fine tuning parameter for arc length.
Assuming a constant pulse width (peak time), peak
amperage should be high enough to achieve a spray
transfer. Too low of a peak current often results in a
globular transfer.
High peak amperages result in smaller droplets, and a
more forceful or driving arc.
Increasing background amperage only:
Increases arc length
Increases average amperage
Increases heat input and penetration
Increases puddle fluidity
--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Note: This current level is largely responsible for arc

stabilization, and must be high enough to maintain the
arc between peak current pulses.
Increasing pulse width (time) only:
Increases heat input and penetration
Increases arc cone width
Increasing pulses per second only:

Increases heat input
Note: A good fine tuning parameter for arc length.

Typically, this variable is adjusted to control the burn-off
rate of the wire as it is fed into the arc.
Source: Reprinted, with permission, from the Miller Electric Manufacturing Company, MIG GMAW-P, Pulsed Spray Transfer, page 14,
Figure 9.
Figure 8.1Waveform Components and Arc and Burn-Off Rate
53
Provided by IHS

AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table 8.15
FCAW Electrodes Classification Scheme AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010
AWS Classificationa
External Shielding Mediumb
Welding Polarity
EXXXTX-1
CO2
DCEP
EXXXTX-3
None (self-shielded)
DCEP
EXXXTX-4
75%80%Ar/remainder CO2
DCEP
EXXXTX-Gc
Not Specified
Not Specified
The letter E indicates electrode. The letters XXX indicate the chemical composition. The letter T indicates the electrode is a tubular product
form (e.g., flux-cored). The X after the T indicates the intended welding position (0 = flat or horizontal, 1 = all position operation).
b External shielding the manufacturer uses during classification tests to classify the electrode. This shall not be construed to restrict the use of any other
medium for which the electrodes are found suitable for any application other than the classification tests.
c The G indicates a general classification scheme to allow production and classification of a electrode varying in one or more respects (e.g., in
regards to chemical composition, polarity, external and/or shielding medium).
Source: Adapted from AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010, Specification for Stainless Steel Flux Cored and Metal Cored Welding Electrodes and Rods, Table 2,
American Welding Society.
Tables A.1, A.2, and A.3 in this document provides filler metal recommendations for welding the most common austenitic base materials. The chemical composition limits of stainless steel flux-cored electrodes are listed in Table 8.16. Table
8.17 lists the minimum mechanical properties specified by AWS A5.22/A5.22M for FCAW electrodes and rods. Base
material composition and mechanical property limits are provided in Tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4. The most common
shielding gases are provided in Table 8.18.
Generally, welds made using self-shielded FCAW electrodes produce more fumes than their externally-shielded counterparts, have somewhat lower deposition rates, and typically involve more postweld cleanup. As a result, FCAW-G welds
generally have a better appearance than welds made with the self-shielded types and may be of higher quality.
Self-shielded electrodes are less sensitive to wind and drafts than their gas shielded counterparts and are sometimes
selected for field construction for that reason. Utilizing self-shielded electrodes also eliminates the need and cost of gas.
Because the operability of self-shielded electrodes is generally considered less desirable than the gas shielded counterparts, the gas shielded versions are commonly used in shop environments.
Depending on the electrode classification, welding parameters, base material thickness, and operators skill, the FCAW
process can be operated out-of-position (i.e., vertical and overhead). Electrodes classified for flat or horizontal welding
may not be suitable for vertical or overhead welding because of their higher weld pool fluidity characteristics. Positioning fabrications during welding so that welds can be performed in the flat (down-hand position) can increase production
rates and provide welds with optimum appearance and quality. All-position electrodes should be considered if out-ofposition welding will be performed, or if a mix of flat, horizontal, and out-of-position welding will be performed.
Many FCAW electrode manufacturers produce electrodes that have exceptional operating characteristics. Some electrode brands produce weld deposits with a smooth weld bead appearance with little or no surface ripple. Prior to production welding, weldability comparisons between electrodes of different manufacturers are recommended to compare
operating characteristics such as: electrode feedability, weld appearance and profile, smoke and fume generation, spatter,
out-of-position welding characteristics, slag removal, operability, and weld deposit mechanical properties. Brand differences can be significant. Because labor costs typically account for more than three-fourths of welding costs, consideration should be given when purchasing electrodes that have potential for increasing productivity (i.e., electrodes with
optimum operability), maintaining or increasing weld quality, and reducing postweld cleaning operations.
Transfer modes for the FCAW process are normally either spray transfer or globular transfer. Short circuiting transfer is
not appropriate for FCAW because of the insufficient heat for melting the flux. Some companies are investigating the use
of pulsing power supplies for FCAW.
Due to variations in the makeup of different flux-cored electrode brands, parameter ranges can vary from one manufacturer or electrode brand to the next. For optimum parameter ranges, consult the electrode manufacturer.
54
--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Provided by IHS

--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,
Provided by IHS
W31631
W31635
W31735
W34731
W30733
W30833
W30837
W30833
W30839
E316LTX-X
E317LTX-X
E347TX-X
E307T0-3
E308T0-3
E308LT0-3
E308HT0-3
E308MoT0-3
W30939
E309MoTX-X
E316TX-X
W30935
E309LTX-X
W31331
W30932
E309LNbTX-X
E312TX-X
W30931
E309TX-X
W31031
W30838
E308LMoTX-X
E310TX-X
W30832
E308MoTX-X
W30936
W30831
E308HTX-X
E309LNiMoTX-X
W30835
E308LTX-X
W30938
W30831
E308TX-X
E309LMoTX-X
W30731
E307TX-X
AWS Classificationb
UNS
Numberc
55

0.08
0.040.08
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.15
0.20
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.08
0.040.08
0.04
0.08
013
18.021.0
19.522.0
19.522.0
19.522.0
19.522.0
18.021.0
18.021.0
17.020.0
17.020.0
28.032.0
25.028.0
20.523.5
21.025.0
21.025.0
22.025.0
22.025.0
22.025.0
18.021.0
18.021.0
18.021.0
18.021.0
18.021.0
18.020.5
Cr
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.010.5
9.011.0
12.014.0
11.014.0
11.014.0
8.010.5
20.022.5
15.017.0
12.016.0
12.016.0
12.014.0
12.014.0
12.014.0
9.012.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.011.0
9.010.5
Ni
(Continued)
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.51.5
0.5
3.04.0
2.03.0
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
2.03.5
2.03.0
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
2.03.0
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.51.5
Mo
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
3.304.75
0.52.5
8 C min.
1.0 max.
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
1.02.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
3.304.75
Mn
0.701.00
Nb + Ta
Weight Percenta
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Si
Table 8.16
FCAW Electrodes: Chemical Composition Requirements
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cu
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Provided by IHS
56

W30935
W31635
W34731
R309LT1-5
R316LT1-5
R347T1-5
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.15
0.20
0.04
0.12
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.070.12
0.03
18.021.0
17.020.0
22.025.0
18.021.0
21.024.0
19.021.5
18.521.0
17.020.0
18.020.5
18.020.5
28.032.0
25.028.0
21.025.0
21.025.0
23.025.5
23.025.5
23.025.5
19.021.5
18.021.0
Cr
9.011.0
11.014.0
12.014.0
9.011.0
7.510.0
9.011.0
13.015.0
11.014.0
11.014.0
11.014.0
8.010.5
20.022.5
12.016.0
12.016.0
12.014.0
12.014.0
12.014.0
9.010.7
9.012.0
Ni
0.5
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
2.54.0
0.5
3.04.0
2.03.0
2.03.0
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
2.03.0
2.03.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.82.4
2.03.0
Mo
0.52.5
0.52.5
8 C min.
1.0 max.
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.0
0.52.5
8 C min.
1.0 max.
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
1.02.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
0.52.5
1.0
Si
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.252.25 0.250.80
0.52.5
Mn
0.701.00
Nb + Ta
Weight Percenta
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.080.20
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cu
--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Source: Adapted from AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010, Specification for Stainless Steel Flux Cored and Metal Cored Welding Electrodes and Rods, Table 1FC, American Welding Society.
Single values are shown as maximum.

The X following the T in the electrode AWS classification refers to the position of welding (-1, -4, or -5). In A5.22-80, the position of welding was not included in the classification. Accordingly, electrodes classified herein as either EXXXT0-1 or EXXXT1-1 would both have been classified EXXXT-1 and so forth.
c SAE HS-1086, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
d This alloy is designed for cryogenic applications.
W30835
E316T0-3
R308LT1-5
W31633
E312T0-3
W39239
W31231
E310T0-3
E2209T0-X
W31031
E309LMoT0-3
W34733
W30938
E309MoT0-3
E347T0-3
W30939
E309LNbT0-3
W31737
W30934
E309LT0-3
E317LT0-3
W30937
E309T0-3
W31630
W30933
E308HMoT0-3
E316LKT0-3d
W30830
E308LMoT0-3
W31637
W30838
AWS Classificationb
E316LT0-3
UNS
Numberc

FCAW Electrodes: Chemical Composition Requirements
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table 8.17
AWS A5.22/A5.22M FCAW Electrodesa and Rods (specified tensile properties)
Tensile Strength, Min.
AWS Classification
--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MPa
ksi
Elongation, Min. %
E307TX-X
590
85
30
E308TX-X
550
80
35
E308LTX-X
520
75
35
E308HTX-X
550
80
35
E308MoTX-X
550
80
35
E308LMoTX-X
520
75
35
E308HMoT0-3
550
80
30
E309TX-X
550
80
30
E309LNbTX-X
520
75
30
E309LTX-X
520
75
30
E309MoTX-X
550
80
25
E309LMoTX-X
520
75
25
E309LNiMoTX-X
520
75
25
E310TX-X
550
80
30
E312TX-X
660
95
22
E316TX-X
520
75
30
E316LTX-X
485
70
30
E316LKT0-3
485
70
30
E317LTX-X
520
75
20
E347TX-X
520
75
30
E2209TX-X
690
100
20
R308LT1-5
520
75
35
R309LT1-5
520
75
30
R316L5 1-5
485
70
30
R347T1-5
520
75
30
Minimum mechanical properties as-specified in AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010, Table 6.
Table 8.18
Shielding Gas Selection for Flux Core Arc Welding
Shielding Gas
Comments
N/A Self-shielded
Shielding coverage is provided by vaporization of fluxing agents and by molten slag coverage of
weld pool.
CO2
CO2 is typically less expensive than Ar/CO2 mixes. CO2 provides better cooling of the contact tip
and nozzle compared to Ar/CO2.
Ar+(25%30%)CO2
Commonly used shielding gas mix. Depending on electrode brand, generally provides lower
spatter than CO2 gas. Good arc stability.
57
Provided by IHS

AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
8.5 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

8.5.1 SAW Process Description. The SAW process, commonly referred to as sub arc, uses one or more bare electrodes continuously fed into the arc created between the electrode and the weld pool. Because the electrode is consumed,
it also serves as the filler metal for the joint. Electrodes can be solid or tubular (also referred to as composite or metalcored) and are provided in spools, coils, or drums.
Both the weld pool and the arc are shielded by granular or powdered flux that is automatically fed on top of the weld
joint as welding progresses. Flux in immediate contact with the molten weld pool melts and solidifies to form a protective slag layer while the remaining unmelted/unfused flux is typically vacuumed and recycled into the flux hopper. The
slag is then chipped from the solidified weld. Slag can be self-peeling with proper welding parameter selection, joint
design, bead-stacking sequence, and proper selection of flux type/brand. When properly performed, the process can provide a high quality weld with excellent weld bead appearance and, in many instances postweld finishing operations are
not required.
While deposition rates can vary significantly depending on operating parameters (electrode size, forms such as solid versus metal-cored, extension, amperage, and voltage), the SAW process is commonly selected because of its high deposition rate compared to other welding processes. While the SAW process has the potential to provide high quality weld
deposits with an exceptional weld profile, the process also has the potential to trap slag for the entire weld length when
the process is not properly monitored for each pass and weld layer, and when weld beads are not optimally located.
8.5.2 SAW Process Considerations. While deposition rates (kgs or lbs/hr) for the SAW process can vary significantly depending on the operating parameters, the process is capable of much higher deposition rates compared to other
common welding processes.
Because the process has the potential to be operated at high heat input rates, welding parameters should be controlled
when necessary to ensure that weld zone cooling rates are fast enough to minimize the potential for sensitization. Slow
cooling rates can promote the sensitization and formation of heat tint on austenitic stainless steels. When sensitization
needs to be avoided because of possible corrosion concerns, the need to avoid slow cooling rates increases as the carbon
content of the material increases (see Figure 5.4a). Generally, weld zone cooling rates are faster for thicker materials
because of the increased heat sink. Cooling rates can be increased by decreasing the welding heat input (e.g., by decreasing amperage and voltage and by increasing travel speed), by using lower preheats, and by ensuring that the interpass
temperature is not excessive.
Besides flux for a backing material, nonconsumable backing materials (e.g., copper or ceramic) may also be used where
appropriate for controlling burn-through.
8.5.3 SAW Flux. Various flux manufacturers produce fluxes manufactured specifically for welding stainless steels.
Flux manufacturers and the literature they distribute should be consulted prior to selecting a flux for a particular application. There is no specific AWS document for submerged arc flux to aid in flux selection. Weld metal composition is
highly dependent upon flux type, electrode composition, and welding parameters (primarily voltage). Weld metal ferrite
levels, for example, can change dramatically depending upon any of the previously mentioned factors. Because of this,
fluxes used in production should be restricted to those previously qualified by testing. Various flux brands may be evaluated to compare their different characteristics and their effects on final weld metal properties prior to weld procedure
qualification testing. Since welding parameters, such as welding voltage, can affect the amount of flux consumption and
final weld chemical composition, production parameters in critical applications should be maintained within reasonable
limits to that qualified or tested.
Active fluxes designed for the single-pass welding of carbon steels can increase the manganese content of the stainless
weld deposits, while neutral fluxes may not compensate for the chromium losses that can occur during welding. A
reduction of the chromium content may reduce the corrosion resistance and ferrite content of the weld deposit. Some
fluxes used for welding carbon steels can significantly increase the carbon content of the weld deposit, even to the extent
of changing an L-grade weld wire to an H-grade weld deposit. If fluxes designed for welding carbon steel are used with
stainless steel welding consumables, then complete mechanical testing including Charpy toughness testing, chemical
58
Provided by IHS

