Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Units
Symbols
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current
Amount of substance
2. The unit of length is _________________
10 mm = __________ cm
100 cm = __________ m
1000 m = ___________ km
1 micro meter = __________ m
3.
Multiples of Powers
Prefix
Symbol
1 nanometer =_________m
Multiples of power
Giga
109
Mega
106
Kilo
103
Milli
10-3
Micro
10-6
Nano
10-9
------x 103
x 10-3
2
Pico
p
10-12
4. Mass:- It is the measure of amount of matter in it.
The Unit of mass in SI unit is Kilogram
1000 mg = 1 g
1000 g = 1 Kg
The terms weight and mass are not same .
The different kinds of balances used to measure mass are
1 . Beam balance
2. Lever balance
3. Digital top pan balance.
5. Time:
Time is a duration
The unit of time is second(s)
The time measuring devices rely on some kind of constantly repeating oscillations. In
digital clocks and watches the oscillations are produced by a tiny quartz crystal.
6. Area:
The area of a square is given by Area = length x length
The area of rectangle is given by Area = length x width
The area of circle is A = r2
Area of triangle is A =
Length
1
breath x height
2
diamete
r
width
length
Square
length
Rectangle
circle
Height
base
Equilateral Triangle
base
Right angle triangle
base
Triangle
1 mm2 = ________cm2
1 cm2 = ________ m2
____________ m2 =
1 m2
1 km2
= ________ km2
Volume of cube
= length3 = l3
Volume of cuboid
Volume of cylinder
= r2 h
Volume of sphere
Volume of semi-sphere
4
r3
3
2
r3
=
3
Cube
Cuboid
Cylinder
__________ cm3
= 1 m3
1 cm3 = __________ m3
__________ m3
= 1 km3
1 m3
= __________ 1 km3
8. Density:
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called Density.
Density =
mass
volume
4
Solids are often very dense and gases have very low densities.
Density measurements:
1. Regularly shaped solids.
Find the mass by using a balance.
Find the volume by measuring its dimentions using a ruler.
Then using the formula mass/volume fine the density.
2.
3.
EXERCISES
1. A stopwatch is used to time a race. The diagrams show the watch at the start and at the end of the
race. How long did the race take?
_____________
_________________
2. Which of the following units is correct physical quantity. Circle the right one
Area
Volume
Temperature
Electric current
Distance
Perimeter
cm2
cm
Ampere
metre
Metre
Kilogram
cm3
m3
cm
Ampere
Kelvin
Ampere
metre
metre
kelvin
cm3
Kilogram
kelvin
Kelvin
Mm
cm2
m2
m2
Metre
Mass
Kelvin
Kg
g
Ampere
Volume
M2
cm3
cm2
Kelvin
Density
Kg/m3
g/cm3
Kg/cm2
g/m3
Area
m2
m2
m3
Kilometer
Reading ___________________
Reading ________________________
5. The diagrams show the times on a stop-clock at the beginning and at the end of an experiment.
How long did the experiment take?
____________
______________
Volume _____________
Volume _____________
8. A decorator wishes to calculate the area of a bathroom tile so that he can estimate the amount of
adhesive(glue) that he needs to buy.
What must he use?
A a measuring cylinder only
B a ruler only
C a measuring cylinder and a clock only
D a measuring cylinder and a ruler only
9. Find the mass of the copper sulphate in the pan
Reading ________________
Reading _________________
11. Show the positions of the pointers of the ammeter reading 0.375 A, and the voltmeter reading 1.50
V. in the figures
13. A floor is covered with square tiles. The diagram shows a ruler on the tiles.
How long is one tile?
-------------
10
19. A measuring cylinder contains some water. When a stone is put in the water, the level rises.
What is the volume of the stone?
A 50 cm3
B 70 cm3
C 75 cm3
D 125 cm3
20. Figure shows a pile of 15 glass microscope slides, drawn actual size.
(a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, use your rule to measure h, the height in mm of the pile of slides.
h = ...........................
11
significant figures.
d = .
21. In an experiment to find the density of some oil, a student takes the following readings.
Fig 1
Mass of empty jug = 610g
(a) (i)
Fig 2
Fig 3
3
Mass of jug with 500cm of oil = 1020g
12
24. A piece of cotton is measured between two points on a ruler. What is the distance once round the
pen?
