Finite Width Correction Factors-Journal of Composite Materials-1988-Tan-1080-97 PDF

Journal of Composite
Materials
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Finite-Width Correction Factors for Anisotropic Plate Containing a Central

Opening
Seng C. Tan
Journal of Composite Materials 1988 22: 1080
DOI: 10.1177/002199838802201105
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What is This?
Finite-Width Correction Factors

for Anisotropic Plate Containing
a Central Opening
SENG C. TAN
US Air Force Materials Laboratory
Wright Patterson AFB
AFWAL/MLBM
Dayton, OH 45433-6533
(Received October 2, 1987)
(Revised March 21, 1988)
ABSTRACT
The finite-width correction factors for anisotropic and orthotropic plates containing an
elliptical opening are presented in a tractable and closed-form solution. Examining with
experimental data and finite element solutions shows that the present theory is very accurate for a broad range of opening-to-width ratio, 2a/W, and opening aspect ratio, a/b.
The application of isotropic finite-width correction factors to estimate the anisotropic or
orthotropic finite-width correction factors can cause significant error in many cases. The
sensitivity of the finite-width correction factors as a function of the opening aspect ratio
is also discussed.
1. INTRODUCTION
FWC
(finite-width correction) factor is

B Y DEFINITION,
is
applied multiply the notched infinite-plate solution
A
to
to
scale factor which

obtain the notched
The FWC factor can be discussed in the following aspects: (1)

strain concentration such as the maximum tangential stress at the
opening edge; (2) the stress intensity factor of a plate with a crack and; (3) the
interpolation of finite plate testing data (such as strength) to infinite plate result;
this concept has been utilized for the strength analysis of isotropic and anisotropic plates. In this aspect, most of the strength analyses are based on infinite plate
solution because a compact form stress distribution is available. Therefore, there
is a need for the data reduction between finite and infinite-width plates. The first
two aspects have been discussed a great deal for isotropic material [1-9] and orthotropic material [10-12]. The first and the third aspects are the inspirations for
the present paper. The third aspect has seldom been discussed in the literature.
The FWC factors for isotropic plate are not a function of the material properties. Therefore, the isotropic FWC factors for a plate with a hole or a crack can
finite-plate result.
the
stress or
1080
Journal
of COMPOSITE MATERIALS,
Vol. 22 -November 1988
0021-9983/88/ 11 1080-18 $4.50/0

@ 1988 Technomic Publishing Co , Inc.
1081
be determined accurately using a curve fitting technique [5]. Whereas for finitewidth anisotropic or orthotropic plates, the stress analyses have been proceeded
mainly by using finite element methods. Due to the lack of a closed-form solution
for an anisotropic finite-width plate containing a cutout, the isotropic FWC factors have been applied for the data reduction of notched orthotropic finite-width
laminates to notched infinite plates. In some cases, the isotropic FWC factors can
be applied for anisotropic plates, for instance, the stress intensity of an infinite
length composite laminate with a crack [10]. This is because the stress distribution around the crack is independent of the material properties. However the application of an anisotropic FWC factor to transform the maximum stress concentration and the notched strength data between a finite and an infinite-width plate
with an opening other than a crack has seldom been discussed in the literature.
In the present study, a compact form solution is derived for the FWC factors
of anisotropic and orthotropic plates containing a central elliptical opening. Published numerical and experimental results for respective orthotropic and isotropic
plates are applied to examine the present theory. The present approach can be applied to anisotropic laminate with an opening of some other shapes such as rec-
tangular, oval, triangular,
etc.
2. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY
An anisotropic FWC factor can be derived by proper utilization of the stress
distribution around the opening of an infinite anisotropic plate. Two derivations
are presented in the following: one is by using the exact two-dimensional anisotropic normal stress distribution; another one is by considering an approximate
orthotropic stress distribution for an infinite plate.
2.1.
Anisotropic
FWC Factor
The stress distribution of an infinite anisotropic laminate containing a central