--`,``,,,`,`,`,``,`,``,,``,,```-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Commonly used electrode sizes are 1.2 mm [0.045 in], 1.6 mm [1/16 in], 2.0 mm [5/64 in], 2.4 mm [3/32 in], 3.2 mm
[1/8 in], and 4.8 mm [3/16 in] diameter; however, stocking and using one or two diameters may be sufficient for most
welding applications.
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
analysis, and ferrite checks should be considered during procedure qualification testing. Chemical analysis test results of
the undiluted weld deposit should be compared to the bare filler composition.
Submerged arc fluxes are made as either agglomerated (bonded) or fused. In general, the as-deposited oxygen content of
weld metal made with agglomerated fluxes will be lower than that of the corresponding fused flux. Higher oxygen contents in the weld metal could have an adverse effect on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties because of
increased levels of oxide inclusions in the deposited weld metal. Complete blending of the component ingredients by the
flux manufacturer is important during the production of agglomerated fluxes. Improper blending could result in variations in deposit composition that could adversely affect the properties.
The flux layer depth should be controlled within the limits specified by the flux manufacturer. Too shallow of flux depth
offers inadequate weld pool protection, while excessive flux depth adversely affects the weld bead shape and prevents
gases from escaping from the weld pool; it can also result in porosity or in weld surface worm tracks.
Specific flux brands can alter the as-deposited Ferrite Number compared to what is predicted from using the bare filler
metal chemical composition and the WRC diagram or other method. Besides consulting with the flux manufacturer, inhouse testing can be used to establish whether a specific flux brand increases, decreases, or doesnt change the deposited
FN compared to the predicted FN,
8.5.4 SAW Electrodes. Electrodes can be purchased as solid or metal cored (composite). Composite electrodes are
produced by adding the principal alloying elements in powdered form in the core of a tubular metal sheath. The sheath
can be manufactured from an alloy similar in composition to the desired weld deposit or from a plain carbon steel material. Composite electrodes have the advantage of higher deposition rates compared to solid electrodes.
A wide variety of SAW electrodes are available for welding the austenitic stainless steels. AWS A5.9/A5.9M prescribes
requirements for the classification of the electrodes. It classifies the electrodes according to chemical composition only.
Annex A of the specification is a useful guide for the purchase and intended use of the filler metals, discussing ferrite
determination and controls for the different electrode types. See Table 8.9 for chemical composition limits of bare stainless steel welding electrodes and rods.
Tables A.1, A.2, and A3 in this document are a useful resource for selecting filler metals for welding specific austenitic
alloys in specific operating environments. Typical electrode diameters range from 1.6 mm to 4.0 mm [1/16 in to 5/32 in]
diameter. Larger diameter electrodes are best suited for welding on thicker base materials (e.g., 25 mm [1 in] and
greater) because of the greater heat input and deposition rates associated with the larger diameter electrodes.
8.5.5 SAW Parameters. Typical SAW parameters are shown in Table 8.19. The process can be operated with single
arc or multiple arcs. The SAW process is normally operated using direct current electrode positive (DCEP) for single arc
welding; and DCEP and AC for multiple arcs to prevent arc blow.
Table 8.19
Typical Submerged Arc Welding Parameters, DCEP
Diameter
mm [in]
Current (A)
Voltage (V)
Travel Speed
cm/min [in/min]
1.2 [0.045]
100250
2228
3050 [1220]
1.6 [1/16]
150300
2430
4050 [1620]
2.0 [5/64]
180350
2132
4050 [1620]
2.4 [3/32]
250400
2532
4055 [1622]
3.2 [1/8]
300550
2832
4055 [1622]
4.0 [5/32]
400600
2832
4055 [1622]
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8.6 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW). During plasma arc welding, arc transfer from the torch body to the work piece is
through a column/stream of high-temperature ionized gas particles called plasma. A nonconsumable, alloyed tungsten
electrode is recessed within a copper nozzle that is positioned within the torch body. Plasma is produced and forced
through a relatively small diameter nozzle orifice when an electrical arc is initiated and gas (commonly argon) is simultaneously introduced into the copper nozzle. Supplementary shielding gases such as argon, argon-2%5%H2, and helium
are also required to shield the weld pool from atmospheric contamination during solidification similar to the shielding
requirements necessary for the GTAW process.
The process can be operated autogenously or with filler metal additions. Equipment and operating parameters variations
allow for the welding of materials that range from very thin sheet metal and spot welding of small-diameter wires, to the
autogenous welding of single-pass, complete joint penetration square-groove joints in material up to 13 mm [0.5 in]
thickness.
Welding of the latter joint design is typically performed using the keyhole method utilizing inert gas backing. This
method pierces and maintains a hole through the joint via the plasma stream. Molten metal flows from the sides and
leading edge to the trailing edge of the keyhole as the welding progresses. The molten metal fills the joint at the trailing
edge and then resolidifies. This technique can significantly reduce welding costs and distortion and still produce high
quality weld joints.
Some of the variations of plasma welding include: micro-plasma (<20 A) for welding materials down to 0.5 mm [0.02 in]
in thickness, fusion welding, and keyhole welding, as mentioned previously. Plasma has excellent arc stability; it exhibits a greater tolerance to variations in arc length compared to the GTAW process.
Plasma arc cutting, plasma arc gouging, plasma weld overlay, and plasma arc spraying are all variations of plasma welding equipment, consumables, and operating parameters. All materials that can be welded using the GTAW process can
also be welded using the PAW process. Filler metal type product forms for the PAW process for welding the austenitic
stainless steels are the same as those used with the GTAW process.
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When used for cutting, the plasma gas flow is increased so that the deeply-penetrating plasma jet cuts through the material, removing molten material as cutting dross. PAC differs from oxy-fuel cutting in that the plasma process operates by
using the arc to melt the metal, whereas in the oxy-fuel process, the oxygen oxidizes the metal and the heat from the exothermic reaction melts the metal. Unlike oxy-fuel cutting, the PAC process can be applied to cutting metals that form
refractory oxides such as stainless steel, cast iron, aluminum, and other nonferrous alloys.
8.7 Laser Beam Welding (LBW) and Electron Beam Welding (EBW). Austenitic stainless steels are readily joined by
laser beam (LB) and electron beam welding (EBW) processes. The deep and narrow beads and rapid solidification of
laser beam and electron beam welds can make them susceptible to solidification cracking for compositions that are normally predicted to be crack-free if arc welded.33 The AWS Welding Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 3, Chapter 13 is an excellent
reference for the EBW process as is AWS C7.1M/C7.1, Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding. AWS
C7.2, Recommended Practices for Laser Beam Welding, Cutting, and Drilling, is a useful reference for LBW practices.
8.8 Resistance Welding. Stainless steel is readily welded by resistance welding because of its high electrical resistivity.
The faying surfaces should be clean and free of contaminants that can cause inconsistent welds. In addition, some contaminants might contain a low melting point element such as sulfur or lead that can cause hot cracking in the welds.
Machined surfaces and mill descaled rolled-sheet surfaces may be welded after solvent or vapor degreasing. Some solvents are toxic, and breathing the fumes can cause dizziness. Other solvents are flammable and require good ventilation;
therefore, proper precautions should be taken. The resistance welding of stainless steels is discussed in AWS
C1.1M/C1.1, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding.
8.9 Brazing. Brazing is defined as the joining of materials using a filler metal that has a melting point above 450C
[840F] and below the melting point of the base metal. During brazing, the filler metal flows between the closely fitting
faying surfaces (typically with a gap of 0.05 mm to 0.10 mm [0.002 in to 0.004 in] for stainless steels) by capillary
action. Brazing processes include torch (TB), furnace (FB), induction (IB), resistance (RB), dip (DB), infrared (IRB),
and diffusion brazing (DFB).
33 Castner,
H. R., 1993, What You Should Know About Austenitic Stainless Steels, Welding Journal 72(4): 53.
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Most of the austenitic stainless steels can be brazed. Base material cleanliness and brazing procedures are essential to
achieve a quality braze joint. Copper-, silver-, and nickel-based filler metal compositions, as well as compositions based
on precious metals have all been used to braze the stainless steels.
Brazing is beyond the scope of this guide; therefore, additional detailed information on the brazing of stainless steels can
be found in the AWS Brazing Handbook.
Additional brazing information is available in the following references:
AWS A5.8/A5.8M, Specification for the Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding
AWS A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding
AWS B2.2, Specification for Brazing Procedure and Performance Qualification
AWS C3.2M/C3.2, Standard Method for Evaluating the Strength of Brazed Joints
AWS C3.3, Recommended Practices for the Design, Manufacture, and Examination of Critical Brazed Components
AWS C3.4M/C3.4, Specification for Torch Brazing
AWS C3.5M/C3.5, Specification for Induction Brazing
AWS C3.6M/C3.6, Specification for Furnace Brazing
AWS C3.8M/C3.8, Specification for the Ultrasonic Examination of Brazed Joints
AWS C3.9M/C3.9, Specification for Resistance Brazing
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9. Postweld Operations
9.1 Visual Inspection. The simplest and least expensive welding inspection technique is to visually examine the finished
weld and surrounding area for conformity to the applicable fabrication code and any contract specification requirements.
In the absence of any governing requirements, fabricators frequently develop their own visual acceptance criteria by adopting criteria from various fabrication codes such as from the AWS D1.6/D1.6M, Structural Welding CodeStainless
Steel.
As a minimum, the weld should be visually inspected by the welder while welding progresses. While not all surface discontinuities can be easily identified, welders should be able to see a large majority of them before depositing the next
bead or layer. These types of surface discontinuities include: porosity, cracks, undercut, under-fill, overlap, and lack of
penetration (if the root side of the weld is accessible). When identified, the discontinuities can be removed rather than
potentially covering the discontinuities with the next weld bead or layer. If, however, weld discontinuities are covered up
by successive weld layers, the discontinuities cannot be subsequently identified by visual inspection. Also, when the
welder performs his or her own visual inspection and discovers discontinuities, welding techniques and procedures can
then be modified (within the limits permitted by the welding procedure) to minimize the formation of discontinuities on
subsequent weld layers. For example, if crater cracks are forming, then pausing the welding progression at the weld
stop/crater in order to fill the crater can frequently eliminate them.
9.2 Weld Size. Welders should also be trained to be able to measure fillet weld size and to achieve the required weld size
(and weld fill) in the least number of weld passes (within the limits permitted by the welding procedure). For example, if
an 8 mm [5/16 in] fillet weld is required but only measures 6 mm [1/4 in] once completed, then engineering needs to
determine if a 6 mm [1/4 in] weld is acceptable or if the fillet size needs to be increased in accordance with the original
design requirements. Depending on the welding process, an additional one to two weld passes may be required and the
final weld size may be larger than required. The final result, after additional welding, may be a 10 mm [3/8 in] fillet size
rather than the 8 mm [5/16 in] fillet that was originally specified. This would result in approximately 44% additional
filler metal, a doubling of the welding time, increased distortion, and likely a less preferable weld appearance. The additional manufacturing costs could be avoided if the welder slightly modified his or her welding technique to apply the 8
mm [5/16 in] fillet in a single pass.
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9.3 Final Visual Inspection. Depending on the contract requirements, in-process and final visual inspection may be
required to be performed using trained personnel. Examples include an inspector specially trained by the fabricator or a
Certified Welding Inspector. The American Welding Society has a certification program (AWS QC1) for welding inspectors.
9.4 Weld Discontinuities. As a result of welding, the surface of the stainless steels can be affected by slag from coated
electrodes, heat tint, arc strikes, welding stop points, and weld spatter. All of these have been known to initiate corrosion
in aggressive environments that normally do not attack the stainless steel base metal.
Arc strikes damage the stainless steels protective film and create small crack-like imperfections that should be removed
by light grinding. Weld stop points can create small discontinuities in the weld metal. Inadvertent arc strikes, weld stop
crater cracks, and embedded iron cause damagethey occur where the protective film has been somewhat weakened by
the heat of welding.
Weld stop cracks can readily be avoided by using run-out tabs (extensions at the end of a weld) or by beginning just
ahead of the stop point and welding over each intermediate stop point. Arc strikes should be kept within the weld joint
area but not on the base material. Initially, the arc can be struck on the run-out tab or on previously deposited weld metal.
Weld spatter creates a tiny weld where the molten slug of metal touches and adheres to the surface. The protective film is
penetrated, and tiny crevices are created where the film is weakened the most. Such problems can be minimized by using
welding processes, filler metals, and techniques that do not produce significant amounts of spatter. A commercial spatter-prevention paste may also be applied when necessary to either side of the joint to be welded. The paste and spatter are
washed off during cleanup.
With chlorides and other aggressive chemicals, corrosion initiation sites can also be created by heavy/coarse grinding
after welding, the welding of attachments on the outside surfaces, rough machining, shearing, and other operations that
roughen the surface. In mild environments, stainless steel can normally tolerate surface imperfections.
Heat tint can affect the ability of the stainless steel to resist corrosion. See 5.4 for more details on heat tint.
9.5 Slag Removal. Slag can be difficult to remove completely, but it is extremely important to do so. It is especially
important if the structure is to be used in corrosive or high-temperature service where the slag particles create crevices
and can cause corrosion problems and premature failure.
In even mildly corrosive media, slag, scale, and iron particles can set up active corrosion cells. Slag is particularly harmful in high-temperature service, over 540C [1000F]. It reacts with oxidizing environments to foster fluoride attack on
stainless steels. In reducing sulfur-bearing environments, slag absorbs sulfur, even if present at low concentrations. This
results in the sulfidation of the underlying surface, which leads to corrosion and potentially failure.
Slag removal using wire brushes requires careful control. Carbon steel and Series 400 stainless steel make stiff wires but
severely contaminate the surface and should never be used. Only Series 300 wire brushes should be used on austenitic
stainless steels. Even so, metal transfer from Types 302 and 304 stainless steels to the surface of more highly alloyed
stainless steels occurs especially during aggressive brushing. This leaves the surface contaminated with a less corrosionresistant material. For critical service, operators should follow brushing with local pickling or glass-bead blasting.
Grinding is commonly used to remove slag, arc strikes, heat tint, and other surface imperfections. When improperly
used, grinding wheels and continuous-belt grinders can overheat the surface and substantially reduce corrosion resistance. Thus, such devices should be used with caution, if used at all.
Abrasive disks and flapper wheels are not as harmful and have produced good results when carefully used. Disks should
be clean and, therefore, frequently replaced. The best method is to limit the use of coarser disks and employ the finer
grades to smooth the surface.
9.6 Grinding and Finishing. Because of the aesthetic value of many stainless weldments, it is desirable and sometimes
necessary to refinish welds to blend with the parent metal. Finishing may be by grinding and/or by the use of sanding
disks or flexible-backed pads, drums, disks, or belts to accomplish blending.
Rough welds may be ground with a coarse-grit abrasive (No. 20 grit to No. 36 grit) followed by successively finer grits
until they are as smooth as or smoother than the parent metal. No operation in the weld-metal grinding sequence should
leave scratches below the surface of the parent metal. This is necessary to allow sufficient material for the final finishing
operation of the weld, which should leave the weld flush with the base material.
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Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide wheels are both commonly used. To prevent chatter, rubber-bonded wheels or
flexible-backed abrasives are preferred for the final finishing step.
9.6.1 Grinding Wheel and Wire Brush Requirements. Free iron can be deposited by grinding or wire brushing
with contaminated grinding wheels or brushes that have been previously used on carbon steels. Direct contact with steel
or low alloy steel can also contaminate the material. Stainless steel chipping hammers are usually recommended to minimize the potential for contamination. Additionally, grinding wheels should not contain iron, iron oxides, zinc, or sulfides. Some grinding disks and wheel manufacturers produce specially identified grinding wheels manufactured from
contaminant-free materials.
9.7 Media Blasting. Media blasting using shot, grit, or bead blasting will rapidly and effectively remove colored and
black scale, as well as heat tint from stainless surfaces. An extremely wide variety of different grit and shot media are
available. Each media has its own advantages and disadvantages, such as removal rate, surface roughness and appearance, and recyclability. Because corrosion resistance depends on the materials surface condition, the effect of the blast
media and procedure should be closely pre-evaluated to confirm its suitability for a particular application. Some media
examples include glass bead, ceramic bead, plastic beads, olivine, walnut shells, clean silica sand, copper slag, aluminum oxide, stainless steel shot, etc. Beads and shot produce smoother surface profiles than grit media. Silica sand should
be used with caution since it is difficult to ensure that only clean sand is being used.
Steel and/or iron-containing grit and shot should be avoided, as well as blast media contaminated with iron. These types
of media (especially grit) will embed iron particles on the surface, which can lead to rusting. If these contaminants are
not removed by a suitable cleaning and/or pickling treatment (see 9.8), they can lead to rust spots and pitting. A thorough, clean water rinse to remove any traces of acid is essential. If shot blasting is used, clean, non-contaminated stainless steel shot is recommended.
Caution is advised when blasting light gauge materials since distortion can result from local surface straining. Care
should be taken to prevent excessive cutting by keeping the blast in motion.
9.8 Cleaning, Pickling, and Passivation. Maintaining the corrosion resistance of stainless steels requires that the surface be clean and that the surface maintain its protective, passive film.34 Depending on the service environment, scale,
heat tint, iron contamination, and other surface contaminants (e.g., dirt, chlorides, sulfides, welding slag and spatter,
lubricants, oils, fingerprints, permanent marker inks/paints, crayon marks, adhesives, pickling and cleaning products)
should be cleaned from the material surface as soon as practical after fabrication. Maintaining cleanliness during the
manufacturing process may reduce or eliminate the amount of post-fabrication cleaning. Examples of cleanliness control
methods used during fabrication are discussed in 6.2. Maintaining cleanliness during manufacturing cannot always be
achieved. Unfortunately, corrosion problems and iron contamination resulting in surface rusting is not always identified
until after the equipment is installed. The cost of subsequent cleaning and repair can be substantial. Consequently, the
designer, manufacturer, and end user should evaluate the need for post-fabrication cleaning operations.
9.8.1 Identification of Contaminated Areas. Because iron-contaminated areas are not always identifiable until after
shipment when the surfaces have been exposed to moisture or the service environment, it may be necessary to check for
iron contamination while the component is in the shop. When corrosion resistance is of utmost concern, iron-contaminated areas may be identified by methods described in ASTM A380, Standard Recommended Practice for Cleaning,
Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems. The methods described in the standard
include water-wetting and drying, high humidity test, copper sulfate test, and a ferroxyl test. When either the water-wetting
or humidity tests are used, iron contamination will show up as rusted areas. When the copper sulfate test is used, copper
will deposit on free iron. When the ferroxyl test is used, iron contamination will show up as an intense blue color on the
material surface. After the degree of contamination is determined, the cleaning method may then be decided upon.
9.8.2 General Cleaning Recommendations. For fabrications that will be exposed to low-to-moderate corrosive environments, the fabrication may not require any cleaning or only require cleaning or scrubbing with a nontoxic solvent
such as soap and warm water or nontoxic solvents (e.g., aliphatic hydrocarbons and d-Limonene). Other acceptable
cleaning solvents include organic solvents such as acetone, alcohol, white spirits, and thinners.35
34 Gooch,
35 Hill,
T. G., 1996, Corrosion Behavior of Welded Stainless Steel, Welding Journal 75(5): 135-s154-s.
J. W., 2002, Chemical Treatment Enhances Stainless Steel Fabrication Quality, Welding Journal 81(5): 4043.
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The cleaning of fabrications for aggressive environments is discussed in the February 1993 issue of the AWS Welding
Journal under the Welding Research supplement section. Reported corrosion problems in specific environments and the
importance of using clean stainless steel wire brushes, specially-reserved grinding wheels, and over grinding and coarse
grinding are discussed, as well as the benefits and limitations of pickling to restore corrosion resistance. Additional
grinding, cleaning, and corrosion control methods are discussed in the Nickel Institute Technical Series Publication
No. 10026, Fabrication and Metallurgical Experience in Stainless Steel Process Vessels Exposed to Corrosive Aqueous
Environments.
Various acid-cleaning/passivating solutions are described in ASTM A380, Table A2.1. These solutions range from
nitric-hydrofluoric, nitric, and citric acid-based solutions.
Chlorinated solvents and abrasive scouring powders have been used, but the user should be aware that chlorides can
cause chloride stress corrosion cracking in the austenitic stainless steels. Avoiding chlorinated solvents is especially
important if there are crevices that can trap the solution, if the solution cannot be completely removed or rinsed from the
materials surface immediately after cleaning, and when there is a potential for high residual welding stresses. If chlorinated solvents are used, then the duration of the exposure to any chlorinated solvents should be kept to a minimum; the
base material and solution temperature during cleaning should not be excessive (e.g., 60C [140F]). The surface should
be thoroughly rinsed and scrubbed using clean, soapy water followed by a thorough clean water rinse and thorough drying.
If surface contamination is more severe, simple solvents may not be adequate to clean the surface. In those instances,
phosphoric, or nitric acid-based solutions may be used to remove surface rusting and embedded iron.36 However, these
solutions are not particularly effective for removing heat tint or heavier oxide scales. An example solution for cleaning
free iron is a phosphoric acid-based (1 pH2 pH at 55C to 65C [130F to 150F]) solution with surfactants and emulsifiers. Since acids will not remove oils and waxes, the oils and waxes should be removed prior to acid cleaning. Such
oils and waxes can be removed with various cleaning solvents, or a hot aqueous solution containing surfactants and
emulsifiers can be used.
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Cleaning the weld joint area with flapper disks and wheels (coated abrasives) may also be considered as a method for
cleaning surface contamination. Field experience has shown that these methods are relatively effective because contaminated sanding grit is continually removed from the disk or wheel while new abrasive is exposed. Smooth blending of the
material surface is better accomplished with flapper disks, wheels, and drums than with grinding disks (bonded abrasives) with a grit that leaves a suitable finish. Blending for corrosive environments should preferably be performed in
multiple steps using progressively finer grit. An excessively coarse final surface finish affects appearance and can
degrade corrosion resistance. Specialty finishing products (e.g., nonwoven abrasives typically manufactured with nylon
fibers bonded with synthetic resins and impregnated with abrasives such as 3M pads) can also be used to clean and finish
surfaces. The relatively nonaggressive nature of nylon and the abrasive grit makes them an excellent finishing tool.
These nonwoven products are manufactured in product forms such as hand pads, rolls, disks, belts, and wheels. Grinding, sanding, and finishing grit created from the abrasive cleaning process should be blown off the material surface to
prevent recontamination. Abrasive cleaning may be followed by acid cleaning if determined necessary. It should also be
noted that there are instances when using abrasives is undesirable because of the degradation of the materials surface
appearance, smoothness, and uniformity.
When abrasive cleaning is used, the cleaning effectiveness should be verified by methods described earlier (e.g., waterwetting and drying, high humidity test, copper sulfate test, and/or ferroxyl test).
9.8.3 General Pickling Recommendations. For fabrications with heat tint or heavy oxide scales, aggressive cleaning
operations may be required if the fabrication will be exposed to highly corrosive environments. Scales and heat tint may
be removed by the use of sanding disks, drums, or by 3M pads, as previously described. However, when mechanical
cleaning is impractical, costly, or not an appropriate cleaning method, post-fabrication acid pickling may be required to
maximize the materials corrosion resistance. Pickling is frequently considered when large areas of scale or heat tint
must be cleaned or when it is undesirable to abrasively finish the surface. It is also generally preferable to grinding when
corrosion resistance is of utmost importance.
36 Moller,
G. E. and R. E. Avery, Nickel Institute Technical Bulletin 10026, Fabrication and Metallurgical Experience in Stainless
Steel Process Vessels Exposed to Corrosive Aqueous Environments.
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Pickling, when performed, should be done as a final fabrication step (e.g., after slag removal, grinding, heat treatment,
and finishing operations). Pickling with a nitric/hydrofluoric acid solution is a much more aggressive cleaning solution
than the solutions that are typically used for surface cleaning of rust and free iron. The nitric/hydrofluoric acid solution is
used to remove high-temperature oxides, including the underlying chromium-depleted layer and any iron contamination.
Contaminants such as oils, waxes, soil, etc. must be removed prior to pickling.
When size permits, pickling by immersion (e.g., in nitric/hydrofluoric acid) is the simplest way to remove heat tint as
well as other surface imperfections. For large or field-fabricated vessels, a nitric-hydrofluoric acid pickling paste spray
or gel can be applied to heat tinted areas. However, such an application can initiate corrosion of the stainless substrate,
unless the paste is promptly removed according to the manufacturers directions. Pickling media applied near the end of
one shift and left on to be removed by the next one or on the next day can initiate considerable discoloration and corrosion of the stainless steel. Strict adherence to manufacturers instructions will ensure desired results. Other techniques
for removing heat tint include local electropolishing and glass bead blasting. A chemical passivation may be desirable
after removal of heat tint.
ASTM A380 should be referenced before attempting pickling or passivating. Extreme caution must be used when using
pickling solutions because of their toxicity. Manufacturers handling, neutralization, and disposal directions must be
adhered to, as well as all state, local, and federal regulations. Additionally, the users should be aware of the potential for
intergranular corrosion of sensitized alloys or severe corrosion attack from prolonged exposure.
Colored or black oxides (heat tint) can form in areas adjacent to welds as a result of exposure to the air or inadequate
inert gas protection while at high temperatures. For light scale, usually a 10% to 15% nitric acid with 1/2% to 3%
hydrofluoric (HF) acid is used at 50C to 60C [110F to 125F]. Heavier scales and heat tint may be removed using a
15% to 25% nitric, 1% to 8% HF solution as described in ASTM A380, Table A1.1. The HF solution is the active ingredient and the nitric acid, being a passivating agent, acts as an inhibitor to protect the already clean areas. The time of
exposure is determined by periodically examining the surface. Excessive time will lead to overetching.
Heavy scale is frequently removed (prior to pickling) by abrasive blasting, treating with 8% to 11% sulfuric acid at 65C
to 80C [150F to 180F] for 5 minutes to 45 minutes, or by a nitric-HF solution as described in ASTM A380. A final
scrubbing and rinse should be followed by nitric acid-HF pickling. For applications in aggressive environments, it may
be advisable to develop full corrosion resistance by a passivation treatment subsequent to the pickling operation using a
nitric acid-based gel or solution.37
Post-cleaning and passivation of high purity tubing systems is described in issue No. 5 of Welding and Cutting.38 The
technique includes flushing the system with water, followed by a detergent rinse to remove organics, followed by a water
wash to remove the detergent. Other areas of potential debris accumulation are swabbed and inspected under UV and
white light to verify the removal of organics. A nitric acid solution is circulated to dissolve iron oxide and other contaminants. The system is finally flushed with pure demineralized water to remove all traces of the nitric acid. Another commonly used passivation treatment uses citric acid for its easier disposal. Any acid treatment should be followed by a
thorough rinsing in clean water to remove any traces of acid.
9.8.4 General Passivation Recommendations. As identified in the Terms and Definitions in this document, passivation refers to a chemical passivation treatment. A clean stainless steel surface, free of exogenous iron or iron compounds,
automatically forms a passive surface layer. However, the passive layer is further enhanced by a chemical treatment.
The three most widely used chemical passivation treatments use nitric acid, citric acid, or a mild oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide. There are various concentrations and procedures commonly used with these products, and are detailed by
the various manufacturers.
9.9 Electropolishing. Electropolishing (EP) is essentially the opposite of electroplating a metal. Rather than depositing
a metallic layer onto the surface of a metal, it is removed. Stainless steel is often a sound candidate for electropolishing
because it creates a smooth textured, glossy surface. This is a common requirement found in many architectural and art
type structures.
37 Hill,
J. W., 2002, Chemical Treatment Enhances Stainless Steel Fabrication Quality, Welding Journal 81(5): 4043.
S., No. 5, 2003, Peterborough/UK, How to Achieve a Clean Process Pipeline, Welding and Cutting: 55.
38 Purnell,
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When removing metal from a surface, contaminants such as oxides (heat tint) and free iron are extracted, as well as any
altered surface resulting from cold working operations such as machining, grinding, or mechanical polishing. This
leaves the surface with an optimum corrosion resistance, and with an excellent cleanability factor. It is this feature that
distinguishes electropolishing as a widely used application in hygienic services.
10. Heat Treatment