25. (a)The string is wrapped 5 times round the beaker and marked as shown in Fig. 1
The string is held against a metre rule as shown in Fig.2.
Fig 1
Fig 2
(i) Write down the length of the string between the marks.
length = ........................cm
(ii) Calculate the circumference c of the beaker.
c = ........................cm
(iii) Suggest one source of error in this method of determining the circumference.
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest one improvement to this method.
13
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(b) A rule is placed beside the beaker, as shown in Figure.
27. The masses of a measuring cylinder before and after pouring some liquid into it are shown in the
diagram.
What is the density of the liquid?
A
120
g / cm 3
100
140
g / cm 3
100
120
g / cm 3
180
140
g / cm 3
180
14
28. The diagram shows some liquid in a measuring cylinder. The mass of the liquid is 16 g.
What is the density of the liquid?
29. The same mass of four different liquids is placed in some measuring cylinders.
Which measuring cylinder contains the liquid with the greatest density?
30. Figure shows the top part of a measuring cylinder containing some liquid.
(a) What is the volume of liquid in the measuring cylinder?
volume = .............................cm3
(b) Figure indicates four ways the observers eye could look when taking the reading
from the measuring cylinder. Put a circle around the eye position that gives the correct reading.
(c) In order to fill the measuring cylinder up to the 100 cm3 mark, 80 drops of the liquid are
15
added to the liquid already in the measuring cylinder.
Calculate the average volume of one drop.
average volume of a drop = .......................cm3
31. A packaging company purchases corrugated cardboard boxes in which to pack its goods. The
boxes are not made up when they are delivered, but are flat, as shown in Fig. 1
(a) A bundle of these boxes measures 0.60m x 0.50 m x 0.20 m and has a mass of 7.2 kg.
(i) Calculate the volume of the bundle of boxes.
volume = .........................
Fig 1
Fig 2
16
32. In an experiment to determine the volume of glass beads, a student used two different methods.
The student used a displacement method to determine the volume of a glass bead. Fig. 1
and Fig. 2 show how this was done.
(b) (i) Write down the values of the readings taken 1. ________
2. __________
Fig 1
Fig 2
(iii) Calculate V, the average volume of one glass bead
V = .............................
(c) Suggest which of the two methods will give the more accurate result for the volume of a
glass bead. Give a reason for your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
33. (a) An unopened bottle of olive oil has a mass of 0.97 kg. The empty bottle has a mass of 0.51 kg.
Calculate the mass of the olive oil.
mass of olive oil = .................................. kg
17
The olive oil is poured into three 250 cm3 measuring cylinders. The first two cylinders
are filled to the 250 cm3 mark. The third is shown in figure below.
(i) What is the volume of the olive oil in the third measuring cylinder?
volume = ..................................cm3
(ii) Calculate the volume of the olive oil in the unopened bottle.
volume = ..................................cm3
(iii) Calculate the density of the olive oil. Express your answer to 2 significant figures.
density = ...............................
34. The clock on a public building has a bell that strikes each hour so that people who cannot see the
clock can know what hour of the day it is. At precisely 6 oclock, the clock starts to strike. It
strikes 6 times. At the first strike of the bell, a mans wrist-watch is as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig 1
Fig 2
(a) When the bell strikes for the sixth time, the wrist-watch is as shown in fig 2
18
(a)Calculate the time interval between the 1st strike and the 6th strike.
time interval = s
(b) Calculate the time interval between one strike and the next.
time interval = s
(c) At precisely 11 oclock, the clock starts to strike.
Calculate the time interval between the 1st strike and the 11th strike.
time interval = s
35. A measuring cylinder contains 100 cm3 of water. 20 cm3 of the water is poured into a
beaker.
Fig 1
Fig 2
19
B
Displacement
3.
4.
5.
20
6.
The gradient/slope of the distance time graph gives the velocity of the body.
Distance
Time
Distance
Time
Distance
Time
Distance
Time
21
7.
The following graph is the distance -time graph. Answer the questions below.
Distance m/s
B
D
E
O
Time/s
i.
a.
b.
increasing speed
c.
uniform acceleration
d.
body stopped
e.
ii.
