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wave front. In 3-D, a wave front expands outward from the earthquake focus like a growing bubble. We
can represent a succession of waves in a drawing by a series of concentric wave fronts. The changing
position of an imaginary point on a wave front as the front moves through rock is called a seismic ray.
You can picture a seismic ray as a line drawn perpendicular to a wave front; each point on a curving
wave front follows a slightly different ray (figure above a). The time it takes for a wave to travel from
the focus to a seismometer along a given ray is the travel time along that ray.
The ability of a seismic wave to travel through a certain material, as well as the velocity at which it
travels, depends on the character of the material. Factors such as density (mass per unit volume),
rigidity (how stiff or resistant to bending a material is), and compressibility (how easily a materials
volume changes in response to squashing) all affect seismic wave movement. Studies of seismic waves
reveal the following:
Seismic waves travel at different velocities in different rock types (figure above b). For
example, P-waves travel at 8 km per second in peridotite (an ultramafic igneous rock), but at
only 3.5 km per second in sandstone (a porous sedimentary rock). Therefore, waves accelerate
or slow down if they pass from one rock type into another.
Seismic waves travel more slowly in magma than in solid rock of the same composition, and
more slowly in molten iron alloy than in solid iron alloy (figure above c).
Both P-waves and S-waves can travel through a solid, but only P-waves can travel through a
liquid (figure above d).
driving from a paved surface diagonally onto a sandy beach the wheel that rolls onto the sand rst
slows down relative to the wheel still on the pavement, causing the car to turn toward the sand.
Alternatively, if the ray were to pass from a layer in which it travels slowly into one in which it travels
more rapidly, the rays representing the waves would bend up and toward the interface (figure above b).