Most austenitic stainless steel weldments do not require postweld heat treatment; however, a heat treatment is sometimes
used to improve corrosion resistance and/or to relieve stresses. The three primary heat treatments used for austenitic
stainless steels include the following:
(1) Full (solution) annealing by rapid cooling from elevated temperatures,
(2) Stress relieving, and
(3) Stabilization anneal for stabilized grades such as Type 347-SS.
10.1 Solution Annealing. For solution annealing, the furnace should be capable of heating the entire weldment to the
annealing temperature. Localized heating methods, such as induction or resistance heating, can produce sensitized zones
adjacent to the heat treated zone. Residual stresses up to the materials yield strength can also develop if sharp thermal
gradients are present.
The optimum solution annealing temperature depends on the type of stainless steel. The soaking time is determined by
the section thickness. The steel manufacturer should be contacted for precise annealing information, but the solution
annealing temperatures for austenitic stainless steels are quite high, exceeding 1040C [1900F]. A short time at the
annealing temperature is preferred to avoid grain growth. As a general rule, the soaking time at temperature should be 12
minutes for each 10 mm [0.4 in] of thickness. The weldment should be cooled rapidly and uniformly, at least through the
temperature range of approximately 900C to 425C [1650F to 800F] to retain carbon in solid solution. Water quenching or spraying is necessary for thick sections, while air cooling is suitable for thin sections.
For many weldments, there can be problems performing a solution heat treatment. For example, large annealing furnaces
require adequate heating and cooling capabilities. Special handling methods should be considered if removal from the
furnace is required for accelerated cooling. High-temperature oxide scale will form during solution anneal unless a protective atmosphere is used. Sagging and distortion of some fabrications can occur unless the fabrication is adequately
braced and supported during heat treatment. Grain growth can occur unless the time at temperature is kept as short as
possible. Weld metal properties should be verified through weld procedure qualification and testing, since solution
annealing will alter the mechanical properties compared to the as-welded (no postweld heat treatment performed) condition.
10.2 Stress Relief. Thermal treatments performed below the solution annealing temperature are sometimes used to
reduce residual stresses, especially if the weldment will be final machined. However, properties of austenitic stainless
steels can be degraded by sensitization or by sigma phase formation when heated in the range of about 425C to 815C
[800F to 1500F], unless it is a low-carbon or stabilized type. However, even low-carbon and stabilized types can suffer
carbide precipitation when exposed to this temperature range for prolonged periods (see 5.2 and 5.3). A stabilized grade
(such as 321, 347, or 348) or a low carbon grade (L-grade) should be used if stress relief is required in the sensitization
temperature range. The maximum time at temperature should be minimized in order to minimize sensitization if L-grade
stainless is not used. See Figure 5.4a on how to develop a stress relief treatment to avoid carbide precipitation if Type
304 is used.39
The selection of an appropriate heat treat temperature may avoid the need to perform additional supplementary Charpy
tests during procedure qualification testing and during production welding. For example, fabrications built to ASME
Section VIII requirements (part UHA) require impact testing of fabrications/weldments if austenitic stainless steels are
thermally treated between 482C and 900C [900F and 1650F]. Types 304, 304L, 316, and 316L are exempt from
impact testing for minimum design metal temperatures of 29C [20F] and warmer if thermally treated between
39 Avery,
R. E., January/February 1999, Welding and Fabricating Nickel-Containing Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys, Practical
Welding Today: 30.
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482C and 704C [900F and 1300F]. However, the applicable year and addenda of the code of construction should
always be consulted for qualification requirements and allowable exemptions.
For austenitic stainless steel welds intended for service above 480C [900F], postweld stress-relieving is sometimes
performed in the range of 790C to 845C [1450F to 1550F] as a way to reduce residual stresses in welds.
Any phase transformations that occur during the stress-relieving operation are not considered to be detrimental because
the weldments will be exposed to high temperatures in service. An exception, however, is the heat treating of stabilized
grades of austenitic stainless steels.
10.3 Stabilization Anneal. A stabilization anneal may be used to prevent service corrosion attack for stabilized grades
of austenitic stainless steels (e.g., Types 321, 347, and 348). These grades contain strong carbide-forming elements (titanium in Type 321 and niobium in Types 347 and 348) that combine with the majority of the carbon and effectively
reduce the amount of available carbon. The lack of available carbon minimizes the formation of chromium-carbides.
Welding, however, dissolves the stable carbides in the weld HAZ that reached temperatures above 1230C [2250F].
Subsequent high-temperature exposure within the sensitization temperature range causes the chromium carbides to form
in the HAZ and can cause a form of corrosion called knifeline attack (KLA). To prevent this from happening, fabrications can be solution annealed or stabilized annealed after welding if corrosion is a concern. The appropriate temperature
for stabilization anneal is 910C [1675F] for these grades. In some high restraint situations, these grades require fast
heating rates to prevent the weld cracking that occurs during heat treatment. Limiting ferrite content to 10 FN maximum
is also important in reducing the chance of cracking during the heat treatment of high restraint weldments.
11. Storage and Shipping Recommendations

