Chapter 14

The Senses

Points to Ponder

What are sensory receptors?

How do we detect the sense of taste and smell?
What is the anatomy of the eye?
How do we focus images?
What are some eye abnormalities?
What is the anatomy of the ear?
Which parts function in balance and which parts
function in hearing?

Points to Ponder
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan reseptor
sensorik?
Bagaimana cara kita mendeteksi rasa dan bau?
Apa yang merupakan anatomi mata ?
Bagaimana cara kita memusatkan gambar?
Apa sajakah yang merupakan kelainan pada
mata?
Apa yang merupakan anatomi telinga?
Bagian mana yang berfungsi setimbang dan
bagian yang mana berfungsi mendengar?

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors dendrites specialized
to detect certain types of stimuli
Exteroceptors: detect stimuli from outside the
body (e.g. taste, hearing, vision)
Interoceptors: receive stimuli from inside the
body (e.g. change in blood pressure)

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Reseptor sensorik
Sensory receptors dendrit
mengkhususkan untuk mendeteksi jenis
stimuli tertentu
Exteroceptors: mendeteksi stimuli dari luar
badan (e.g.rasa, pendengaran,penglihatan)
Interoceptors: menerima stimuli dari dalam
badan (e.g.perubahan dalam tekanan darah)

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Types of sensory receptors

Chemoreceptors respond to nearby chemicals
Pain receptors a type of chemoreceptors that
respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue

Photoreceptors respond to light energy

Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical
forces such as pressure
Thermoreceptors stimulated by temperature
changes

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Jenis-jenis Reseptor Sensori

Chemoreceptors bereaksi terhadap bahan
kimia yang dekat
Pain receptors (sel yang peka rangsangan sakit)
suatu jenis chemoreceptors yang bereaksi terhadap
bahan kimia yang di lepaskan oleh jaringan yang di
rusakkan.

Photoreceptors bereaksi terhadap energi

(cahaya)
Mechanoreceptors bereaksi terhadap
kekuatan mekanis seperti tekanan
Thermoreceptors yang dirangsang oleh
peruabahan temperatur

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Senses and the receptors involved

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14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

How does sensation occur?

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Sensory receptors respond to

environmental stimuli

Peripheral
Nervous System

stimulus

sensory receptor

Nerve impulses travel to the

cerebral cortex

nerve impulses
along sensory
fiber

Sensation (conscious
perception) of stimuli occurs
Sensory adaptation, decrease
in stimulus response, can
occur with repetitive stimuli
(i.e. odor)

spinal cord
brain

Central
Nervous System

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations

Bagaimana cara terjadi sensasi

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Reseptor sensorik bereaksi

terhadap stimuli lingkungan

Peripheral
Nervous System

stimulus

sensory receptor

Perjalanan impuls saraf ke

kulit/lapisan otak

nerve impulses
along sensory
fiber

Sensasi (persepsi sadar)

terjadi di stimuli
Sensori adaptasi, penurunan
tanggapan stimulus , dapat
terjadi dengan stimuli berulang
(yaitu ; bau)

spinal cord
brain

Central
Ntervous System

14.1 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors

Proprioceptors
Mechanoreceptors
involved in reflex
actions that maintain
muscle tone
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muscle spindle
muscle fiber

1
quadriceps
muscle

tendon

bundle of
muscle fibers

14.1 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors

Proprioceptors
Mechanoreceptors
melibatkan tindakan
refleks yang
memelihara nada otot
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muscle spindle
muscle fiber

1
quadriceps
muscle

tendon

bundle of
muscle fibers

14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors

Cutaneous receptors
Receptors in the
dermis that make the
skin sensitive to
touch, pressure, pain
and temperature

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epidermis
free nerve endings
(pain, heat, cold)
Meissner
corpuscles (touch)

Merkel disks (touch)

Pacinian corpuscles
(pressure)

Krause end
bulbs (touch)

Ruffini endings
(pressure)
root hair
plexus (touch)

dermis

14.2 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors

Cutaneous receptors
Receptors didalam
dermis membuat kulit
sensitiv ketika
disentuh , tekanan ,
kesakitan , dan
temperature

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epidermis

free nerve endings

(pain, heat, cold)
Meissner
corpuscles (touch)