8.
Speed =
Unit of speed is m/s.
9.
Displacement
time
5
km/h
18
22
18
m/s = 1 km/hr
5
ACCELERATION
13. Acceleration is rate of change of velocity. Or change in velocity in unit time.
Acceleration =
Change in velocity
V
Time
t
V U
t
displacement
time
V x T
16. VELOCITY TIME GRAPH OR SPEED TIME GRAPH. It is a graph obtained by
plotting velocity of the body along Y axis and time along X axis.
Velocity m/s
Uniform
velocity/zero
acceleration
A
B
Uniform
deceleration
Uniform
acceleration
O
C
M
Time /s
EXERCISE
1. The graph shows how the speed of a car changes with time.
Which of the following gives the distance traveled in time interval OR?
A the area OPQR
B the length PQ
C the length (QR PO)
D the ratio QR/PO
2. A stone falls freely from the top of a cliff into the sea. Air resistance may be ignored.
Which graph shows how the acceleration of the stone varies with time as it falls?
23
C 90 m
D 270 m
4. A tunnel has length 50 km. A car takes to travel 20 min to travel between two ends of the tunnel.
What is the average speed of the car?
A 2.5 km/ h
B 16.6 km/ h
C 150 km/ h
D 1000 km/ h
5. A snail crosses a garden path 30 cm wide at a speed of 0.2 cm/s.
How long does the snail take?
A 0.0067 s
B 6.0 s
C 15 s
D 150 s
6. The diagram shows a speed-time graph for a body moving with constant acceleration.
What is represented by the shaded area under the graph?
A acceleration
B distance
C speed
D time
24
7. A tunnel has a length of 50 km. A car takes 20 min to travel between the two ends of
the tunnel. What is the average speed of the car?
A 2.5 km/ h
B 16.6 km/ h
C 150 km/ h
D 1000 km/ h
8. Which statement about the mass of a falling object is correct?
A It decreases as the object falls.
B It is equal to the weight of the object.
C It is measured in newtons.
D It stays the same as the object falls.
9. The three balls shown are dropped from a bench. Aluminium, Lead & wood
Which balls have the same acceleration?
A aluminium and lead only
B aluminium and wood only
C lead and wood only
D aluminium, lead and wood
10. The diagram shows the speed-time graph for an object moving at constant speed.
What is the distance traveled by the object in the first 3 s?
A 1.5m
B 2.0m
C 3.0m
D 6.0m
11.A car accelerates from traffic lights. The graph shows how the cars speed changes with
time. How far does the car travel before it reaches a steady speed?
25
A 10 m
B 20 m
C 100 m
D 200 m
13. A small steel ball is dropped from a low balcony. Ignoring air resistance, which
statement describes its motion?
A. It falls with constant acceleration.
B. It falls with constant speed.
C. It falls with decreasing acceleration.
D. It falls with decreasing speed.
14. The graph represents the movement of a body accelerating from rest.
D 50 m
26
C 10 s
D 16 s
What distance does the car travel during this part of the journey?
A 150 m
B 300 m
C 600 m
D 1200 m
17. A bus starts from Muscat at 2:30 and reaches Salalah by 14:10. The distance between
Muscat and Salalah is 950km
a. Find the total time taken to reach Salalah
b.
1. If a car travels 300km in 5 hours. Find the average speed in km/h, m/h, km/sec.
2. Saif takes 20 minutes to cover a distance of 3.2km on a bicycle. Calculate the velocity in
units of km/min , m/min , km/h.
3. Ahmed is moving in his car with a velocity of 45km/h. How much distance will be cover
in one minute.
27
4. The speed of a cyclist reduces uniformly from 2.5 m/s to 1.0 m/s in 12 s.
(a) Calculate the deceleration of the cyclist.
deceleration = ..................................
(b) Calculate the distance traveled by the cyclist in this time.
distance = ..................................
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
28
A person is pushing a car. But if the push force is same as the force of friction, the two forces will
cancel each other .So the car does not move.
If one more person helps him to push the car the forward force is bigger. Both the forces pushing
the car are in the same direction.