Shipping, storage, and handling of materials prior to and after fabrication is important to minimize or avoid contamination. Plate materials should be stored off the ground, and stacked plate materials should be protected from moisture,
which may initiate premature corrosion especially in the presence of road salts. Carbon steels should not be stored on top
of or with stainless steels. Specialized packaging and coverings may be required depending on the application.
12. Maintenance and Repair

12.1 Maintenance. The maintenance of stainless steel weldments depends to a large degree upon the service application. In many services, stainless steels are maintenance-free except for the routine cleaning needed for the particular
application. Stainless steels perform best when the surfaces are maintained clean, free of deposits, free of embedded particles, or any condition that might damage or disrupt the passive film. Thorough cleaning should be the first maintenance
rule. It is helpful to understand that the passive film in stainless steels exits only on the surface, and is instantly renewed
when oxygen in the atmosphere is present. If conditions exist where oxygen is not present, the passive film is not
renewed and corrosion resistance is compromised. It is then important for optimum corrosion resistance to remove all
slag, spatter, and other contaminations as well as avoiding crevices in the design of the weldment.
Good maintenance practice includes a scheduled visual inspection of the equipment or component. As a rule, properly
designed stainless steel weldments seldom experience structural failures. Problems are more likely to be corrosionrelated, and unfortunately many corrosion problems are close to welds. Therefore, weld areas should be a primary
inspection target. Visual inspection is normally adequate, along with liquid penetrant inspection for suspicious discontinuities.
Stainless steels seldom experience general corrosion, except in the case of high-temperature oxidation losses. Corrosion
is most commonly in the form of pitting (including that from microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC)), crevice, or
chloride stress corrosion cracking. The following subclauses provide suggestions when inspecting for these types of
corrosion.
12.1.1 Pitting and MIC. In extreme cases, pits may be completely through the material thickness and evident on the
opposite side, causing a leak. The pits are often only on the product side and vary from initial stage pits to pits of considerable depth. In the case of MIC, the pit diameter at the surface is usually very small, but progresses to a much larger
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diameter below the surface. MIC may occur away from welds but more often is near welds, particularly in areas where
heat tint has not been removed. Pits should be probed with a sharp tool to determine the shape and depth as an aid in
developing a repair procedure.
12.1.2 Crevice Corrosion. Crevice corrosion may occur in the space between similar metals, between a metal and a
nonmetal, or very often under deposits. Inspections should focus on surface deposits, under gaskets, or deposits resulting
from evaporation on any surface. The design of crevices in the weldment should be avoided (e.g., lack of seal welds in
tube to tubesheet in heat exchangers).
12.1.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). The most common form of SCC in stainless steels is chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC). It may take place in environments containing chlorides, elevated temperatures above about 66C
[150F], and areas of applied or residual tensile stress. This type of corrosion progresses rapidly, so immediate repair is
necessary to avoid failure of the component. When inspecting stainless steels in services where CSCC might be a factor,
the likely areas of high stress are near welds (there are residual stresses near all welds) or in areas of applied stress, such
as vessel or equipment supports.
12.1.4 Rust Spots. It should be recognized that not all signs of corrosion (such as rust spots) are an indication of a
corrosion problem, but rather may be caused by embedded iron. Subclause 6.2.1 offers guidelines to prevent iron contamination during fabrication. However, during the course of fabrication, installation, or in service, iron contamination
may occur. Rusting from free iron deposits can be more of a cosmetic concern rather than a cause for alarm after a proper
evaluation is made. The prevention and removal for free iron is discussed in 9.8.2.
12.2 Repair. Some preventive maintenance repair work can be relatively simple, and a detailed analysis is unnecessary.
An example might be rebuilding the base metal thickness due to wear or erosion. Before undertaking a major repair, a
thorough analysis should be made into the cause of the problem, the magnitude of the repair, and a well thought-out
repair procedure.
12.2.1 Cause. The first step should be to determine why the failure occurred, particularly if it relates to a fabrication
defect or a service failure. Determining the cause of the failure could preclude a repeat failure if the same design or
welding procedure is used. The investigation should include sketches with dimensions and photographs. Nondestructive
and destructive examinations may be needed to determine the failure cause.
Structural failures usually call for a design reassessment and require engineering design involvement. When there is a
mechanical failure, for example in a groove weld, there is sometimes a tendency to increase the weld reinforcement. This
is usually a mistake and may compound the problem, resulting in an earlier failure.
When the cause is identified as an incorrect material selection, for example where a higher alloy grade of stainless steel
should have been used, there are limited options short of replacing the complete component with a higher alloy. One
exception might be where the weld metal suffered significantly greater corrosion than the stainless steel base metal. A
repair could be made with higher alloy weld metal with greater corrosion resistance for that environment. When a particular area experiences corrosion or wastage, a higher alloy may be applied only to that area. The repair could be made by
sheet lining the area with a higher alloy. This technique is widely used in the petroleum industry and power industry for
flue gas desulfurization units.40 The applied sheet liner is typically about 1.6 mm [1/16 in] thick and fillet welded to the
base metal. An alternative to sheet lining is to weld overlay the area using a higher alloy filler metal when the base material thickness allows.
Another consideration when analyzing the cause should be the length of service before repair is necessary. The shorter
the service life before repairing is required, the more critical it is to establish the cause of the problem. Conversely, if the
unit has provided a long service and is finally wearing out, then a cost-benefit analysis may be appropriate.
12.2.2 Magnitude of Repair. The first assessment should be whether the component is beyond repair or if it would be
more cost-effective to replace the component. Unfortunately, replacements are not always readily available and, if the
unit must be back on line as soon as possible, temporary repairs are the only option.
40 NACE
Standard RP0292-03, Standard Recommended PracticeInstallation of Thin Metallic Wallpaper Lining in Air Pollution
Control and Other Process Equipment.
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The remarks in this subclause are applicable to solid solution austenitic stainless steels. If there is any question about
material identity, a material analysis should be made before attempting any repair.
Before developing a detailed welding procedure, there are other factors that need to be addressed since they have an
influence on the final weld procedure, namely the following:
(1) Will the repair be made on site or can the component be moved to a shop for welding?
(2) How accessible is the area for welding?
(3) Will distortion from welding be a problem?
(5) Will there be a safe environment for the welders?

