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Urban River Pollution Control and Remediation

abstract
As an important subsystem of the urban environment, urban rivers offer
various kinds of ecological services that benefit residents of the city.However,
with the acceleration of urbanization and rapid economic development, urban
river pollution problems are becoming more and more critical. This paper
describes the situation of urban water pollution today, summarizes research
on river pollution control and remediation. Having compared and analyzed the
different techniques and explain the concepts of bioremediation technologies,
based on the progress of remediation of the river, the paper concludes
approaches to addressing the problem of river pollution remediation biologicalecology should be used as the main techniques, and physical and chemical
remediation as a complementary means.
1. Introduction
With the rapid economic development and accelerating urbanization,
pollution of rivers occurs continuously, which produces severely damaged the
river ecosystem. A large number of domestic and industrial waste water
flowing into the river, which leads to highly contaminated water into the
system. Thus, the function of the river as a source of power loss and urban
ecology and water environment deteriorates seriously. The problem of urban
river pollution and ecological damage becomes more and more
critical. According to statistics, at the beginning of the 20th century, there is
almost a complete natural river in the world [1].Therefore, it is urgent to
develop a cost effective technique to manage the water quality of the river.
2. Physical Improvements
2.1. aeration
Aeration can restore and enhance the growth and vitality of microorganisms to improve water quality. Aeration technology is a simple and
effective method that has been commonly used since the beginning of river
restoration. In practical applications, many factors must be taken into account,
such as channel conditions, characteristics of the source, the requirements of
water quality improvement, etc. and aeration fixed, aeration mobile and
aeration of water have limberly when it can be achieved to deal with sudden
pollution to improve water quality in time short. Since 1960, the platform used
cellular oxygenation and aeration station remains in the aeration of the river,
which is a common method and applied in several countries [2].
Currently, utilities river aeration technology has been relatively mature
abroad, and research and practical application showed that the artificial
aeration can improve water quality effectively. River aeration technology has
been successfully used in the treatment of Oeiras in Portugal River, River
Emsche in Germany, Thames River in England and Canal Homewood in the US
[3]. Aeration equipment utilized in the treatment of AS Homewood Canal in
1989, which increases the dissolved oxygen in the bottom water and where

the river becomes enriched biomass. Aerated stream is used to improve river
water quality effectively in Germany in 1994. The river aeration technology is
used to eliminate the phenomenon of black-odor water thoroughly in Busan,
South Korea.
In order to improve the environment, eight aeration equipment placed
on Qing River with respective strengths 11.025 KW during the Beijing Asian
Games as early as 1990, which makes the dissolved oxygen level increased
from 0 to 6mg / L, and BOD5 removal rate also reached 60%. This process
virtually eliminates all odors in the river. Shanghai Academy of Environmental
Sciences set up a few points in the river flow aeration to perform experiments
aerated water and bioremediation. In this study, the level of dissolved oxygen
from water bodies under anaerobic conditions initially improved significantly,
and the growth of aerobic microorganisms indigenous highly stimulated, and
the removal rate of organic pollutants in the water rose to 10.7% ~
23%. Concentration BOD5 and NH4 + -N decreased 2.492mg / L, 1.217 mg / L
and 0.322 mg / L after aeration in the downstream Dongguan Guancheng
Canal. Chengxin Wang and his group did a pilot study on aeration in Shanghai
Suzhou River using BIO. The results showed that pure oxygen aeration can
reduce water CODcr black-odor and the removal rate can reach from 19.5% to
56% [4]
2.2. Diversion of water to remove pollutants
It is feasible to control pollution of rivers through water diversion.Clean
water can dilute the polluted river, which produces black and the water
removes body odor fast, self-purification capacity of water bodies
increases. Diversion of water to flush pollutants used in Fuzhou, Zhongshan
and other cities in China, while the calculation scale diversion is the key
technology is based on the quality of wastewater. For example, Hong Lijian
analyze the effect of pollutants on the scale diversion swill around Fuzhou
River, which is applied to the engineering design [5]. But the water diversion
project to flush pollutants was large and relatively high costs.
2.3. sediment Dredging
Different dredging methods will produce the effect of a different
environment. Generally, how extensive operation download or drag-suction
dredgers will cause resuspension of sediment [6]. Dredging is a kind of method
of water injection dredging of sediment in situ, which could improve efficiency
and reduce costs, and the approach adopted in the harbor channel dredging
sediment England and Xuan Hu in China [7]. Type the most advanced of
dredging the environment is a cutter suction dredger time, and boat dredging
is equipped with automatic control and monitoring system for imp accuracy
dredging rove very, used in the Wu Li Lake, Chao Lake in Anhui and Dianchi
Lake in Kunming in China to dredge sediment [8].
3. Chemical Remediation
3.1. Flocculation and sedimentation