If the force of push by each is 300 N
Then, total forward force = 300 N + 300 N
= 600 N
If the force of friction is 400 N
Then the resultant force = 600 N 400 N = 200 N.
12.
13.
More than one force: If more than one force acting on a body in same direction, the resultant
force is sum of the forces.
If more than one force acting on a body in opposite direction, the resultant force is the difference
between the forces and it acts along greater direction.
30N
Body
20N
30N
50N
The ball does not move. What is the value of the force on the other string
What change to the rubber ball do the two forces cause?
Find the resultant of force 5N and a force of 12 N acting at the same point on an object if the
forces act in
a. the same direction in the straight line.
b. opposite direction in the same line
16.
Force of 20N acting due east and 40N due west. What is the resultant force acting and its
direction?
29
17.
30N, 15N, 20N & 15N Forces are acting due east, north, west and south. Find the direction and
magnitude of resultant force. Draw force diagram
18.
25N, 30N 45N & 30N are acting along east, north, west and south. Find the direction and
magnitude of resultant force. Draw force diagram.
19.
20N and 30N are acting along x- and y axis. Draw scale diagram and connect the origin to
diagonally opposite edge find the length of diagonal. Take 5N as 1cm as scale.
20.
40N and 50N are acting at angle of 45 0 on the body. Draw scale diagram ( as in previous question)
and find the resultant of the forces.
21.
Find the resultant force due to two forces 7N & 10N acting at 30 0 between the forces using scale
diagram.
30
22.
Six trolleys are acted by different forces. Answer the following questions.
5N
A
57N
5N
60N
25N
15N
15N
5N
20
92N
50N
92N
F
a. What is the resultant force and its direction acting on each these trolleys?
MASS & WEIGHT
MASS
1. It is the measure of the amount
of matter in an object
WEIGHT
1. It is the pull of the earth on the
object
2. It is measured in kilogram
2. It is measured in Newton
4. It is a scalar quantity
5. It is measured by beam balance
4. It is vector quantity.
5. It is measured by spring balance.
W = mass x gravity = m g
23.
24.
The weight of a body in moon is 1/6 of that on the earth.( i e 1.67 m/s2
The largest value of gravity on the earth is 9.81 m/s 2 at poles and lowest value is 9.78 m/s 2 at
equator.
25.
26.
Predict earth/moon
31
27.
28.
Assuming g = 10N/kg on earth and 1.7N/kg on the moon. Find the weight of
a. A girl of mass 40 kg
1. mass of the girl in moon?
2. weight in moon?
b. Pin of mass 300 mg
c. mass of pin in moon?
29.
30.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
A body weighs 50 N in the earth is weighted in another planets. If its weight is 32 N in the planet,
find the acceleration due to gravity in the planet.
EXERCISE
1. In which of these situations is no resultant force needed?
A a car changing direction
B a car moving in a straight line at a steady speed
C a car slowing down
D a car speeding up
32
2. Below are four statements about the effects of forces on objects.
Three of the statements are correct.
Which statement is incorrect?
A. A force can change the length of an object.
B A force can change the mass of an object.
C A force can change the shape of an object.
D A force can change the speed of an object.
3. Which of the following statements is correct?
A Mass and weight are different names for the same thing.
B The mass of an object is different if the object is taken to the Moon.
C The weight of a car is one of the forces acting on the car.
D The weight of a chocolate bar is measured in kilograms.
4. Which statement is correct?
A Mass is a force, measured in kilograms.
B Mass is a force, measured in newtons.
C Weight is a force, measured in kilograms.
D Weight is a force, measured in newtons.
5. Below are four statements about the effects of forces on objects. Three of the statements are
correct. Which statement is incorrect?
A A force can change the length of an object.
B A force can change the mass of an object.
C A force can change the shape of an object.
D A force can change the speed of an object.
6. In which of these situations is no resultant force needed?
A a car changing direction
B a car moving in a straight line at a steady speed
C a car slowing down
D a car speeding up
7. Two forces act on an object. In which situation is it impossible for the object to be in equilibrium?
A The two forces act in the same direction.
B The two forces act through the same point.
C The two forces are of the same type.
D The two forces are the same size.