elliptical opening, Figure 1, can be derived using a complex variable method [1315]. The normal stress, a,, along the x-axis of the laminate, under the applied
stress, ory, is
where
y = xla, X = bla and
~,1 and JJ-2
are
the solutions of the characteristic
equation:
where
a,&dquo;i~j
1,2,6
are
the
compliances
of the laminate with 1 and 2
parallel
1082
Figure
1. A finite-width
anisotropic
laminate
containing a central elliptical opening.
and transverse to the loading direction respectively. Only the principal roots of
Equation (2) should be chosen, i.e., two of the four roots that a have positive
imaginary part.
According to the definition of the FWC factor stated in Section 1; and an
assumption that the normal stress profile for a finite plate is identical to that for
an infinite plate except for a FWC factor, the following relation is obtained:
where KTlKT is the FWC factor and K, and KT denote the stress concentration
at the opening edge on the axis normal to the applied load for a finite plate and
an infinite plate, respectively. The parameter ay is the y-component of normal
stress for a finite-width plate. Justification of the above assumption is made in
Section 4. The comparison of the present solution with the experimental result
[2] in Figure 2; the finite element result in Figure 4 and those in Reference [16]
1 with 2alW < 0.5 and for a
show that this assumption is acceptable for alb >_
smaller 2alW ratio with alb < 1. Outside these regions, the stress distribution
tends to deviate from the assumption. Therefore, an improved theory is also developed in Section 3. The solution of the improved theory agrees very well with
the experimental and numerical results.
From the consideration of equilibrium condition (force resultant) in the loading
direction, the following equation is obtained from the integration of Equation (3):
Figure 2. The maximum tangential

containing an elliptical opening.
stress concentration of an
isotropic finite-width plate

1083
Figure 3. Comparison for the predictions of FWC factors of maximum tangential stress of orthotropic laminates with a circular hole using the improved solutions: (a) Equation (21); (b)
Equation (24) and the finite element solution [16].
1084
1085
Figure 4.
a
The normal stress distribution of a

1 in. diameter hole, 2aAV = 1/3.
Substituting Equation (1)
into
GrIEp
T30015208
[O/90J4s laminate containing
Equation (4) yields
Equation (5) is the reciprocal of the anisotropic FWC factor. The imaginary part
of the solution for the term with a square root should keep the same sign as that
for the parameter under the square root. This also holds for Equation (10).
Another way of approaching the stress concentration factor and FWC factor is
the application of the average stress across the net section instead of the whole
width of the laminate. This approach will show well the influence of the geome=
try of the elliptical opening upon the FWC factors when the diameter, 2a, is close
to the plate width. This stress concentration, KTn, can be related to the previous
1086
stress concentration
factor, KT by
For
into
orthotropic laminate,
Equation (5)
we
the characteristic
obtain
equation, Equation (2)
reduces to
which has the solution:
Solving Equation (9) yields
where
Again, only the two principal roots of Equation (10) should be used for computing the FWC factors. Note that if 0, Equation (llb), lies in the second or third
quadrant, it has to be subtracted from 7r before substituting into Equation (10).
The anisotropic FWC factors can also be derived using the stress component
a7(0,y) under the applied normal stress o., (given in [13-14]). The solution is
1087
obtained below
following
where it, and ~,2
are
the
same
procedure described previously:
obtained from the characteristic
equation:
where 1 and 2 are parallel and transverse to the loading direction respectively.
For an orthotropic plate, ILl and ~,2 can be computed using Equations (8-11) by interchanging 1 and 2 for the a,, . The solution of Equation (12) is identical to that
of Equation (5) although the solutions of the complex parameters under the
square root sign of these two equations are different. This is a justification for the
solution technique of the complex roots discussed in Equations (9-11).
2.2.
Approximate Orthotropic FWC Factor