12.2.3 Weld Repair Procedure. Having examined the cause and magnitude of the repair, the next step is the design
of the repair welding procedure. If the weldment is a part of the original manufacturers equipment and the repair is of
significant magnitude, it may be advisable to contact the manufacturer for assistance.
Since there are many types of failures, it is usually necessary to develop a welding procedure for each individual application. Two examples are the repair of a cracked weld and the repair of leaks from pitting attack. Additional information on
maintenance and repair welding can be found in the AWS Welding Handbook, Materials and ApplicationsPart 1, 8th
ed., Vol. 3.
12.2.3.1 Procedure for the Repair of a Cracked Weld. Begin by completely removing the crack and preparing
the weld joint for welding. The tip of a crack is the point of highest stress causing the failure; cracks never improve, they
only expand. Repairs should never be attempted by simply welding over cracks; this does not remove the crack nor does
it contain it. During excavation, cracks have a tendency to travel or increase in length so it is a good practice where possible to drill a hole at each end of the crack before excavating. Excavation is normally made by grinding, although some
thermal arc processes may be used in some instances. The excavated area and repair weld joint should be inspected by
liquid penetrant inspection to ensure complete removal of the defect.
In repair welding, distortion can be a very important factor and the control of distortion should be an integral part of the
welding procedure. When distortion must be controlled, there are a number of helpful techniques that can be used for
each particular case. The techniques include external support fixtures, heat input control, sequence welding, and block
sequence welding. Peening weld layers is beneficial in reducing weld stress, although it should not be performed on the
root pass. When control of distortion is an important factor, dimensional measurements should be made during the welding operation so that corrective measures can be employed during the operation (e.g., weld sequencing or peening). Be
aware of iron contamination if peening is considered.
Other aspects of the weld repair procedure are essentially the same as the techniques discussed in Clauses 6 and 7.
12.2.3.2 Repair of Pits. An example of a procedure to repair pits might be pits in a stainless steel vessel as a result
of microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC). Characteristically with MIC attack, some sites are through-wall penetration resulting in leaks if fluids are contained in the vessel. Less mature sites would not have through-wall penetration.
Both types usually have very small diameters on the side on which the corrosion started. Also, the attack may travel horizontally below the surface and the void may not be evident from the outside.
Weld procedure details can vary with particular situations, but guidelines to developing a successful repair procedure
would usually include the following elements:
(1) Thoroughly clean the surfaces to be repaired, e.g., by abrasive blasting, removing any tubercles at the pits.
(2) Identify the spots of MIC attack by visual and/or liquid penetrant inspection (LPI). If the sites are all located along
welds, radiography is also very effective in locating the areas of attack and revealing the size of subsurface attack. Mapping
segments to be repaired provides an orderly approach to the inspection.
(3) Use the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. This is often a trial and error approach with a skilled welder
working on discontinuities in the vessel or, if possible, on scrap material that has been removed. The welder may have all
the proper GTAW qualifications, but this repair technique approaches an art rather than a mechanical operation. The
need for welder practice cannot be overemphasized.
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(4) Are codes or specification requirements properly addressed?
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
(4) Prior to welding, remove all corrosion products to the extent possible and dry the areas. Grinding into the void
prior to welding may be useful, depending on factors such as material thickness and size of the subsurface void. A
common technique would be to initiate the arc away from the pit opening, move into the pit area (allowing corrosion
products to float to the surface), add filler metal, and apply current decay to the arc.
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(5) Ensure that the weld repairs are ground using a fine grit abrasive. Visual and LPI inspections should be used as
final inspections.
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Annex A (Informative)
Suggested Filler Metal Selection Chart
This annex is not part of AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012, Guide for the Joining of Solid Solution
Austenitic Stainless Steels, but is included for informational purposes only.
A1. General Selection Notes

The following filler metals are suggested based on common industry practice. Guarantees as to the suitability for any particular application, however, cannot be made because of application and process differences. It should not be assumed
that filler metals having similar or equal chemical composition levels to the base metals will have adequate corrosion resistance and strength properties in highly corrosive environments or extreme service environments. Alloying elements in
filler metals can segregate during weld metal solidification and can adversely affect weld metal corrosion resistance
and strength properties.41 Molybdenum, for example, often segregates during welding, and overmatched filler metals are
frequently specified to compensate. Other elements, such as phosphorous and sulfur, can segregate and cause weld metal
solidification cracking if the levels are excessively high in the weld metal. Weld metal pickup of phosphorous (P) and
sulfur (S) from free-machining base materials can lead to solidification cracking even if the as-purchased filler metals have very low P and S contents. Even in the absence of segregation, equivalent chemical composition weld metal can
have properties significantly different than the base material because of the metallurgical microstructural differences
between wrought products and a cast weld metal structure.
Properties of the deposited weld metal (e.g., strength, corrosion resistance) are normally, but not always, specified to be
equal to or greater than the base metal for a specific environment. Filler metal selection is typically based on comparisons to the applicable base material properties. Filler metals/deposited weld metal may be selected based on any of the
following factors (where applicable):
(1) Strength, e.g., ultimate tensile strength and/or yield strength at room temperature or the specific operating temperature;
(2) Impact toughness properties at temperature;
(3) Corrosion resistance properties at high temperatures against oxidation, carburization, sulfidation, etc.;
(4) Aqueous corrosion resistance properties against pitting, general corrosion, chloride or sulfide stress corrosion
cracking, etc.;
(5) Sensitization resistance;
(6) Low magnetic permeability, e.g., for electrical equipment;
(7) Ductility;
(8) Creep and stress-rupture properties;
(9) Solidification cracking resistance;
(10) Color;
(11) Abrasion or erosion resistance;
(12) Galling resistance;
(13) Available electrodes for a given welding process; or
(14) Cost.
41 Tuthill,
A. H. and R. E. Avery, 1993, Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel and High-Alloy Weldments in Aggressive Oxidizing
Environments, Welding Journal 72(2): 41-s49-s.
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Filler metals should be chosen based on desired final properties. It may be preferable, for example, to weld Type 304
base materials for cryogenic service with 316L type filler metals instead of the standard Type 308/308L fillers. Type
316L with a 2 FN maximum would result in better impact properties at cryogenic temperatures than 308 type filler metals. Previous studies have shown that carbon, nitrogen, and ferrite are detrimental to toughness; consequently, those values should be controlled.42, 43, 44 The 316L filler metals, especially E316L-15, would be more crack-resistant than Type
308L fillers.45 DC-lime (-15 type) coatings typically produce better cryogenic toughness than the rutile (-16 or -17 type)
coatings because the DC-lime coatings produce a weld deposit with lower oxygen content than the rutile-coated electrodes. Weld metal oxygen is mostly present as oxide inclusions, which help to nucleate and grow the fracture in a
Charpy V-notch test, or in real service fractures.46 It should be noted, however, that many manufacturers will manufacture and/or pretest their filler metals to specific requirements such as ferrite content. Useful information on the corrosion
resistance of stainless steels in numerous corrosive environments is found in the Welding Journal.47
Some factors to consider for filler metal selection for improved weld metal toughness48 at cryogenic temperatures are
low carbon, low ferrite, low nitrogen, higher nickel, lime-type SMAW electrodes, and a low weld metal inclusion content.
For high-temperature applications, properties such as creep rupture, high-temperature strength, and corrosion resistance
may be the primary considerations for selecting a filler metal. It should be noted that the creep-rupture strengths of weld
metals are often less than those of wrought base metals with similar compositions. A study using Type 308 electrodes
showed that increasing filler metal carbon levels caused an increase in creep-rupture strength and a decrease in ductility.49 H-grade filler metals are typically selected for high-temperature service applications. ASME code limits the use of
austenitic stainless steels at temperatures above 538C [1000F] with a carbon content of 0.04% minimum; this applies
to filler metal 308H. The detrimental effect of bismuth on high-temperature creep of Type 308 weld metals is discussed
in the Welding Journal.50
API RP 582, Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil and Gas Industries restricts bismuth for Type 347 flux core
weld deposits for high-temperature service due to reductions in weld metal creep strength. Bismuth is a common flux
ingredient in flux-cored electrodes and may be used by some consumable manufacturers for other types of consumables.
For heavily restrained fabrications which will be exposed to PWHT temperatures or high-temperature service, consideration for purchasing consumables with no intentional additions of bismuth should be considered for any consumable
having mineral type fluxes, e.g., SAW fluxes, and SMAW and FCAW electrodes.
A variety of sources should be researched before selecting a filler metal for severely corrosive or other extreme service
environments. Useful descriptions and intended uses of filler metals are listed in the annexes of AWS A5.4/A5.4M, AWS
A5.9/A5.9M, and AWS A5.22/A5.22M. Base material and filler material producers and suppliers may be consulted for
their welding recommendations, as well as welding consultants specializing in welding for corrosive environments. In
many instances the customer will specify the desired filler metal. When welding to a code, the requirements for weld
procedure qualification must be complied with. Most codes, however, only address room-temperature properties, and the
designer and engineer should evaluate the base materials and filler metals for their suitability for specific service environments.
AWS D1.6/D1.6M, Structural Welding CodeStainless Steel, is a useful document for structural welding applications.
It provides a number of prequalified WPSs covering weldments in thicknesses of 2 mm [1/16 in] or greater for the temperature range of 75C to +430C [100F to +800F]. The WPSs apply only to austenitic stainless steels and to filler
metals containing delta ferrite of at least 3.0 FN.
42 ESAB,
Quality Solutions for Welding and Cutting: 8-5.