8. What is the gravitational force that the Earth exerts on an object?
A the density of the object
B the mass of the object
C the volume of the object
D the weight of the object
9. What are the correct unit of mass and weight?
A
B
C
D
Mass
Kg
Kg
N
N
Weight
Kg
N
Kg
N
33
10. A girl and a boy are pulling in opposite directions on a rope. The forces acting on the rope are
shown in the diagram. Which single force has the same effect as the two forces shown?
A 50 N acting towards the girl
B 350 N acting towards the girl
C 50 N acting towards the boy
D 350 N acting towards the boy
A object 1
B object 2
C object 3
D object 4
14. Three horizontal forces act on a car that is moving along a straight, level road air resistance friction
driving force. Which combination of forces would result in the car moving at constant speed?
34
35
2. The waves motions are due to vibration, oscillation, rotation etc.
Oscillation of pendulum
Vibration of blade
3. Vibration: A regular to and fro(back ward) motion of a body about mean position.
4. Oscillation: A complete to and fro motion about its mean position. Eg Simple pendulum
5. Wave : The propagation of disturbances from one particle to another in forward direction in a
medium.
6. Vibrating body is the sources of waves.
Direction of vibration
Direction of propagation
One Wavelength
Distance
Amplitude
Half Wavelength /2
36
12. Period(T) The period is the time of vibrating object takes to makes one complete oscillation. The
unit is second.
13. Wave length : The distance travelled by wave for one full vibration/ oscillation. Or The distance
between two successive particles which are at exactly the same point in their paths at the same time
and are moving in the same direction. Its unit is metre.
14. Frequency(f): The number of complete oscillations(or vibration/ cycles/rotation/ ) in one second.
The unit is second-1 or cycles or Hertz(Hz).
15. Pitch Pitch determines the frequency of the waves. Pitch determines the shrillness of the sound
16. The relation between frequency and time period Frequency =
1
Timeperiod
f =
1
T
37
1. Bats use the ultrasonic waves to find direction of flight.
2. SONAR : The pulse echo technique used to find the depth of sea and presence of submarine in
the sea. The instrument used to produce the ultrasonic sound is called Fathometer.
3. In hospital it is used to find image of moving heart, and baby in the mothers womb.
4. Ultrasonic spectacles used for blind person to estimate the distance away of something in front
of him.
S.
NO
A.
Wavelength
Wave velocity
Frequency
20m/s
B.
4500 mm
C.
200cm
0.3 s
300m/s
350Hz
D.
350m/s
300Hz
E.
420m/s
0.022MHz
F.
Period
2m
15Hz
400mm
5s
2.5km
60min
5km
120min
2mm/s
2ms
5cm/s
500
0.036km/hr
_______________________
b. Sound waves
_______________________
c. Ultrasonic waves
_______________________
38
d. Infrasonic
_______________________
_______________________
19. Find the wavelength and frequency of a wave whose time period is 0.4 micro seconds and velocity
is 300000 km/s.
20. Find the frequency of a wave if its wave speed is 3000km/s and wavelength is 200cm.
21. From the given figures, find displacement, velocity wave length if frequency is 450Hz.
(m)
3
2
1
0.04mm
Displacement _________________________
wavelength
velocity _________________
Wavelength___________________________
4
2
0
4micrometre Wavelength
Displacement _________________________
velocity _________________
Wavelength___________________________
cm
10
5
0
7mm
Displacement _________________________
Wavelength__________________________
D
6
4
Wavelength
velocity _________________
39
2
0
13/4cm Wavelength
Displacement _________________________
velocity _________________
Wavelength___________________________
22. Find the Wavelength, displacement and frequency of the wave in the figures below if the velocity
is 4m/s.
A
Wavelength ___________________________
Displacement____________________
Freqency _____________________________
B
4
2
0
Wavelength__________________________
3 second
Time
Displacement_____________________
Frequency __________________________
40
3. A wave requires medium to travel.
4. Simple pendulum is a metal bob connected with a light thread, the other end fixed to a hinge.
5. One forward and backward swing of the pendulum in one oscillation.
6. Distance traveled for one oscillation is called wavelength.
7. The amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest or central position in either direction.
8. The distance travelled by wave for one full vibration/ oscillation is called wavelength.
9. Wave length is the distance between two successive particles which are at exactly the same point
in their paths at the same time and are moving in the same direction.