Merkel disks (touch)

Pacinian corpuscles
(pressure)

Krause end
bulbs (touch)

Ruffini endings
(pressure)
root hair
plexus (touch)

dermis

14.3 Senses of taste and smell

Taste receptors
Sensitive to sweet, sour, salty and bitter tastes in food
3,000 taste buds mostly on the tongue
80-90% of what we perceive as taste is actually due to
the sense of smell
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a.
tonsils epiglottis

sensory nerve fiber

supporting celltaste pore

papillae 10M

taste bud
b. Tongue

c. Papillae

d. Taste buds

connective tissue taste cell microvilli

e. One taste bud

a: ConeylJay/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (all tastebuds): Omikron/SPL/Photo

Researchers, Inc.

14.3 Senses of taste and smell

Taste receptors
sensitif dengan manis , asam , asin dan rasa pahit
didalam makanan
3,000 perasa pada lidah yang kebanyakan terdapat pada
lidah atas
80-90% dari yang kita rasa berkaitan dengan indera bau.
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a.
tonsils epiglottis

sensory nerve fiber

supporting celltaste pore

papillae 10M

taste bud
b. Tongue

c. Papillae

d. Taste buds

connective tissue taste cell microvilli

e. One taste bud

a: ConeylJay/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (all tastebuds): Omikron/SPL/Photo

Researchers, Inc.

14.4 Sense of vision

Anatomy of the eye

2 compartments:
Anterior chamber: between the cornea and lens filled
with a clear fluid called aqueous humor
Posterior chamber: most of the eye, behind the lens
contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor

Made of 3 layers/coats
A. Sclera: mostly white and fibrous except the cornea
B. Choroid: darkly, pigmented vascular layer
C. Retina: inner layer containing photoreceptors

14.4 Sense of vision

Anatomy of the eye

2 compartments:
Anterior chamber:antara kornea mata dan lensa
mengisi dengan suatu cairan bersih aqueous humor
Posteriorchamber : kebanyakan dari mata,
dibelakang lensa berisi suatu meterial agar-agar
vitreous humor
- Yang dibuat dari 3 layers/coats
A. Sclera:kebanyakan berserat dan putih kecuali kornea
mata
B. Choroid:dalam gelap , lapisan pigmented vascular
C. Retina: bagian dalam lapisan yang berisi photoreceptors

14.4 Sense of vision

Anatomy of the eye

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

sclera
choroid
retina

ciliary body
retinal blood
vessels

lens

iris
optic nerve
pupil
fovea centralis
cornea
posterior compartment
filled with vitreous humor

anterior
compartment
filled with
aqueous humor
retina
choroid
sclera

suspensory
ligament

14.4 Sense of vision

A. The eye: Sclera

Sclera the white of the eye that maintains
eye shape
Cornea: transparent portion of the sclera that
is important in refracting light
Pupil: a hole that allows light into the eyeball

14.4 Sense of vision

A. The eye: Sclera

Sclera bagian mata yang putih
memelihara bentuk mata
Cornea: bagian transparant sclera yang
terpenting adalah membelokan cahaya
Pupil:suatu cahaya yang mengijinkan cahaya
kedalam bola mata

14.4 Sense of vision

B. The eye: Choroid

Choroid middle layer that absorbs light
rays that are not absorbed by the retina
Iris: donut-shaped, colored structure that
regulates the size of the pupil
Ciliary body: a structure behind the iris that
contains a muscle that control the shape of the
lens

Lens attached to the ciliary body and

functions to refract and focus light rays

14.4 Sense of vision

B. The eye: Choroid

Choroid lapisan pertengahan yang
menyerap sinar cahaya yang tdak diserap
oleh retina
Iris:struktur diwarnai donut-shaped yang
mengatur ukuran pupil
Ciliary body:suatu struktur dibelakang iris yang
berisi suatu otot yang mengendalikan bentuk
lensa
Lens yang dihubungkan dengan ciliary body
dan berfungsi untuk mematahkan/membelokkan
dan memusatkan sinar cahaya