In an earlier work [15], an approximate stress distribution for an infinite orthotropic laminate containing an elliptical opening has been derived. The solution,
which
was
found very accurate within the range 0 ~ bla s 1, is
where the parameters have all been defined and
where A.niJ = 1,2,6 denote the effective laminate in-plane stiffnesses with 1
and 2 parallel and transverse to the loading direction respectively.
1088
into
(4) yields
When X = bla
1 (a circular hole), the first part of Equation (16) is undeter1 we
mined. After applying LHospitals rule twice w.r.t. ~ and substituting X
obtain
=
When X
bla
which is the
same as
(a crack), Equation (16) reduces
the Dixon formula [7] and is
to
independent
of the material
properties.
Apparently, the approximate Arn and K:; I KTn for an orthotropic laminate
easily be obtained by substituting Equation (6) into Equations (16-18).
2.3.
Isotropic FWC
can
Factor
The FWC factors for an isotropic plate with an elliptical opening can be obtained by substituting KT- = 1 + 2/X, isotropic stress concentration factor, into
Equation (16), i.e.
Equation (19)
(5). When X
also be obtained by substituting ~,1 = /A-2 =i into Equation

bla = 1 (a circular hole), the solution can easily be seen from
can
=
1089
Equation (17)
as
When X = bla
0 (a crack), the FWC factor is given in Equation
and K Tool KTn for an isotropic plate can be obtained by substituting
into Equations (19-20).
=
3. IMPROVED THEORY (FOR alb
<
(18). The KTn

Equation (6)
4)
A parametric study in Section 4, Figure 2, shows that the maximum finitewidth stress concentration predicted by Equations (19) and (20) are more accurate
for alb ? 4 than for alb < 4. The predictions using the fundamental theory for
alb < 4 are too low compared to the experimental data. Therefore, a magnification factor M is developed to improve the previous basic theory. Knowing the fact
that the accuracy of the Heywood formula [8] is very good for an isotropic plate
with a circular opening, we derive an anisotropic solution that will recover to the
Heywood formula under the isotropic and same opening condition. This can be
accomplished by multiplying the 2a/W ratio of Equation (20) by a magnification
factor M ; equating it to the Heywood formula, Equation (26), and solving for M.
Finally, multiplying the opening-to-width ratio, 2alW, of Equation (5) by the
magnification factor M, we obtain the improved anisotropic FWC factor as:
where
The
approximate orthotropic
FWC
factor, Equation (16), becomes
1090
When X
For
bla
isotropic plate
When X
1, Equation (23) reduces
the FWC factor,
to
Equation (19),
1, Equation (25) is simplified
becomes
to
Equation (26) recovers the familiar form of the Heywood formula [8],
been widely used for the isotropic plate.
which has
The second stress concentration factor, KTn, and the second FWC factor, KTn~
KT, for the improved theory can be obtained by substituting Equation (6) into
Equations (21-26).
4. EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL COMPARISONS
experimental data presented in Reference [2], the prediction of the