10. The unit of wavelength is metre.
11. The unit of time period is second.
12. The period is the time for one oscillation.
13. Number of vibration in one second is frequency.
14. Wave carries energy in the medium
15. Hertz is the unit of frequency.
16. Wave speed is the distance traveled in one second.
17. Wave speed
Wave length
Time period
EXERCISE
1. The drawing shows a wave. Which labelled distance is
a. the wavelength?
b. the amplitude?
41
2. A student measures how far a cork moves up and down on a wave in a tank of water.
Which quantity can he obtain from his measurement?
A amplitude
B frequency
C speed
D wavelength
C water waves
D X-ray waves
42
8. A girl stands in front of a rock face. The girl claps her hands once. The speed of sound in air is
330m/ s. How long is it before she hears the echo?
2 660
s
330
660
s
330
330
s
660
330
D 2 660 s
9. A boy is stranded on an island 500m from the shore. He shouts for help, but all he can hear in reply
is the echo of his shout from some cliffs. Sound travels at 340m/ s through the air. What is the time
interval between the boy shouting and hearing the echo?
43
500
s
340
2 500
s
340
340
s
500
2 340
s
500
10. The diagrams show four sources of waves. Which source generates longitudinal waves?
11. Two astronauts without radios can only communicate in space if their helmets are touching. There
is no air in space. What does this show about sound?
12. Waves are sent along two long springs X and Y as shown.
How should the wave motions in X and Y be described?
44
13. The waves reach the house because the hill has caused them to be
A diffracted
B radiated
C reflected
D refracted.
14. Which of the following can be heard by the human ear?
A A whistle emitting a wave of frequency 50 kHz.
B A bat emitting a wave of frequency of 30 kHz.
C An insect emitting a wave of 300 Hz.
D A vibrating spring emitting a wave of frequency of 5 Hz.
15. Boy A throws a large stone into a large still pond, as illustrated in Fig.
(a) Girl B hears the plop sound of the stone entering the water a very short time after she
sees the splash, but it is many seconds before the water wave reaches the edge of the pond
45
where she is sitting.
Use this information to decide which wave travels fastest and which travels slowest.
Write fastest in one box and slowest in another box. Leave one box empty.
sound wave
light wave
water wave
16. A girl is walking along a path 1600m from the rock-face of a quarry (a place where stone is
obtained).
(a) The quarry workers set off an explosion at X to break up some rock. The girl measures
the time interval between seeing the flash and hearing the bang. The time is 5.0 s.
(i) Calculate the speed of the sound.
speed of sound = ...m/s
(ii) State what assumption you have made in your working in (i).
.....................................................................................................................................................
17. A student wrote the following report about an experiment to measure the speed of sound in air.
My friend and I went into a field a long way from any buildings and measured the
distance across the field. My friend stood at one side of the field and I stood at the other.
My friend banged two pieces of wood together, and as I saw him do this, I started a
stopwatch. I stopped the stopwatch when I heard the sound. We obtained the following
readings.
distance across field = 238m
time for sound to cross field = 0.7 s
46
(c) Suggest what the students could have used to measure the distance across the field.
........................................................................................................................................................
(d) Why was there a delay between the student seeing the pieces of wood come together
and hearing the bang?
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(e) Use the readings to calculate the speed of sound.
speed of sound = ...........................
(f) Suggest why it might have been a good idea for the students to repeat the experiment
after they had exchanged positions.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(g) A sound wave travels through air at a speed of 340 m/s. Calculate the frequency of a
sound wave of wavelength 1.3 m.
frequency = .........................
18. The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s. A man stands 249m from a large flat wall, as shown in Fig.
9.1, and claps his hands once.
(a) Calculate the interval between the time when the man claps his hands and the time
when he hears the echo from the wall.
time interval = .......................... s
(b) A woman is standing 249m further away from the wall than the man. She hears the
clap twice, once directly and once after reflection from the wall.
How long after the man claps does she hear these two sounds? Tick two boxes.