14.4 Sense of vision

Anatomy of the eye

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sclera
choroid
retina

ciliary body
retinal blood
vessels

lens

iris
optic nerve
pupil
fovea centralis
cornea
posterior compartment
filled with vitreous humor

anterior
compartment
filled with
aqueous humor
retina
choroid
sclera

suspensory
ligament

14.4 Sense of vision

The eye: The lens

The lens is a flexible,
transparent and concave
structure

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ciliary muscle relaxed

lens flattened

The lens accommodates,

changes shape, to focus
light on the retina in order
to form an image

light rays

suspensory ligament taut

a. Focusing on
distant object
ciliary body

ciliary muscle contracted

As we age the lens loses

elasticity and we use
glasses to correct for this

lens rounded

b. Focusing on
near object

suspensory ligament relaxed

14.4 Sense of vision

The eye: The lens

Lensa adalah suatu yang
fleksibel , transparan ,
dan melubangi struktur

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ciliary muscle relaxed

lens flattened

Lensa
mengakomodasi,berubah
bentuk, untuk memusatkan
cahaya pada retina dalam
rangka membentuk suatu
gambaran

light rays

suspensory ligament taut

a. Focusing on
distant object

Ketika kita berumur kita

kehilangan elastisitas
lensa mata dan
menggunakan kacamata
untuk mengoreksi nya.

ciliary body

ciliary muscle contracted

lens rounded

b. Focusing on
near object

suspensory ligament relaxed

14.4 Sense of vision

C. The eye: Retina

Contains photoreceptors called rods and cones
Rods are sensitive to light
Cones require bright light and see wavelengths of light (color)
The fovea centralis is an area of the retina densely packed with
cones where images are focused
Sensory receptors from the retina form the optic nerve that takes
impulses to the brain
The blindspot is where the optic nerve attaches and lacks vision

14.4 Sense of vision

C. The eye: Retina

Isi photorceptors di sebut tangkai dan kerucut
Tangkai sensitif untuk cahaya
Kerucut memerlukan cahaya yang terang dan melihat panjang
gelombang cahaya (warna)
Fovea centralis adalah suatu area retina yang terbungkus rapat
dengan kerucut dimana gambar dipusatkan
Reseptor sensory dari retina membentuk syaraf yang berhubung
dengan mata yang mengambil impuls ke otak
Blindspot yaitu dimana saraf optik yang berhubungan dengan mata
dan kekurangan visi

14.4 Sense of vision

Anatomy of the retina

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sclera
choroid

rod cell
and cone
cell layer

bipolar
cell layer

retina
optic
nerve

ganglion
cell layer

blind
spot

b. Micrograph of retina

axons of
ganglion cells
to optic nerve
light rays

a. Location of retina
b: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

14.4 Sense of vision

C. The eye: Photoreceptors of the

retina
Rods:
Contain a visual pigment called rhodopsin
Important for peripheral and night vision
Vitamin A is important for proper functioning

Cones:
Located mostly in the fovea
Allow us to detect fine detail and color
3 different kinds of cones containing red,
green and blue pigments

14.4 Sense of vision

C. The eye: Photoreceptors of the

retina
Rods:
Berisi suatu pigmen yang disebut rhodopsin
Penting untuk sekeliling dan penglihatan
malam
Vitamin A penting untuk fungsi

Cones:
Kebanyakan terletak di fovea
Mengijinkan untuk mendeteksi detil yang
bagus dan warna
3 macam kerucut yang berbeda yang berisi
pigmen merah, hijau dan biru

14.4 Sense of vision

Rods and cones in the retina

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ion
channels
close

membrane of disk

light
rays

rod cell
outer segment
cone cell

ion channels
in plasma
membrane

retinal
inner segment
cell body
opsin
nucleus

a.

20 m

synaptic
vesicles

synaptic endings

a: Lennart Nilsson, from The Incredible Machine

membrane
of disk
b.