T., H. Satoh, Y. Wadayama, and F. Hataya, 1987, Mechanical Properties of Fully Austenitic Weld Deposits for Cryogenic Structures, Welding Journal 66(4): 120.
44 Kotecki, D., 2001, Stainless Q & A, Welding Journal 80(2): 82.
45 AWS A5.4/A5.4M:2006, Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Annex Clause A9.
46 Kotecki, D., 2002, Stainless Q & A, Welding Journal 81(5): 76.
47 Gooch, T. G., 1996, Corrosion Behavior of Welded Stainless Steel, Welding Journal 75(5): 135-s154-s.
48 Avery, R. E. and D. Parsons, 1995, Welding Stainless and 9% Nickel Steel Cryogenic Vessels, Welding Journal 74(11): 4550.
49 Klueh, R. L. and D. P. Edmonds, 1986, Chemical Composition Effects on the Creep Strength of Type 308 Stainless Steel Weld
Metal, Welding Journal 65(1): 1-s7-s.
50 Konosu, S., A. Hashimoto, H. Mashiba, M. Takeshima, and T. Ohtsuka, 1998, Creep Crack Growth Properties of Type 308 Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals, Welding Journal 77(8): 322327.
43 Matsumoto,
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Table A.1
Suggested Filler Metal Selection ChartWrought Standard Grades
The electrode listed first in a given space below is commonly selected for welding the referenced base material. Other listed electrodes
have been specified for specific applications. For other specific applications, filler metal types other than those listed below may be
suitable and/or preferable. Where no filler metal is shown, contact the base metal supplier for recommended filler metal.
Base Metal
UNS Number r
SMAW Electrodess, t
Bare Electrodes and Rodsu
Flux Core Electrodesv
Notes
201
S20100
E209
E219
E2209
E308
ER209
ER219
ER2209
ER308
E2209T
E308T
a, b, n
202
S20200
E209
E219
E2209
E308
ER209
E0R219
ER2209
ER308
E2209T
E308T
a, b, n
205
S20500
E240
E2209
ER240
ER2209
E2209T
209
S20910
E209
E2209
ER209
ER2209
E2209T
k, n
216
S21600
E209
E2209
ER209
ER2209
E2209T
E316T
a, n
218
S21800
E2209
ER218
ER2209
E2209T
219
S21904
E219
E2209
ER219
ER2209
E2209T
240
S24000
E240
E2209
ER240
ER2209
E2209T
241
S24100
E240
E2209
ER240
ER2209
E2209T
301
S30100
E308
ER308
E308T
a, b
302
S30200
E308H
E308
ER308H
E308
E308HT
E308T
a, b
302B
S30215
E308
E309
ER308
ER309
E308T
E309T
E312
ER312
E312T
303/303 Se
304
S30400
E308
E309
E16-8-2
E316
ER308
ER309
ER308Si
ER316
ER16-8-2
E308T
E309T
E316T
a, b, d, f, g, m, x
304L
S30403
E308L
E309L
E316L
ER308L
ER309L
ER316L
ER308LSi
ER316LSi
E308LT
E309LT
E316LT
b, d, x
304LN
S30453
E308L
E2209
ER308L
ER2209
E308LT
E309LT
E2209T
304H
S30409
E308H
E309
E316H
E16-8-2
ER308H
ER309
ER316H
ER16-8-2
E308HT
E309T
E316HT
16-8-2
b, f, i, m
b
x
304N
S30451
E308
E2209
ER308
ER2209
E308T
E2209T
b, n
305
S30500
E308
ER308
E308T
a, b, l
(Continued)
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Table A.1 (Continued)

Base Metal
UNS Number r
SMAW Electrodess, t
309
S30900
E309
ER309
E309T
Notes
a, b
309S
S30908
E309
ER309
E309T
a, b
309H
S30908
E309
ER309
E309T
q, m
309Cb
S30940
E309Nb
24.13LNb
E309LNb
a, w
o
310
S31000
E310
ER310
E310T-G
310H
S31009
E310H
ER310H
E310T-G
310S
S31008
E310
ER310
E310T-G
310MoLN
S31050
25 22 2 N L
25 22 2 N L
314
S31400
E310
ER310
E310T
316
S31600
E316
E16-8-2
ENiCrMo-3
ER316
ER308Mo
ER16-8-2
ERNiCrMo-3
E316T-1
E308MoT
16-8-2
316H
S31609
E316H
E16-8-2
ENiCrMo-3
ER316H
ER16-8-2ERNiCrMo-3
E316HT
316L
S31603
E316L
E308LMo
ENiCrMo-3
ER316L
E308LMo
ERNiCrMo-3
E316LT
ENiCrMo3T
316LN
S31653
E316L
E317L
ENiCrMo-3
ER316L
ER317L
ERNiCrMo-3
E316LT
E317LT
b, h, j, n, y
316N
S31651
E316
E317
E318
ENiCrMo-3
E318
ER316
ER317
ER318
ERNiCrMo-3
ER318
E316T
E317T
b, h, j, y
o, p
b, c, f
f, i
b, c, f, h,
316Ti
S31635
ENiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-3
317
S31700
E317
ENiCrMo-3
ER317
ERNiCrMo-3
E317T
a, h
317L
S31703
E317L
E385
ENiCrMo-3
ER317L
ER385
ENiCrMo-3
E317LT
ENiCrMo3T
ERNiCrMo-3
317LM
S31725
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3T
ENiCrMo4T
ENiCrMo10T
E317LT
317LMN
S31726
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3T
ENiCrMo4T
ENiCrMo10T
E317LT
317LN
S31753
ENiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-4
ERNiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-4
ENiCrMo3T
ENiCrMo4T
321
S32100
E347
E16-8-2
ER347
ER321
ER347Si
ER16-8-2
E347T
(Continued)
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74
Provided by IHS

b, f, i, m
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012

Base Metal
UNS Number r
SMAW Electrodess, t
Notes
321H
S32109
E347
E16-8-2
ER347
ER16-8-2
E347HT
f, i, m, q
347
S34700
E347
E16-8-2
ER347
ER347Si
ER16-8-2
E347T
b, f, i, m
347H
S34709
E347
E16-8-2
ER347
ER16-8-2
E347HT
f, i, m, q
348
S34800
E347
ER347
E347T
i, m
348H
S34809
E347
ER347
E347T
i, q, m
L-grades (low carbon) are generally acceptable. For high service temperatures, L-grade base materials and filler metals are not typically used because of
reduced creep strength.
b Si-grades (silicon enhanced) are available for the GMAW process for improved weld pool fluidity and weld appearance.
c 308Mo/308MoL will result in higher ferrite levels than 316/316L.
d 309/309L may be considered for severe corrosion conditions.
e Welding of this and other free-machining grades (303, 303Se, 316F) may result in severe hot cracking because of phosphorous, selenium, or sulfur
additions to the base metal. The increased ferrite of Type 312 filler metals helps but may not always work.
f E16-8-2 may be considered for steam plant use or other high-temperature applications. AWS Welding Handbook, 7th ed., Vol. 4, Table 2.13. 16-8-2
consumables have good hot-ductility properties that offer relative freedom from weld or crater cracking, even under high-restraint conditions. The
weld metal is usable in either the as-welded or solution-treated condition. Corrosion tests indicate that 16-8-2 weld metal may have less corrosion
resistance than Type 316 base metal, depending on the corrosive media.
g Type 316L fillers (2 FN max.) may be considered for cryogenic applications (ESAB, Quality Solutions for Welding and Cutting: 8-5).
h The use of E/ERNiCrMo-3 filler metals for improved corrosion resistance for 316L/317L base materials used in aggressive oxidizing environments
(e.g., paper mill bleach plants) is discussed in the Welding Journal 72(2), Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel and High-Alloy Weldments in
Aggressive Oxidizing Environments.
i Refer to Annex A, General Selection Notes for possible bismuth concerns in flux ingredients for highly restrained weldments which will be exposed
to high temperatures.
j Kotecki, D., 2001, Stainless Steel Q & A, Welding Journal 80(7): 90.
k 8FN may be needed to prevent solidification cracking; Kotecki, D., 2003, Stainless Steel Q & A, Welding Journal 82(11): 80.
l GTAW filler metal additions or consumable inserts for root pass welding may be needed to prevent solidification cracking when welding Type 305
base metals. Kotecki, D., 2002, Stainless Steel Q & A, Welding Journal 8 1(9): 88.
mIf using for high-temperature service applications, ferrite should be restricted to 10 FN maximum to minimize the transformation of ferrite to sigma
phase which would otherwise adversely embrittle the weld.
n Duplex filler metals may be a good choice for 200 series alloys as they also contain higher levels of nitrogen and have comparable yield and tensile
strengths. Duplex microstructures, however, are approx. a 50/50 mix of ferrite and austenite and should not be used if the service temperature is
higher than 300C [570F] or below 40C [40F] or if the corrosive environment selectively attacks ferrite. Duplex alloys are also suitable in some
applications for 300 Series.
o Consult electrode manufacturers for their proprietary E 310T-G FCAW electrode versions.
p European Standard EN ISO 143.
q In cases where H grades are not in the AWS filler metal specification, 0.04 min carbon may be requested.
r SAE HS-1086, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
s Refer to Table 8.3 for useability guidelines for SMAW stainless steel electrodes for welding current, position of welding and operating characteristics.
t AWS Specifications A5.4/A5.4M and A5.11/A5.11M for nickel-based SMAW electrodes.
u AWS Specifications A5.9/A5.9M and A5.14/A5.14M for nickel-based bare wire and electrodes. The AWS electrode classification for bare metalcored stainless steel electrodes produced under AWS specification A5.22/A5.22M begins with the letters EC instead of ER.
v AWS Specifications A5.22/A5.22M and A5.34/A5.34M for nickel-based FCAW electrodes. Refer to Table 8.15 for usability guidelines for FCAW
stainless steel electrodes for welding current, position of welding, and shielding gas.
w 24.13LNb is a registered trademark of Sandvik Materials Technology that meets E309Nb.
x 316/316L filler metals are sometimes used for welding type 304/304L base materials for general corrosive service. For severe corrosive service where
molybdenum-bearing filler metals are indicated for type 304/304L base materials, the user should verify that the corrosive conditions do not selectively attack molybdenum bearing alloys. For example, type 316/316L is reportedly less corrosion resistant in highly concentrated H2SO4 and hydrazine than 304/304L base materials and 308/308L weld deposits.
y When welding nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels with niobium [Nb(Cb)]-bearing welding consumables (refer to Table 8.10), there is a strong
tendency for nitrogen to diffuse (migrate) from the HAZ and combine with niobium in the weld deposit (forming niobium nitrides).This leaves the
fusion line strengthened by niobium nitride precipitates, while the HAZ is simultaneously weakened and potentially more susceptible to corrosion
because of the nitrogen depletion. The strength differences between weld deposit, fusion line, HAZ and base material may adversely affect weld procedure
qualification bend test results. For severe corrosive service or when the strength of the weld region must be controlled, niobium free consumables
(example: E/ER NiCrMo-10) may be considered.
75
Provided by IHS
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table A.2
Suggested Filler Metal Selection ChartWrought Proprietary Grades
UNS Numbera
SMAW Electrodesh
Bare Electrodes and Rodsi
Flux Core Electrodesj
Notes
20 (20Cb-3)
N08020
E320LR,
E320,
ENiCrMo-3
ER320LR,
ER320,
ERNiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo-3
800
N08800
ENiCrFe-2,
ENiCrCoMo-1
ERNiCr-3,
ERNiCrCoMo-1
ENiCr3Tx-y,
ENiCrFe2Tx-y,
ENiCrFe3Tx-y,
ENiCrCoMo1Tx-y
825
N08825
ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-14
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
RA 330
N08330
E330
ENiCrFe-2,
ENiCrFe-3
ER330,
ERNiCr-3
ENiCr3Tx-y,
ENiCrFe2Tx-y
253 MA
S30815
EN 1600 alloy
type 22 12 H
31
N08031
ENiCrMo-10,
ENiCrMo-13,
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-10,
ERNiCrMo-13,
ERNiCrMo-14
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
1925 hMo
(926)
N08925
ENiCrMo-13
ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-13
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3Tx-y,
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
254 SMO
S31254
ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3Tx-y,
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
654 SMO
S32654
ENiCrMo-13,
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-13,
ERNiCrMo-14
28
N08028
E383
ER383
904L
N08904
E385, ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-4,
ENiCrMo-10
ER385,
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-4,
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3Tx-y,
ENiCrMo4Tx-y,
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
AL-6XN
N08367
ERNiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3Tx-y,
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
20Mo-4
N08024
ENiCrMo-3
ERNiCrMo-3
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
20Mo-6
N08026
ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-10
ENiCrMo3Tx-y,
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
25-6Mo
N08926
ENiCrMo-10,
ENiCrMo-3,
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-10,
ERNiCrMo-3,
ERNiCrMo-14
ENiCrMo10Tx-y,
ENiCrMo3Tx-y
27-7MO
S31277
ENiCrMo-10,
ENiCrMo-14
ERNiCrMo-10,
ERNiCrMo-14
ENiCrMo10Tx-y
c, d, f
SAE HS-1086, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.