0.75 s
1.50 s
2.25 s
3.00 s
19. (a) Fig.1 shows a machine for making loud sounds. It is called a siren. This consists of a rotating
disc with 25 holes. As each hole passes the jet, a puff of air passes through the hole.
47
Fig 1
(i) How many puffs of air will there be during one revolution of the disc?
number of puffs = ....................
(ii) The disc rotates 40 times per second.
Show that the frequency of the note produced by the siren is 1000 Hz.
Fig 2
(b) The siren described in (a) is located some distance from a large building, as shown in
Fig 2
The siren is briefly sounded once. A short time later, the sound is heard again.
(i) Why is this second sound heard?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the frequency of this second sound? Tick one box.
less than 1000 Hz
1000 Hz
more than 1000 Hz
(iii) What is the amplitude of this second sound? Tick one box.
less than the original sound
the same as the original sound
more than the original sound
20. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
48
(a) Complete the table to show how far a sound wave has travelled 2, 3, 4 and 5 seconds
after the sound was made.
Fig. 7
(b) On Fig. 1, draw the graph of distance travelled against time for the sound wave.
Fig 1
Fig 2
The sailors on the ship fire a distress flare into the air. It explodes with a bang and a
bright flash of light.
(i) A lifeboat crew hear the bang and see the flash, but not at the same time.
State which reaches the lifeboat first, the bang or the flash, and give a reason.
..................................................................................................................................
49
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) The time interval in (c)(i) is 4.2 s. Use your graph in (b) to find how far away the lifeboat
is from the flare. Show clearly on your graph how you got your answer.
distance of lifeboat = ..................................m
Parallel rays
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Diverging rays
Converging
rays
Object that produces their own visible light is called luminous sources ex the Sun, other stars,
lamps, televisions etc.
Objects that are illuminated by light from other sources and reflected it into our eyes, called non
luminous objects ex the moon, paper, walls, stone and most of objects.
Transparent Object. The objects in which light passes through it is called transparent object.
Ex Glass, pure water etc.
Opaque Object: The object in which light can not pass through is called Opaque object. Ex
Wood, card board, stone, wall, metal, etc.
Translucent Object : The object in which light passes partially is called translucent object Ex
water, paper, sun glass etc.
Shadow : Shadows are formed when some rays of light continue to travel in straight lines,
which other rays are stopped by an object.
Eclipse is good example for shadow.
We can see an object only if light from it enters our eyes.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT:
50
19. The process of returning light back to same medium is called reflection.
20. The reflection is two types 1. Regular reflection 2. Irregular reflection(diffused reflection)
Regular Reflection
Irregular Reflection
21. The regular reflection reflects parallel rays of light as parallel rays, while irregular reflection
reflects parallel light rays into different directions, as shown in figure.
22. Regular reflection is from regular smooth surface, while irregular reflection is from irregular
surface.
23. The ray which incident on a surface is called incident ray.
24. The ray which reflected from a medium is called reflected ray. An imaginary line drawn
perpendicular to the mirror at the point where the incident ray strikes it is called the normal.
25. The angle of incidence is the angle between incident ray and normal.
26. Similarly angle of reflection is angle between reflected ray and normal.
Normal
Incidence ray
Angle of incidence
Reflected ray
Angle of Reflection
Mirror
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
51
line joining the object to the image is at right angles to the mirror. The image in the plane mirror
is laterally inverted.
37. Complete the ray diagram and locate the position of image
38. Periscope : Periscope is an optical instrument used in submarines & tanks so that people below
the surface can see what is happening above the surface.
Mirror
39. REFRACTION OF LIGHT: Refraction of is the process of light travel from one medium into
other with change of its properties.
40. Although light travels in straight lines in one transparent material, such as in air, if it passes into
a different material, such as water, it changes direction at the boundary between the two. The
bending of light when it passes from one medium to other is called REFRACTION.
air
glass
Angle of refraction r
52
A. A ray of light is bent towards the normal when it enters from less denser medium into an
optically denser medium at an angle (from air to glass)
B. A ray is bent away from the normal when it enters an optically less dense medium(from
glass to air)
C. A ray emerging from a parallel sided block is parallel to the ray entering , but is displaced
sideways
D. A ray traveling along the normal is not refracted.
41. Speed & wavelength of light are less in air than that in water/glass.
42. Glittering of diamond is because of high refractive index. The light under goes multiple
reflection inside the diamond.