Rhodopsin molecule
(opsin + retinal)

14.4 Sense of vision

Summary of eye structures

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14.4 Sense of vision

Abnormalities of the eye

Color blindness genetic disease most common in
males in which they usually cannot see red or green
Cataracts lens of the eye is cloudy
Glaucoma fluid pressure builds up in the eye
Astigmatism condition in which the cornea or lens is
uneven leading to a fuzzy image
Nearsightedness eyeball is too long making it hard to
see far away objects
Farsightedness eyeball is too short making it hard to
see near objects

14.4 Sense of vision

Abnormalities of the eye

Color blindness penyakit keturunan yang paling umum
pada pria dimana mereka tidak bisa melihat warna merah
dan hijau.
Cataracts lensa tentang mata berawan
Glaucoma tekanan cairan yang menambah kekuatan
pada mata
Astigmatism kondisi dimana kornea mata atau lensa
mendorong ke arah tidak seimbang suatu gambaran
yang tidak jelas
Nearsightedness bola mata terlalu panjang membuat
itu susah untuk melihat objek yang jauh.
Farsightedness bola mata terlalu pendek membuat itu
susah unutk melihat objek yang dekat

14.4 Sense of vision

Abnormalities of the eye that are corrected

with lenses
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normal
eyeball
Long eyeball; rays focus in front of
retina when viewing distant objects.

Concave lens allows subject

to see distant objects.

a. Nearsightedness

normal
eyeball
Short eyeball; rays focus behind
retina when viewing close objects.

Convex lens allows subject

to see close objects.

b. Farsightedness

Uneven cornea;
rays do not focus evenly .
c. Astigmatism

Uneven lens allows subject

to see objects clearly.

14.5 Sense of hearing

Anatomy of the ear

The ear functions in hearing and balance
3 divisions:
A. Outer ear: functions in hearing; filled with air
B. Middle ear: functions in hearing; filled with air
C. Inner ear: functions in hearing and balance;
filled with fluid

14.5 Sense of hearing

Anatomy of the ear

Telinga berfungsi mendengar dan
menyeimbangkan
3 divisi:
A. Telinga luar:berfungsi mendengar; mengisi
dengan udara
B. Telinga pertengahan:berfungsi mendengar;
mengisi dengan udara
C. Labirin berfungsi mendengar dan
menyeimbangkan; mengisi dengan cairan

14.5 Sense of hearing

A. The ear: Outer ear

Includes:
Pinna: the external ear flap that catches
sound waves
Auditory canal: directs sound waves to the
tympanic membrane
lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands
that secrete earwax

14.5 Sense of hearing

A. The ear: Outer ear

Meliputi :
Pinna:telinga yang eksternal mengepakkan
gelombang suara tangkapan itu
Auditory canal: mengarahkan gelombang
suara kepada gendang telinga
Dilapisi dengan rambut bagus dan kelenjar
pulih dimodifikasi yang mengeluarkan tahi
telinga

14.5 Sense of hearing

B. The ear: Middle ear

Includes:
Tympanic membrane (eardrum): membrane
that vibrates to carry the wave to the bones
3 small bones called ossicles (malleus, incus,
stapes): amplify sound waves
Eustachian tube: a tube that connects from
the throat to the middle ear and is used to
equalize pressure so the eardrum does not
burst

14.5 Sense of hearing

B. The ear: Middle ear

Meliputi :
Tympanic membrane ( Gendang telinga):
selaput yang bergetar unrtuk membawa
gelombang itu sampai kedalam.
3 tulang kecil disebut ossicles (malleus,
incus, stapes): memperkuat gelombang
suara
Eustachian tube: suatu tabung yang
menghubungkan kerongkongan ke telinga
bagian dalam dan digunakan untuk
menyamakan tekanan sehingga gendang
telinga tidak retak

14.5 Sense of hearing

Following the sound wave

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Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear
stapes

semicircular canals

incus
malleus
vestibule

vestibular
nerve
pinna

cochlear
nerve
cochlea

tympanic
membrane
auditory
canal

temporal
bone

round window

auditory
tube

14.5 Sense of hearing

C. The ear: Inner ear

Important for both hearing and balance

3 areas: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule

Stapes (middle ear bone) vibrates and strikes

the membrane of the oval window causing fluid
waves in the cochlea

Vestibule gravitational equilibrium

Semicircular canals rotational equilibrium

14.5 Sense of hearing

C. The ear: Inner ear

Penting untuk kedua pendengar dan

menyeimbangkan
3 area : pembuluh dalam telinga (cochlea),
saluran bebrbentuk setengah lingkaran
(semicircular canals), ruang depan (vestibule)
Stapes (tulang telingah pertengahan) bergetar
dan membentur selaput jendela yang oval yang
menyebabkan ombak cairan di dalam
pembuluh dalam telinga.
Vestibule keseimbangan gravitasi

