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I. INTRODUCTION
A Brain Machine Interface (BMI) is an articial communication channel to restore and augment the capabilities of
the subjects [1]. There are different paradigms based on the
use of EEG data to translate brain signals into movements
or other output commands [2]. The main challenges in developing these systems arises from the large intra-individual
differences between the neural/physiological responses. As a
result, many traditional BMIs use individually-trained recognition algorithms to process these data with low performance.
New researches present strategies seeking to track evolution
features to improve the adaptation process and increase the
performance [3].
However, the research is not just about nding solutions
to the technical difculties, due the kind of people who
will use the systems are equally or even more important.
In order to operate a BMI system, a user must be able to
produce brain activity that can be detected and classied
with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility. There
is a general consensus, based on experimental results, that a
user must learn to operate a BMI system. This will require
the development of suitable training mechanisms. There
is already evidence that subjects exhibit a high degree of
variability in terms of their ability or otherwise to master
the necessary control of their thought processes [4].
ecaicedo@correounivalle.edu.co
jm.azorin@umh.es
3 Teodiano Bastos is with the Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil,
tbastos@ele.ufes.br
56
BMI
EEG
EEG
FEATURES
SOFTWARE
AGENTS
GA
COST
FUN.
CLASSIFIER
Fig. 1.
A. Experimental Protocol
B. Active Learning
The interaction between SA and user is a condition
for learning and adaptability. A genuine intelligent system
should be adaptive, exible and robust; it should adjust
its operation for unexpected changes that inuence it, and
should be creative in nding solutions for completing its
tasks [8]. The feedback way allows the active learning for the
user, but the machine learning provides a static adaptation
from the feature space. For learning, and thus interaction
with the environment to be possible, the articial cognitive
system has to be able to perceive it and inuence it through
effectors, in order to get it done. It is required to know the
users mental state for the adaptive process. The environment
modication affects the feature space and this modication
B. Processing Signal
The signals related to the 16 EEG channels are processed
as follows.
Signal/noise: Firstly, the data are windowed in pieces
of one second. A CAR (Common Average Reference)
57
Software Agent
Performance
BMI
Acquisition
Percepts
Explor / explotation
A/D
Sensors
if Es <= TH
AuxLabel (Df)=New_data;
else
Df=TraindataLabel (Random)
AuxLabel (Df)=New_data;
end
if Es>AK Es=AK
elseif Es<pe Es=pe;
end
Enviroment
Processing
Df=Distance_indx(TraindataLabel , New_data)
Preprocessing
Feature Extration
Learning
Classication
Application
if Sw < Sw_Df
mdl=mdl2 : %model is actualized (learn)
Traindata=Aux : % TrainData is actualized
else
Actions
Device Control
Aux=Traindata : % null
end
Fig. 2.
Adaptive BMI based on software agent for the active learning process.
xCAR
i
i
xREF
/C
j
(1)
j=1
E=
,
(2)
( + )
F1 =
58
N 1
n=1
|xn+1 xn |
N 1
F2 =
N 2
n=1
|xn+2 xn |
N 2
(3)
TABLE I
P ERFORMANCE BETWEEN THE ADAPTIVE BMI BASED ON SOFTWARE AGENT AND TRADITIONAL BMI.
Volunteers
Vol. 1
Vol. 2
Vol. 3
Vol. 4
Average
Sensitivity
0.48 (0.48)
0.68 (0.68)
0.84 (0.75)
0.95 (0.90)
0.77 (0.70)
(x p)
2
(x p)
D (x, p) =
|(x p)|
M ax(|x p|)
30
25
20
PC2
15
10
Specicity
0.83 (0.83)
0.89 (0.89)
0.95 (0.92)
0.99 (0.97)
0.91 (0.90)
ITR
37.67 (65.76)
79.07 (78.64)
89.09 (85.13)
99.68 (102.93)
76.38 (82.11)
Accuracy
0.50 (0.48)
0.68 (0.68)
0.85 (0.75)
0.96 (0.90)
0.75 (0.70)
Kappa
0.33 (0.31)
0.57 (0.57)
0.79 (0.67)
0.95 (0.87)
0.66 (0.60)
Silhouette
0.14 (0.19)
0.07 (0.07)
0.63 (0.53)
0.61 (0.56)
0.36 (0.34)
Euclidean
Euclidean square
Cityblock
Chebyshev
5
0
VI. CONCLUSIONS
5
10
20
10
10
20
PC1
30
30
40
50
b)
25
Task
Task
Task
Task
20
15
PC2
60
Software agent research is a complex, interdisciplinary domain. The combination of BMI and software agent provides
a sound foundation upon which new adaptive strategies and
architectures can be implemented for online applications.
The active learning process helps in the feature tracking
process. The farther features are eliminated from the training
dataset and replaced for new data that increase the SW. The
implementation does not use old elements to try to adjust
the possible new tendence at new data. Future works aim
online application of this tool, as well as to optimize the
specication of the eletrodes from the frontal area, in order
to calculate the users engegement state.
1
2
3
4
10
5
0
5
10
20
10
10
20
PC1
30
40
50
60
59
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
60