EXERCISES
1. The angle between an incident ray and the mirror is 300. W
a. What is the angle of incidence?
b. What is the angle of reflection?
c. What is the total angle turned by the ray?
2. A boy with a mouth 5cm wide stands 2m from a plane mirror. Where is his image and how
wide is the image of his mouth? He walks towards the mirror at 1m/s. At what speed does
his image approach him?
3. Find the known angles
53
42
EXERCISES
54
1. Which diagram correctly shows a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass block?
3. The diagram shows the image of a clock in a plane mirror. What time is shown?
A 02:25
B 02:35
C 09:25
D 09:35
4. A ray of light passes through a window. Which path does it take?
5. A student looks at the letter P on a piece of paper, and at its reflection in a mirror.
What does he see?
55
7.
(a) A man looks at his reflection in a vertical mirror. This is shown from the side in Fig. 1
(i) On Fig.1, accurately mark with a clear dot labelled B where the image of the tip A of
the mans beard will be.
(ii) On Fig.1, accurately draw a ray from the tip of the mans beard that reflects from the
mirror and goes into his eye. You may use faint construction lines if you wish. Use
arrows to show the direction of the ray.
(iii) The man can see the image, but it cannot be formed on a screen. What name is given
to this type of image?
..................................................................................................................................
56
Fig 1
(iv) Write down the equation that links the angles of incidence and reflection that the
ray makes with the mirror.
(b) A girl looks into a bathroom mirror to brush her hair. Fig.2 shows what she sees in the
mirror.
(i) In which hand is she holding the brush? Tick one box.
left hand
right hand
(ii) She has a spot on her skin just below her left eye.
Mark clearly on Fig. 12.2 where this will appear on the reflection.
8. (c) The light in the optical fibre has a wavelength of 3.2 x 10 7 m and is travelling at a speed of
1.9 x 108m/s.
(i) Calculate the frequency of the light.
frequency = ...
(ii) The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 108m/s.
Calculate the refractive index of the material from which the fibre is made.
refractive index = ...
9. In this question, drawing should be done carefully. Fig. shows a ray of light striking mirror 1 at
point X.
57
(a) On Fig,
(i) draw the normal at X,
(ii) draw the ray reflected from mirror 1,
(iii) mark the angle of incidence using the letter i and the angle of reflection using the
letter r.
(b) Mirror 2 is parallel to mirror 1. The reflected ray from mirror 1 strikes mirror 2.
Compare the direction of the ray reflected from mirror 2 with the incident ray at X. You
may do a further construction if you wish. Complete the sentence below.
The reflected ray from mirror 2 is .....................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
10. (a) Fig. 7.1 shows two rays of light from a point O on an object. These rays are incident on a
plane mirror.
Fig. 1
(i) On Fig.1, continue the paths of the two rays after they reach the mirror. Hence
locate the image of the object O. Label the image I.
(ii) Describe the nature of the image I.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
11. Fig. shows a ray of light OPQ passing through a semi-circular glass block.
(a) Explain why there is no change in the direction of the ray at P.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
(b) State the changes, if any, that occur to the speed, wavelength and frequency of the light as it
enters the glass block.
......................................................................................................................................................
58
......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
12. An inventor is trying to make a device to enable him to see objects behind him. He cuts a square
box in half diagonally and sticks two plane mirrors on the inside of the box.
A side view of the arrangement is shown in Fig. 1
Fig 1
Fig 2
59
(a) On Fig. 5.1, draw a normal to line AB at the point where the incident ray meets the block.
The incident ray is drawn on the diagram. The positions of the two pins W and X
that mark the incident ray are shown.
(b) Measure the angle of incidence i
i = ..
(c) Draw in the refracted ray with an angle of refraction of 20. Continue this line until it
meets the line CD.
(d) The ray emerges from the block in a direction that is parallel to the incident ray. Draw in this
emergent ray.
(e) Two pins Y and Z are placed so that the pins W and X, viewed through the block, and
the pins Y and Z all appear exactly in line with each other. Mark on the diagram, with the letters
Y and Z, where you would place these two pins.
60