Semicircular canals keseimbangan rotasi

14.5 Sense of hearing

C. The ear: Cochlea

Converts vibrations into nerve impulses

Contains the organ of Corti (spiral organ) sense

organ containing hairs for hearing
Bending of embedded hairs cause vibrations that
send nerve impulses to the cochlear nerve and then
to the brain
Pitch is determined by varying wave frequencies that
are detected by different parts of the organ of Corti
Volume is determined by the amplitude of sound
waves

14.5 Sense of hearing

C. The ear: Cochlea

Merubah getaran menjadi saraf impuls

Isi organ badan Corti (bagian badan) organ
yang berguna yang berisi rambut untuk
mendengar
Lentur rambut yang ditempelkan menyebabkan
getaran yang mengirimkan impuls syaraf ke koklear
syaraf dan kemudian kepada otak
Titik nada ditentukan dengan bermacama-macam
gelombang frekuensi radio yang dideteksi oleh
berbeda-beda bagian-bagian dari organ badan corti
Volume ditentukan oleh amplitudo gelombang suara

14.5 Sense of hearing

The inner ear: Hearing

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semicircular
canals

cochlea
oval window
stapes
round window

vestibular
canal
cochlear
canal
tympanic
canal
cochlear
nerve
Cochlea cross section
tectorial membrane
stereocilia
basilar
membrane
hair cell

tympanic
cochlear nerve
canal
Spiral Organ

Stereocilia
P. Motta/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

2 m

14.5 Sense of hearing

The inner ear: The organ of Corti

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tectorial membrane

stereocilia

basilar
membrane

hair cell

cochlear nerve

Spiral Organ

tympanic
canal

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14.6 Sense of equilibrium

The inner ear: Semicircular canals and

vestibule
Detects movement of the head in the
vertical and horizontal planes
(gravitational equilibrium)
Depends on hair cells in the utricle and
saccule

Detects angular movement (rotational

equilibrium)
Depends on hair cells at the base of each
semicircular canal (ampulla)

14.6 Sense of equilibrium

The inner ear: Semicircular canals and

vestibule
Merasakan gerak-gerik kepala di bidang
vertikel dan horizontal (keseimbangan
gravitasi)
Bergantung pada rambut sel di utricle dan
saccule

Mendeteksi pergerakan sudut

(keseimbangan rotasi)
Bergantung pada sel rambut di dasar dari
tiap saluran berbentuk setengah lingkaran
(ampulla)

14.6 Sense of equilibrium

The inner ear: Balance

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endolymph

receptor in ampulla

semicircular
canals

vestibular nerve
ampullae
cochlea
utricle
saccule

endolymph

cupula
otoliths

stereocilia

otolithic
membrane

hair cell

hair cell
supporting cell
supporting
cell

vestibular nerve

vestibular
nerve

flow of endolymph
flow of otolithic
membrane

kinocilium

stereocilia

a. Rotational equilibrium: receptors in ampullae of semicircular canal

b.Gravitational equilibrium: receptors in utricle and saccule of vestibule

14.6 Sense of equilibrium

Bioethical focus: Noise pollution

Loud noises (>85 decibels) or chronic noise can

damage inner ear cells

Environmental noise can cause mental health

issues such as inability to concentrate, an
increase in irritability and anxiety

Noise can cause loss of sleep and productivity

and can lead to anxiety

What should be done about noise pollution?

14.6 Sense of equilibrium

Bioethical focus: Noise pollution

Suara gaduh yang nyaring (> 85) atau suara

gaduh kronis dapat merusakkan sel labirin
Suara gaduh lingkungan dapat menyebabkan
persoalan kesehatan mental, seperti
ketidakmampuan berkonsentrasi, meningkatkan
sifat lekas marah dan ketertarikan
Suara gaduh dapat menyebabkan hilangnya
tidur dan produktivitas dan dapat mendorong ke
arah ketertarikan.
Apa yang sebaiknya dilakukan tentang polusi
suara gaduh?