320LR is manufactured with low-residual elements such as sulfur, phosphorous, and silicon to help minimize hot cracking and microfissuring when
welding fully austenitic stainless steels. Low carbon improves corrosion resistance.
c Proprietary grades available.
d European Standard EN ISO 14343.
e RA330 is a registered trademark of Rolled Alloys. Matching grade consumables (e.g., type 330) may be used, with possible risk of hot cracking. For
specific welding guidelines, refer to the Rolled Alloys website. The nickel-based filler metals are capable of producing sound welds, but may not provide equivalent oxidation resistance as the base material in high temperature service.
f Base material and electrode manufacturers should be consulted prior to selecting a filler material. 253 MA is designed for its high temperature characteristics, e.g., for its creep and corrosion resistance in various environments e.g., oxidizing, reducing, nitriding, sulfidizing, or carburizing. Ferrite
should be limited to minimize the formation of sigma phase during high temperature service.
b
(Continued)
76
Provided by IHS

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Base Metal
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012

Suggested Filler Metal Selection ChartWrought Proprietary Grades
g
Types 383 and 385 are not available in flux core electrodes.
AWS Specifications A5.4/A5.4M and A5.11/A5.11M for nickel-based SMAW electrodes.
i AWS Specifications A5.9/A5.9M and A5.14/A5.14M for nickel-based bare wire and electrodes. The AWS electrode classification for bare metalcored stainless steel electrodes produced under AWS specification A5.22/A5.22M begins with the letters EC instead of ER.
j AWS Specifications A5.22/A5.22M and A5.34/A5.34M for nickel-based FCAW electrodes. Refer to Table 8.15 for usability guidelines for FCAW
stainless steel electrodes for welding current, position of welding, and shielding gas.
k When welding nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels with niobium [Nb(Cb)]-bearing welding consumables (refer to Table 8.10), there is a strong
tendency for nitrogen to diffuse (migrate) from the HAZ and combine with niobium in the weld deposit (forming niobium carbides).This leaves the
fusion line strengthened by niobium carbide precipitates, while the HAZ is simultaneously weakened and potentially more susceptible to corrosion
because of the nitrogen depletion. The strength differences between weld deposit, fusion line, HAZ and base material may adversely affect weld procedure qualification bend test results. For severe corrosive service or when the strength of the weld region must be controlled, niobium free
consumables (example: E/ER NiCrMo-10) may be considered.
h
Table A.3
Filler Selection for Stainless Steel Castings
ACI
Designation
UNS
Numbera
Reference
Grade
CE20N
J92802
309
CF3
J92500
304L
CF10
CF10M
CF10MC
CF10SMnN
J92590
J92901
J92971
J92972
304H
316H
316Cb
Nitronic 60
CF20
CF3M
J92800
302
316L
CF8
J92600
304
CF8C
J92710
347
CF8M
J92900
316
CG12
CG6MMN
J93001
J93790
309
Nitronic 50
CG8M
J93000
317
CH10
J93401
309H
ASTM
Reference
AWS
A5.4/A5.4M
A351
A451
A351
A743
A744
A351
A351
A351
A351
A743
A743
A351
A743
A744
A351
A743
A744
A351
A743
A744
A351
A743
A744
A743
A351
A743
A351
A743
A744
A351
A451
A243
AWS
A5.9/A5.9M
E309-XX
ER309
E309TX-X
E308L-XX
ER308L
E308LTX-X
E308H-XX
E316H-XX
ER308H
ER316H
ER218
E308HTX-X
E316HTX-X
EC218
E308-XX
E316L-XX
ER308
ER316L
E308TX-X
E316LTX-X
E308-XX
ER308
E308TX-X
E347-XX
ER347
ER347TX-X
E316-XX
ER316
E316TX-X
E309-XX
E209-XX or
E2209-XXg
E317-XX
ER309
ER209 or
ER2209g
ER317
E309TX-X
ER2209TX-Xg
E309H-XX
ER309
E309HTX-X
(Continued)
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Provided by IHS
AWS
A5.22/A5.22M
77
E317TX-X
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012

Filler Selection for Stainless Steel Castings
ACI
Designation
UNS
Numbera
Reference
Grade
CH20
J93402
309
CH8
J93400
309S
CK20
J94202
310H
CK3MCuN
J93254
254SMO
CN3M
J94652
904L
CN3MCu
J80020
20Cb3
CN3MN
J94651
AL6-XN
CN7M
N08007
CU5MCuC
HE
N08826
J93403
320
20Cb3
825
312
HF
HH
HK
J92603
J93503
J94224
304H
309
310
HK30
J94203
HK40
J94204
HL
N08604
HN
HP
HT
HU
J94213
N08705
N08605
N08004
330
ASTM
Reference
AWS
A5.4/A5.4M
A743
A351
A351
A451
A351
A451
A743
A743
A744
A990
A743
A990
A744
A743
A743
A744
A494
A297
A608
A297
A297
A297
A351
A608
A351
A608
A351
A608
A297
A608
A297
A297
A297
A297
AWS
A5.9/A5.9M
AWS
A5.22/A5.22M
E309-XX
ER309
E309TX-X
E309-XX
ER309Si
E309TX-X
E310H-XX
ER310
E310TG-X
ENiCrMo-3b, c
ENiCrMo-10
ERNiCrMo-3b, d
ERNiCrMo-10d
ENiCrMo3Tx-yb
ENiCrMo10Tx-ye
E385-XX
ENiCrMo-3c
ENiCrMo-4c
E320LR-XX
ER385
ERNiCrMo-3d
ERNiCrMo-4d
ER320LR
ENiCrMo3Tx-ye
ENiCrMo4Tx-ye
ENiCrMo-3b, c
ENiCrMo-10
E320LR-XX
ERNiCrMo-3b, d
ERNiCrMo-10d
ER320LR
ENiCrMo3Tx-yb
ENiCrMo10Tx-ye
E312-XX
ERNiFeCr-1d
ER312
E312TX-X
E308-XX
E309-XX
E310H-XX
ER308
ER309
E308LTX-X
E309TX-X
E310H-XX
E310H-XX
ER25/35Hf
ERNiCrCoMo-1
E330H
E330-XX
E330
ER25/35Hf
ER330
SAE HS-1086, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.

See 5.3.1 on segregation effects.
c AWS A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding.
d AWS A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods.
e AWS A5.34/A5.34M, Specification for Nickel-Alloy Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding.
f Proprietary, Non AWS A5.9/A5.9M grade.
g Acceptable filler metal for use up to 500F.
b
Note: Filler metal references are not all inclusive but others may be used depending upon the application and service conditions. It is advisable to
check the casting producer for recommended filler metals for high temperature castings.
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78
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Annex B (Informative)
Informative References
ASM International, Home Page, November 16, 2007, http://www.asminternational.org.

ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends, American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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ASTM A799/A799M (A01.02), Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Stainless, Instrument Calibration, for Estimating
Ferrite Content, ASTM International.
ASTM A967, Standard Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts, ASTM International.
Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.assda.asn.au.
AWS A4.2M:2006 (ISO 8249:2000 MOD), Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the
Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal
AWS A5.30/A5.30M, Specification for Consumable Inserts, American Welding Society
AWS C1.1M/C1.1, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding, American Welding Society.
AWS C5.5/C5.5M, Recommended Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, American Welding Society.
AWS C5.10/C5.10M, Recommended Practices for Shielding Gases for Welding and Plasma Arc Cutting, American
Welding Society.
AWS C7.1M/C7.1, Recommended Practices for Electron Beam Welding, American Welding Society.
AWS C7.2, Recommended Practices for Laser Beam Welding, Cutting, and Drilling, American Welding Society.
AWS D1.6/D1.6M, Structural Welding Code Stainless Steel, American Welding Society.
AWS D10.4-86R, Recommended Practices for Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Piping and Tubing,
American Welding Society.
AWS D10.11M/D10.11, Recommended Practices for Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing, American Welding
Society.
AWS D18.2, Guide to Weld Discoloration Levels on Inside of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube, American Welding Society.
AWS, 2007, Brazing Handbook, 5th ed., Miami: American Welding Society.
AWS Welding Handbook series, 8th and 9th ed.
Avery R. E. and A. H. Tuthill, 1993, Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel and High-Alloy Weldments in Aggressive
Oxidizing Environments, Welding Journal 72(2): 41.
Avery R. E. and D. Parsons, 1995, Welding Stainless and 9% Nickel Steel Cryogenic Vessels, Welding Journal 74(11):
4550.
British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.bssa.org.uk.
CASTI Metals Blue BookWelding Filler Metals, 4th ed., CASTI Publishing Inc.
CASTI Metals Red BookNonferrous Metals, 4th ed., CASTI Publishing Inc.
79
Provided by IHS

AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
CASTI Publishing, Home Page, December 12, 2007, http://www.casti.ca.

Cedinox (Spanish), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.cedinox.es.
Centro Inox (Italian), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.centroinox.it.
ESAB, Quality Solutions for Welding and Cutting: 8-5.
Euro Inox, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.euro-inox.org.
Gooch, T. G., 1996, Corrosion Behavior of Welded Stainless Steel, Welding Journal 75(5): 135-s154-s.
Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.stainlessindia.org.
International Chromium Development Association, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.icdachromium.com.
International Molybdenum Association, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.imoa.info.
International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.worldstainless.org.
Irving, B., 1994, Trying to Make Some Sense Out of Shielding Gases, Welding Journal 73(5): 6570.
Key To Steel, Home Page, December 12, 2007, http://www.key-to-steel.com.
Klueh, R. L. and D. P. Edmonds, 1986, Chemical Composition Effects on the Creep Strength of Type 308 Stainless Steel
Weld Metal, Welding Journal 65(1): 1-s7-s.
Konosu, S., A. Hashimoto, H. Mashiba, M. Takeshima, and T. Ohtsuka, 1998, Creep Crack Growth Properties of Type
308 Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals, Welding Journal 77(8): 322.
JIS Handbook, Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy, Books I and II, Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association
Lambert, J. A., 1991, Cast-to-Cast Variability in Stainless Steel Mechanized GTA Welds, Welding Journal 70(5): 41.
Lundin, C. D. and C. P. D. Chou, November 1983, Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals,
Welding Research Council Bulletin 289.
Lundin, C. D., C. H. Lee, R. Menon, and E. E. Stansbury, November 1986, Sensitization of Austenitic Stainless Steels:
Effects of Welding Variables on HAZ Sensitization of AISI 304 and HAZ Behavior of BWR Alternative Alloys 316
NG and 347, Welding Research Council Bulletin 319.
Matsumoto, T., H. Satoh, Y. Wadayama, and F. Hataya, 1987, Mechanical Properties of Fully Austenitic Weld Deposits
for Cryogenic Structures, Welding Journal 66(4): 120-s126-s.
MatWeb, Home Page, December 13, 2007, http://www. matweb.com.
National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.nace.org.
Nickel Institute, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.nickelinstitute.org.
Onsoein, M., R. Peters, D. L. Olson, and S. Liu, 1995, Effect of Hydrogen in an Argon GTAW Shielding Gas: Arc Characteristics and Bead Morphology, Welding Journal 74(1): 10.
PFI ES21, Internal Machining and Fit-up of GTAW Root Pass Circumferential Butt Welds, Pipe Fabrication Institute.
PFI ES35, Nonsymmetrical Bevels and Joint Configurations for Butt Welds, Pipe Fabrication Institute.
Praxair, Shielding Gases Selection Manual: 32.
Specialty Steel Industry of North America, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.ssina.com.
Stainless Steel Council of China Specialist Steel Enterprises Ass. (CSSC), Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.cssc.
org.cn.
Steel Construction Institute, Home Page, May 23, 2011, http://www.steel-sci.org.
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Wegst, C. W., Stahlschlssel (Key to Steel), ASM International.

Worldwide Guide to Equivalent Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, 2001, 4th ed., ASM International.
Young, B., 1995, Purging Gases: Making the Right Selection, Welding Journal 74(1): 47.
Provided by IHS
80
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Annex C (Informative)
ASTM Base Material Specifications
for Austenitic Stainless Steels
C1. Plate, Sheet, and Strip (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.03)
A167:
A240/A240M:
A264:
A480/A480M:
A666:
A793:
A895:
A946:
Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and
General Applications.
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.04) Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad Plate.
General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip (and
applies to each of the following: A167, A240/A240M, A264, A666, A793, and A895)
Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar (replaces A177
and A412)
Rolled Floor Plate. Stainless Steel
Free-Machining Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip
Chromium, Chromium-Nickel, and Silicon Alloy Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Corrosion and Heat
Resisting Service
C2. Tube (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.01)

A213/A213M:
A269:
A270:
A450/A450M:
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A511:
A554:
A632:
A688/A688M:
A778:
A789/A789M:
A1012:
A1016/A1016M:
Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes A249/
A249M: Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing
General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes (and includes the
following: A213/A213M, A249/A249M, A269, A270, A271, A688/A688M, A771, A789/A789M,
A791/A791M, A803/A803M, A826/A851)
Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service
Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes
Welded Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular Products
Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
Seamless and Welded Ferritic, Austenitic and Duplex Alloy Steel Condenser and Heat Exchanger
Tubes with Integral Fins
General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes
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C3. Bar (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.03)

These standards cover hot-finished or cold-finished bars including rounds, squares, hexagons, and hot-rolled or extruded
shapes, such as angles, tees, and channels in the more commonly used types of stainless steel.
A276:
A479/A479M:
A484/A484M:
A582/A582M:
A955/A955M:
A968/A968M:
Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes

Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels
General requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.04) Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
Chromium, Chromium-Nickel, and Silicon Alloy Steel Bars and Shapes for Corrosion and HeatResisting Service
C4. Forgings (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.03)

These standards cover forgings and billets or other semi-finished material (except wire) for forging.
A276:
A479/A479M:
A484/A484M:
A582/A582M:
A955/A955M:
A968/A968M:
Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes

Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels
General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
Free-Machining Stainless Steel Bars
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.04) Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
Chromium, Chromium-Nickel, and Silicon Alloy Steel Bars and Shapes for Corrosion and HeatResisting Service
C5. Pipe (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.01)

A312/312M:
A358/358M:
A376/A376M:
A409/A409M:
A813/A813M:
A814/A814M:
A999:
Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
and General Applications
Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station Service
Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service
Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
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C6. Fittings (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.01)

