Psychoanalysis is an arrangement that is a therapeutic and interpretation analysis and

treatment for psychological disorders. The beginning of psychoanalysis was created after Freud
had researched hysteria, to which he believed was not caused by biological manifestations within
the nervous system, however by a distortion in the emotions. Freud wrote two papers on the
subject of hysteria, this was the beginning of his work on psychoanalytic theories. He used this
method mainly to treat people that suffered from different types of mental disorders. Jung and
Adler joined Freud. Jung and Adler made contributions to the field. In 1913, both were not
recognized due to theoretical differences with Freud and his strong sexual motivation.
Psychoanalysis is a concept of the unconscious mind, and in hysteria patients tend to
disappear after material was forgotten. Freuds vision was of the unconscious mind having
psychic abilities. These abilities could influence the personality and behavior, but could operate
the material and not the subject. He figured there were defense mechanisms which included
repression, regression, displacement, and rationalization. These defense mechanisms help to
defend the part of the mind that is conscious from parts of real life that may attempt pain. Freud
made a recognition of this consciousness within the experiences that were forgotten, and it was
the base of psychoanalysis therapy. Hypnosis is one of the original methods that was used in
order to delve into the mind while it was unconscious.
There have been many contributions to psychoanalysis. But, the main contributions
studied are, the Attachment Theory, Transference, Resistance, and Trauma. The Attachment
Theory can be used to describe a bond between and infant and a primary guardian. The amount
of attachment evolves from direct contact with one another, and also part of the guardians
thoughts towards the infant, and the infants needs. John Bowlby, also known as the father of the
attachment theory, believes that this theory has four specific categories, the proximity

maintenance, the separation distress, the safe haven, and the secure base. Proximity maintenance
means to want to be physically closer. The separation distress, meaning can also be classified as
separation anxiety. The safe haven is when an infant may go to the guardian when he/she starts
feeling danger or starts to feel anxious. Lastly, the secure base, is exactly how it sounds, the
infant feels completely protected when with the guardian.

Transference is known as the

concept that can refer to the natural response to certain situations in unique and predetermined
ways. It can also describe the tendency for a person to base some of their perceptions in the
present day relationships of their earlier attachments, mainly involving parents, siblings, and
spouses. Transference can lead to distortions within interpersonal relationships. Resistance, as
uncomfortable thoughts/feelings begin to get close, the individual will automatically resist to
self-explore, which would bring them completely out in the open. An individual may experience
life at a massive intensity, because they may be burdened by transferences that potential derive
from a previous source. These people use resistances to avoid their personal emotions as they
begin to intensify.
Trauma is known as a sever shock to the system. This shock can be both physical and/or
mental. The after effects of the psychological trauma can be helped by counteracting with
psychoanalysis. Many emotional wounds may take a while to get under control, but a psychic
trauma can remain idle. If the trauma is massive, such as a death, normal emotions such as
mourning or anger will not respond sufficiently. The lack of resolution can cultivate a repetition
of convulsions, or a revisit to the trauma through dreams.
Freuds methods of collecting data have been the target of considerable criticism
(Shultz, 2011). When looking at the criticisms of psychoanalysis we find that his theory is way
too simple to make the details clear. Freud collected data while his patients were undergoing

analysis. His data was unsystematic and uncontrolled. Freud didnt make notes as he was seeing
his patients but instead wrote about his insights hours after he saw them. He was quoted saying,
I write them down from memory in the evening after work is done (quoted in GrubrichSimitis, 1993, p. 20).
Finally, Carl Jung needs to be talked about because of his developments inside the
Freudian framework. He established the lone school of analysis. The school of analysis has
kept a continual following all these years. Jungian analysis is based on a added religious base.
The religious base lies upon Jung's highlighting the myth along with the existence of "collective
unconscious." Jung thought that the collective unconscious is inside of everyone, this differs
from Sigmund's idea because it is believed to not be created from repression (Jung, 1959).

Reference:
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2011). A History of Psychology (10th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Grubrich-Simitis, I. (1993). Back to Freuds texts: Making silent documents speak. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press.
Jung, C. G. (1959). The archetypes and the collective unconscious, collected works (Vol.9, pt. 1;
trans. R. F. C. Hull). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.