tangential stress concentration of a finite-width isotropic plate containing an elliptical opening under uniaxial loading is examined in Figures 2(a) and
(b). Comparison shows that the present basic approach, Equations (19) and (20),
is highly accurate for alb > 1 with 2alW < 0.6 and the improved theory EquaUsing
the
maximum
tions (25) and (26), has excellent agreement with the data for alb < 4. The
Neuber solution [9] is too high for alb > 1 while the Isida solution [6] is quite
1091
Table 1. Elastic
properties of typical graphitelepoxy laminae.
accurate for the cases considered. When alb
=
1, the solutions by Heywood,
Wahl-Beeuwkes and Isida are practically the same.
The predictions for the FWC factors of orthotropic laminates containing a circular hole are compared to the finite element solution [16] in Figures 3(a) and (b).
The material properties, Example 1, are listed in Table 1. It is shown that both the
improved anisotropic theory, Equation (21), and the improved orthotropic solution, Equation (24), agree very well with the finite element solution. Even when
the 2alW ratio is over 90 percent, the predictions are still in excellent agreement
with the finite element solution, Table 2.
The present approach assumes that the normal stress, 0~,0) (Figure 1), across
the net section of a finite-width plate is proportional to that of an infinite-width
plate by a factor. The solution of this assumption can be examined using a typical
finite element solution [17]. In Figure 4, comparisons are made for: (1) the result
of FWC factor obtained from Equation (5) multiplied by the infinite plate solution ; (2) the FWC factor obtained from Equation (17) multiplied by the approximate orthotropic solution, Equation (14), and; (3) the isotropic FWC factor multiplied by the infinite orthotropic plate solution. The material properties for the
graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) T300/5208 [0/90]4S laminate being used is listed in Table
1, example 2. The result appears that the normal stress distribution for the finite
element solution correlates better with the solutions obtained by using the orthotropic FWC factor, Equations (5) and (17), than by using the isotropic FWC factor. In this comparison, the Heywood formula, Equation (26), was used for the
isotropic FWC factor.
Table 2. Comparison of the improved theory, Equations (21) and (24), and
the finite element solution [16] for orthotropic laminates, Example 1 in
Table 1, with a circular hole and 2alW = 0.91.
Figure 5. The FWC factors for some GrIEp T30015208 laminates containing
2 using the improved solution (21).
1/2 and; (b) alb
opening with (a) a/b
=
1092
an
elliptical
1093
Table 3. The FWC factors for GrIEp T30015208 laminates with an elliptical
opening, alb = 112, and opening-to-width ratio, 2alW = 113, using the
improved solutions.
5. ANISOTROPIC PLATE WITH AN ELLIPTICAL OPENING
Using the material properties shown in Table 1, some graphite-epoxy T300/

5208 laminates [~75]5> [O6/90]S, [0/45]S and an isotropic plate, containing an elliptical opening with aspect ratio a/b, equal to 1/2 and 2 were studied in Figure
5(a) and 5(b) respectively. These results show that the FWC factors are in descending order for the [75]., isotropic, [0/45]S and [06/90]S laminates. This
order suggests that the FWC factor is more significant for matrix dominated laminates than for fiber dominated laminates. A comparison of the curves, alb =
1/2, 1, 2 and 5, show the difference in FWC factors of these laminates in descending order with increasing ratio of alb. When alb >_ 5, the effect of anisotropy
Figure 6. The FWC factors of a GrIEp T300/5208 [0/90Js laminate containing

opening, using Equation (21).
an
elliptical
1094
upon the FWC factors is practically negligible. If alb is less than unity, anisotropy can be very significant for the FWC factors even when the opening-to-width
ratio is small. An example for alb = 1/2 and 2a/w = 1/3 for these laminates is
shown in Table 3.
To discuss the FWC factors as a function of the opening aspect ratio, a/b, for
fiber dominated and matrix dominated laminates, two results are illustrated in
Figures 6 and 7 which comprise an elliptical opening with alb = 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2,
5 and a crack. The improved solutions, Equations (21-26) are applied for alb
< 4 whereas the basic theories, Equations (5), (16), (18) and (19) are applied for
alb >_ 4. A Gr/Ep [04/90]s is used to represent a fiber dominated laminate,
Figure 6, and [ =E 60] is demonstrated for a matrix dominated laminate, Figure 7.
For [04/90]s laminate with a 2alW ratio smaller than 1/3, the FWC factors change
slightly for alb >_ 1. When alb >_ 5 the values of the FWC factor are the same
as that with a crack. When alb = 1/5, the difference of the FWC factors between
an isotropic and a [04/90]s laminate is about 10 percent, Table 4. In Figure 7, the
FWC factor of a [ =)= 60], laminate is shown to be very sensitive to the opening
aspect ratio. For instance, when 2alW ratio is equal to 1/3, the variation of the
FWC factor as a function of the opening aspect ratio is already quite significant,
Table 5. The difference of the FWC factors for a [ t 60], and an isotropic plate at
alb = 1/5 is 13 percent.
Figure 7. The FWC factors

ing Equation (21).
of
T30015208
(t 60]s laminate
with
an
elliptical opening,
us-
1095
Table 4. The FWC factors for a: (1) GrIEp T30015208 (OQ/90JS and;
with an elliptical opening and opening-to-width ratio,
2a/W = 1/3.
(11) isotropic laminates
6. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