A403/A403M:
A733:
A774/A774M:
A988/A988M:
Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings

Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and
Moderate Temperatures
Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature
Service
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C7. Castings (ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.02)

A297/A297M:
A351/A351M:
A451/A451M:
A494/A494M:
A608/A608M:
A743/A743M:
A744/A744M;
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Fe-Cr, and Fe-Cr-Ni, Heat Resistance for General Application
Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic for Pressure Containing Parts
Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service
Standard Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy for Corrosion Resistance Service
Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Fe-Cr-Ni High Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application
at High Temperature
Standard Specification for Castings, Fe-Cr, Fe-Cr-Ni, Corrosion Resistant for General Application
Standard Specification for Castings, Fe-Cr-Ni, Corrosion Resistant for Severe Service
C8. Miscellaneous
A941:
A947M:
A959:
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General:
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.01) Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.03) Textured Stainless Steel Sheet (Metric)
(ASTM Book of Standards Volume 01.03) Standard Guide for Specifying Harmonized Standard
Grade Compositions for Wrought Stainless Steels
The ASTM International web site (www.astm.org) has an excellent search engine for finding most
ASTM specifications that address corrosion testing, cleaning, and passivation topics.
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Annex D (Informative)
Estimating the Ferrite Content of Cast Base Materials
The ferrite content of castings can be estimated using the Schoefer Diagram (see Figure D.1) if the actual chemical composition of the base material is known. The chemical composition can be obtained from the foundrys certified material
test report or by performing a chemical composition analysis of the casting.
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Source: ASTM A800/A800M-01 (2006), Standard Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof.
Figure D.1The Schoefer Diagram
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The Schoefer Diagram is considered useful for alloys within the following composition ranges:
C:
Mn:
Si:
Cr:
0.20 max.
2.00 max.
2.00 max.
17.028.0
Ni:
Mo:
Cb:
N:
4.013.0
4.0 max.
1.00 max.
0.20 max.
First calculate the composition ratio (Cre)/Nie) of chromium equivalent (Cre) to nickel equivalent (Nie) using the
actual composition of the casting and the following formula: Elements in the chromium equivalent part of the formula
are elements which promote the formation of ferrite. Elements in the nickel equivalent part of the formula are elements
which promote the formation of austenite.
[ Cr(%) + 1.5Si(%) + 1.4Mo(%) + Cb(%) 4.99 ]
[(Cre)/(Nie)] = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[ Ni(%) + 30C(%) + 0.5Mn(%) + 26(N 0.02%) + 2.77 ]
Plot a horizontal line through the calculated [(Cre)/(Nie)] value (on the diagrams vertical axis). Next, plot vertical lines
at the intersection of the horizontal line with the individual curves (two outer dashed lines and a central solid line). The
intersection of the vertical lines with the diagrams horizontal axis provides an estimation of the castings ferrite content
in volume percent. The casting nominal ferrite content is represented by the middle solid line. The possible range of ferrite within the casting is represented within the two outer dashed lines.
This method of estimating ferrite is thoroughly discussed in ASTM A800/A800M, Standard Practice for Steel Casting,
Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof.
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Annex E (Informative)
Engineering Terms, Common Conversions,
and SMAW Electrode Diameters
Table E.1
Common Engineering Terms
SI
Quantity of mattera
kg = kilogram
U.S.
lb = pound (international avoirdupois unit)
SI
Mass per unit volumea

g/cm3 = grams/cubic centimeter of kg/m3
U.S.
lb/in3 = pounds/cubic inch
=
SI
Mass Acceleration
N = Newton
U.S.
lbf = Pound force
SI
Force per unit area

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 (1 Pascal = 1 Newton/meter2)
1 MPa = 1N/mm2
U.S.
psi = pound(s) per square inch
Mass
Density
Force
Stress
mass and weight are terms that are commonly interchanged since a quantity of matter (mass) is commonly measured by weighing material in
earth's relatively constant gravitational field.
Table E.2
Data
Standard acceleration of gravity
SI
9.807 m/s2
U.S.
32.174 ft/s2
SI
Rate at which work is done or rate energy is used or transferred.

Power = Work (or energy) time
Watt, 1 W = 1 J/s
U.S.
ft lb/min, foot pound(s) per minute
Power
Unit of Power
Work
Force Distance
Work and Energy

Unit of energy (or work)
Force (mass acceleration)
The same units can be used interchangeably, e.g., WS = 1 J = 1 NM

SI
1 Watt-Second = 1 Joule = 1 Newton-meter, 1 WS = 1 J = 1 NM
U.S.
ftlb, foot pound(s)

1 kgf = 9.807 N
1 lbf
Note: SI = International System of Units, U.S. = U.S. Customary Units.
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Weight
Convert from:
g
kg
lb
lb
to:
lb
lb
g
kg
Multiply by:
0.0022046 lbs/g
2.2046 lbs/kg
453.6 g/lb (453.59237 g/lb exact)
0.4536 kg/lb
Length
Convert from:
in
cm
m
in
ft
m
to:
cm
in
in
m
m
ft
Multiply by:
2.54 cm/in (exact)
0.3937 in/cm
39.37 in/m
0.0254 cm/m (exact)
0.3048 m/ft
3.28083 ft/m
Density
Convert from:
g/cm3
lb/in3
lb/ft3
to:
lb/in3
g/cm3
kg/m3
Multiply by:
0.0373
27.68
16.0185
Stress or Pressure
Convert from:
Pa
MPa
MPa
psi
psi
to:
psi (lb/in2)
psi
ksi
Pa
MPa
Multiply by:
0.000145038
145.038
Quick rough estimate: divide MPa value by 7
6894.76
0.00689476
Force
Convert from:
N
lbf
kgf
N
to:
lbf
N
N
kgf
Multiply by:
0.22481 lbf/N
4.448222 N/lbf
9.80665 N/kgf
0.1020 kgf/N
Weight per unit length

Convert from:
lb/ft
kg/m
to:
kg/m
lb/ft
Multiply by:
1.488
0.672
Energy
Convert from:
J
ftlbs
to:
ftlbs
J
Multiply by:
0.737562 ftlbs/J
1.355818 J/ftlbs
Temperature
Convert from:
TF
TF
TC
TC
TK
TK
to:
TC
TK (Kelvin)
TF
TK
TC
TF
Use Equation:
TC = (TF 32) 1.8
TK = (TF + 459.67) 1.8
TF = (TC 1.8) + 32
TK = TC + 273.15
TC = TK 273.15
TF = (TK 1.8) 459.67
Temperature Interval
(Note: Delta = change, i.e., 1.8 TF = 1TC)
Convert from:
TF
TC
to:
TC
TF
Use Equation:
TC = TF 1.8
TF = TC 1.8
(Continued)
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Table E.3a
Common Welding-Related Conversion Factors
AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Table E.3a (Continued)

Common Welding-Related Conversion Factors
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Flow Rates
Convert from:
L/min
ft3/hr
to:
ft3/hr
L/min
Multiply by:
2.11888
0.47195
Pressure
Convert from:
atm
atm
atm
atm
atm
bar
bar
bar
bar
torr
Pa
to:
psi
Pa
mmHg
bar
torr
Pa
psi
mmHg
torr
mmHg
lb/in2
Multiply by:
14.696 psi/atm
101 325 Pa/atm
760 mmHg/atm
1.01325 bar/atm
760 torr/atm
100 000 Pa/bar
14.504 psi/bar
750.06 mmHg/bar
750.06 torr/bar
1 mmHg/torr
0.000145038 lb/in2/Pa
Speed
Convert from:
in/min
in.min
ft/min
ft/min
mm/s
mm/s
m/h
to:
m/min
m/s
mm/s
m/h
in/min
ft/min
ft/min
Multiply by:
0.0254
0.0004233
5.08
18.288
2.3622
0.1969
0.0547
Heat Input
Convert from:
kJ/in
kJ/m
to:
kJ/m
kJ/in
Multiply by:
39.37 in/m
0.0254 m/in
Miscellaneous
Convert from:
Percentage
ppm
to:
ppm
Percentage
Multiply by:
1 104
1 104
Power Prefixes
Prefix:
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Centi
Milli
Micro
nano
Symbol:
G
M
k
c
m
(mu)
n
Factor:
109
106
103
102
103
106
109
References to pound are based on the international avoirdupois pound unit.
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AWS G2.3M/G2.3:2012
Annex F (Informative)
Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries
F1. Introduction
The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations of
AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. Under this policy, all interpretations are made by the committee that is
responsible for the standard. Official communication concerning an interpretation is directed through the AWS staff
member who works with that committee. The policy requires that all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the complexity of the work and the procedures
that must be followed, some interpretations may require considerable time.
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F2. Procedure
All inquiries shall be directed to:
Managing Director
Technical Services Division
American Welding Society
8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130
Doral, FL 33166
All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and affiliation of the inquirer, and they shall provide enough information
for the committee to understand the point of concern in the inquiry. When the point is not clearly defined, the inquiry
will be returned for clarification. For efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and in the format specified
below.
F2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provision of the standard unless the point of the inquiry involves two
or more interrelated provisions. The provision(s) shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry along with the edition of
the standard that contains the provision(s) the inquirer is addressing.
F2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose
can be to obtain an interpretation of a standards requirement or to request the revision of a particular provision in the
standard.
F2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to understand the
point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used whenever appropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and tables (or annex)
that bear on the inquiry shall be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the standard, the inquiry shall
provide technical justification for that revision.
F2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a proposed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that is the point
of the inquiry or provide the wording for a proposed revision, if this is what the inquirer seeks.
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F3. Interpretation of Provisions of the Standard

Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made by the relevant AWS technical committee. The secretary of the
committee refers all inquiries to the chair of the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply to determine what the
response to the inquiry should be. Following the subcommittees development of the response, the inquiry and the
response are presented to the entire committee for review and approval. Upon approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official interpretation of the Society, and the secretary transmits the response to the inquirer and to the Welding
Journal for publication.
F4. Publication of Interpretations

All official interpretations will appear in the Welding Journal and will be posted on the AWS web site.
F5. Telephone Inquiries

Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning AWS standards should be limited to questions of a general nature
or to matters directly related to the use of the standard. The AWS Board Policy Manual requires that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the information that such an
interpretation can be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters staff cannot provide consulting services.
However, the staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on file at AWS Headquarters.
F6. AWS Technical Committees

The activities of AWS technical committees regarding interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of provisions of standards prepared by the committees or to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the basis of new
data or technology. Neither AWS staff nor the committees are in a position to offer interpretive or consulting services on
(1) specific engineering problems, (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications outside the scope of the document, or (3) points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should seek assistance from a
competent engineer experienced in the particular field of interest.
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List of AWS Documents on the Joining of Metals and Alloys

Designation
Title
G2.1M/G2.1
Guide for the Joining of Wrought Nickel-Base Alloys
G2.3M/G2.3
Guide for the Joining of Solid Solution Austenitic Stainless Steels
G2.4/G2.4M
Guide for the Fusion Welding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
G2.5/G2.5M
Guide for the Fusion Welding of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
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AWS G 2.3M G2.3-2012 Guide For The Joining of Solid Solution Austenitic Stainless Steels - Part2

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Table 8.9 (Continued)

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Compositions for SMAW electrodes are based on AWS Specification A5.11/A5.11M.

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90%He + 7.5%Ar + 2.5%CO2

Commonly used for short circuiting transfer welding of austenitic stainless

97%Ar + (2%5%) CO2

Beneficial for reduced distortion, burn-through, and weld oxidation. CO2

90%Ar + 7.5%He + 2.5%CO2

Popular European mix.f

55%He + 43%Ar + 2%CO2

90%Ar + 7.5%He + 2.5%CO2

See table footnotes f, j.

Ar + 30%40%He + 1%3%CO2, and Ar + 3%5%CO2 + 1%2%H2 blends are

Ar + (10%40%He) + (1%15%) CO2

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Transfer Mode: Short Circuiting Transfer

Table 8.12 (Continued)

Wire Feed Speed

1.2 [0.047] [18 gage]

1.5 [0.059] [16 gage]

1.9 [0.075] [14 gage]

2.73.5 [0.1060.138] [12-10 gage]

2.7 [0.106] [12 gage]

3.5 [0.138] [10 gage]

Wire Feed Speed

3.2 [1/8] and over

3.2 [1/8] and over

6.4 [1/4] and over

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Electric, GMAW-P, Pulsed Spray Transfer, p. 5, Figure 5.

Increasing peak amperage only:

Note: This current level is largely responsible for arc

Increasing pulses per second only:

Note: A good fine tuning parameter for arc length.

Figure 8.1Waveform Components and Arc and Burn-Off Rate

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External Shielding Mediumb

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Single values are shown as maximum.

Table 8.16 (Continued)

Minimum mechanical properties as-specified in AWS A5.22/A5.22M:2010, Table 6.

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8.5 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

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10. Heat Treatment

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11. Storage and Shipping Recommendations

12. Maintenance and Repair

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(5) Will there be a safe environment for the welders?

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