Flocculation and sedimentation method can be used for water treatment


with a large amount of suspended solids and algae, which are easy to operate,
easy to maintain and effectively to treat, however, the cost of infrastructure
and the high cost of pharmaceuticals, meanwhile, it is associated with
secondary pollution. Therefore, in cooperation with other processes as a
pretreatment process. Separation foam flocculation aluminum poly chloride
(PAC) and casein is a non-polluting, which for recovery and removal of algae,
and the conditions of injection of the best agents is that the concentration of
PAC was 5mg / L, when rapid mixing is 3 minutes, the concentration of casein
is 15mg / L and pH = 7-8 [9].
3.2. Elimination of Algae by Chemical Agent
Chemical agents commonly used to remove algae copper sulfate,
bleaching powder, alum, poly aluminum and ferrous sulfate, etc .. This can
effectively eliminate algae and reduce or even eliminate the smell of the water
to put the copper sulfate and change the PH value of water; Calcium
hypochlorite can kill green algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms lead to bloom
water effectively. Experimental research on the treatment of cyanobacterial
blooms based algicide chemical with the main ingredient of acetic acid made
in the Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing in 2005, and the total algae experimental area
decreased 82.8% after treatment [10].
4. Bioremediation Technology
In the process of bioremediation, native or cultivated microbes and
other organisms that are used to convert toxic pollutants and toxic substances
harmful to the environment under control. Bioremediation is first used to
remove the gas pipeline leak in Pennsylvania in 1972. The bioremediation
technology, play an important role as the primary means, the possibility of the
first large-scale application at the moment, which is a milestone in the
development of bioremediation, and attract more and more attention [11 ].
According to the degree of human intervention, bioremediation can be
divided into bioremediation of natural and artificial, and the latter can be
divided into in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation bioremediation. On the one
hand, in-situ bioremediation means for using bioremediation technologies
directly in the river is polluted without the pollutants extracted and
transported. In this process, indigenous microbes which sometimes combines
with domesticated microbes used. In addition, it is usually necessary measures
to strengthen the effects of technology. On the other hand, ex-situ
bioremediation is that the polluted water taken from contaminated areas are
treated after transport. Therefore, engineering technology for controlling
pollution of rivers, bioremediation it's moved forward from 1990. There are
many advantages to bioremediation technologies, such as reducing costs, low
environmental impact, there is no movement of pollution or secondary
pollutants, reducing the concentration of pollutants to the maximum extent,
available to the site where the usual pollution treatment technology is difficult
to implement, and so on.Remediation bioremediation technologies are the
most promising.
4.1. Remediation Technology by Aquatic Plants

Plants have a certain degree of purification of water pollution, especially


water plants. Plants with strong absorption of pollutants and tolerability can be
grown in contaminated water. Therefore, water pollutants have been removed
or fixed by adsorption, absorption, accumulation and degradation by plants for
water purification. Plants commonly used for the recovery of Reed, E. crassipes
(water hyacinth), Cattail, A. philoxeroides, etc. [12].
Based on laboratory and simulation experiments, Guo Changcheng and
his group proved that Potamogeton have a good effect for the purification of
waste water polluted rivers of the lower class especially in the fall and
winter dry. Tong Changhua crops use water to control water pollution
eutrophicated [13]. The results showed that the water plant has a higher
ability to remove TN, TP and nitrate nitrogen. Among them, foxtail algae and
seeds leaf pondweed can effectively remove TN (83.84% and 77.54%), TP
(91.3%) and nitrate nitrogen (95.85% and 90.65%), but no significant effect on
eliminating ammonia nitrogen (only 14% to 70%).
4.2. Remediation Technology by Aquatic Animals
The aquatic animals are used to recover water eutrophication abroad,
and adjust the structure of water nutrition through changes in the composition
and density of the fish. The use of silver carp, carp and other filter-feeding can
control the eutrophication caused by phytoplankton (algae) effectively.
4.3. Microbial Remediation Technology
4.3.1. Bio-films Technology
Technology bio-film that uses biomembrane attached to the natural
river and micro-operators to remove pollutants in the river through
adsorption, degradation and filtration under the conditions of artificial
aeration or dissolved oxygen. Bio-films are studied in the United States,
Germany, Japan, Britain, France and other countries mostly, John and E,
Hermanowicz, Xinmin, Yang nd others [12-14] considered that the
structure of the bio-film was influenced by various external conditions that
water conditions and the composition of the substrate.
Bio-film technology for the purification of river in Japan and South
Korea and other countries that gravel oxidation method of contact,
oxidation methods contact packaging artificial, methods of coating a thin
stream, refining methods underground rivers, etc. purification
reinforcement technologies rivers investigated by Japan is mainly indirect
purification, which build refining facilities on the river side, use a drop of
water into the river to lead the refining and purifying facilities before
use. By the way most of the purification plant using a model of the
underground to save space. Japan Nogawa utilize gravel contact oxidation,
packing the gravel, and the removal rate of BOD and SS are respectively
72.3% and 84.9%. With the new non-woven fabric as a packaging facility in
Chiba County drainage ditch is set on the side of the trench, and the
elimination of SS efficiency reached 97%, BOD and COD removal rate was
88% and 70% respectively [15]. Park, YK used activated carbon UF-