The finite-width correction factors of
plates containing
an
elliptical opening
anisotropic, orthotropic and isotropic

presented in a closed-form solution.
are
The fundamental solution is derived from the consideration of resultant force
equilibrium in the loading direction. The basic theory can be improved significantly by multiplying the opening-to-width ratio, 2a/W, by a magnification
factor M. Comparisons with experimental data and some finite element solutions
show that the basic solution has good accuracy for alb >_ 4 while the improved
theory has excellent accuracy for the domain alb < 4.
Illustration with figures and tables reveals that within the region of alb > 1
with 2alW < 1/3, FWC factors of most orthotropic laminates can be estimated
by using the isotropic FWC factors with less than 6 percent error. Beyond this
range, however, significant error can be caused by estimating the anisotropic and
orthotropic FWC factors using the isotropic FWC factors, Figures 3 and 5.
The result of the present study also concludes that:
1. Matrix dominated laminates, e.g. [:i:: 75]s, have higher FWC factors than
those of the isotropic plate (for a same opening length) while the fiber
dominated laminates, e.g. [06/90]s, are just the opposite, Figures 3 and 5.
2. For each ratio of 2a/W, the FWC factors are increasingly sensitive and the
values are higher for the decreasing ratio of a/b, Figures 6 and 7.
3. The FWC factors of matrix dominated laminates are extremely sensitive to
the opening aspect ratio, a/b, whereas the fiber dominated laminates are
somewhat less sensitive than that of the matrix-dominated laminates.
4. For alb _> 5 the influence of the anisotropy upon the FWC factors vanishes
(for infinite length).
Table 5. The FWC factors for a: (1) GrIEp T30015208 (t 601s and;
(11) isotropic laminates with an elliptical opening and opening-to-width ratio,
2alW
1/3.
1096
It is important to point out that the FWC factors can be used to transform the
laminate notched strength (finite-width) to infinite plate notched strength only if
the stress distribution at the neighboring points around the maximum stress concentration agrees with the actual solution. This is because, in the failure analysis,
the maximum stress concentration cannot explain the notched strength due to the
width effect. The component of normal stress at a very small distance (usually
within 2.54 mm) away from the maximum stress point, however, has been applied successfully to explain the width and the hole size effects [14,15,17,18] for the
notched strength of composite laminates. For a finite-width plate, if the stress
profile at a small distance around the maximum tangential stress point (usually at
the opening edge) agrees with the stress profile of an infinite plate multiplied by
the FWC factor, then the notched strength can be correlated to that of an infinite
plate. In Figure 4, the normal stress distribution of a finite-width plate with a central hole predicted using the present theory agrees very well with a typical finite
element solution. This result supports the application of the FWC factors to interpolate a finite-width-specimen data to an infinite plate result, especially the solutions for the maximum tangential stress and the notched strength. The width
effect (hold 2a and change W) and the hole size effect (hold W and change 2a )
both change the magnitude of the stress concentration. The correction factors for
these effects can all be computed utilizing the present analysis if their opening-towidth ratio, 2a/W, is known.
It is interesting to note that the magnification factor M is only a function of
2alW and is independent of alb ratio. Therefore, this factor, M, could be applied
as well to some other opening shapes such as rectangular, oval, etc. Finally, the
solution for finite-width anisotropic laminates is deficient in the literature. Therefore, additional work, experimental and numerical, will be conducted to examine
the present anisotropic solution, i.e., FWC factors.
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nates,"

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