biological ozone to filter and purify the polluted river Kumbo, and ammonia
removal rate reached 90%, a significant TOC removal rate [16].
Bio-ceramic is used as a carrier to treat polluted rivers in Shenzhen,
and an average removal rate of N NO2, NO3 N, COD, turbidity, color, algae
Mn and 90.8%, 84%, 21.4%, 62%, 47%, 89% and 68% respectively
[17]. Based on the use of rubber waste processing technology packaging
inner loop fluidized bed bio-films, an average removal rate of COD and
ammonia were 88.16% and 91.8%, and the highest removal rate
respectively is 94.64% and 94.08 %. Wang Shu mei mounted aerator, biofilms and adding special bacteria in the river, and the removal rate of
CODCr, BOD5, NH4 + -N, TN, TP and SS was 67.4%, 87.7%, 34.3%, 30 ,
3%, 53.3% and 39.7%, dissolved oxygen and transparency in the river
increased from 0.9 mg / L and 12.5cm to 7.6 mg / L and 137.5cm
respectivel y [18]. Yang Tao put the biological filter media on the surface of
the river, and the average removal rate of COD, ammonia nitrogen and
total phosphorus was 40.00%, 36.43% and 43.02% respectively [19].
Lei Jin yong simulation of river polluted with sewage main, and uses
gravel and zeolite composite packaging for the formation of bio-films,
which got good results in terms of degradation of organic matter and
ammonia and nitrogen, etc. [20]. Wang Xuejiang used TX-type cylinder
suspended the carrier density is approximately equal to the water to purify
rivers Suzhou, and the method was suitable for the transformation process
aeration biological treatment of sewage in the river directly [21]. Based on
structural modifications and optimization flow reactor suspended-carrier
developed its own, Wang Rongchang applied to the in-situ remediation of
contaminated river water quality [22]. The use of biological streamer
processing technology to build waste treatment facilities scattered in the
river reach the goal to eliminate black-odor water, and bio-tape technology
has been applied in New Island Creek unsuccessful [23]. Xiao Yutang and
his group used in the biological contact oxidation pretreatment of micropolluted raw water from Yao Jiang, and bio-water film thickness is 0.30.5mm, 0.1-0.3mm waste it, when the dissolved oxygen from the water
controlled at 7-9mg / L , bio-filler movie was filled with a layer of
oligotrophic
aerobic
aerobic
microorganisms
particularly
high
[24]. Biological contact oxidation of flexible packaging and rich threedimensional micro oxygen aeration is used to improve polluted Shanghai
Chuan Yang River. It is observed that biofacies rich in bio-films, with a
small thickness, the rate of biodegradation of ammonia and high-nitrogen
pollutants, and aerobic bio-packaging film has played a major role to
remove pollutants [25].
4.3.2. microorganisms dose
This technology uses certain microorganisms and efficient to
decompose, transform, absorb pollutants in water, to purify the quality of
the river with the screening of microorganisms efficiently, construction
optimized microorganisms, extensive training and put in, etc. The
development of high bacterial compounds that effectively the a key step in
the process to determine the effect of microorganisms doses. At this time,
it is learned and applied in the purification of sewage, industrial
wastewater, and water eutrophication. FLO-1200 achieve outstanding

results in the control of pollution of the river under the river aeration
conditions [26]. Zhang Li added bio-energizer, mixing the combined water
and strengthen the ability of microbial degradation artificially for water
purification [27].
5. Development Trend
Research and application of control technologies river in foreign
countries began with Japan, the United States and some European countries in
the 50s of the 20th century. Their concept of river management is a
comprehensive control of ecological protection and environmental governance,
and combine engineering measures with the aquatic environment and social
environment. Restoration of river eco become an international hot spot after
1980. China has entered a stage of comprehensive river control and ecorestoration in the late 1990s, and has been doing a lot of repair work. But most
of them are still in the initial experiments. Proposals on the trend of river
pollution remediation eventually filed.
To achieve health and sustainable development of the ecosystem of the
river, the river must be handled by a bio-eco remediation as a priority
and physico-chemical remediation as an assistant means.
Bioremediation materials to be optimized, and the mechanisms of
bioremediation studied from different angles and hierarchical to further
improve bioremediation technologies.
general condition of various technologies such as aeration, bio-films and
microbial preparation and dosage applied is determined.
Microorganisms that precisely adjust themselves to adapt to different
polluted rivers.
River pollution control techniques for urban areas to be researched and
studied.

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