POWER SYSYTEM ANALYSIS

Questions and Answers (2Marks)

01) Define sparsity?
The sparse matrix is a matrix in which most of the elements are zero. The fraction of
non-zero elements over the total number of elements in matrix is called sparsity.
02) What is meant by compact arrays?
Array is the data structure consisting of a collection of element each identified by at
least one index and key. Many array stored so that the positions of each element can be
computed from its index and key. The storing of optimum sparse data in data structure is
called compact array. Only non-zero elements of the matrix are stored in compact array.
03) Write the advantage of sparse matrix?
Using sparse matrix the stored data that contains a large number of non-zero value
elements can save a significant amount of memory and speed up the processing data.
Therefore the main advantage of sparse matrix is size and speedy operation which intern
reduces the storage memory and computational time.
04) Define ordering?
A method or approach of elimination that results lesser possible terms in the factor
matrices and achieves great savings in operation time and computer memory is called
ordering.
05) Write the power flow equation in polar form?
Power flow equations are,
Pi =N

Vi

Yij

Vj cos ( ij + j + i )

Vi

Yij

Vj sin ( ij + j + i )

J=1

Qi=N
J=1

06) List any two advantages of Fast Decoupled power flow method?
a) FDLF method is faster, simple to programme, more reliable and requires less
memory than NR load flow method.
b) Fast Decoupled Load Flow method requires more iteration than NR method but
requires less time per iteration gives better accuracy.
07) Define the term sensitivity factor in power system?
The approximate change in line flow for changes in generation in the system is called
sensitivity. The ratio of change in line flow to the change in generation in the system is
defined as sensitivity factor.

Sensitivity Factor =

Change in Line Flow

Change in Generation of the System

08) What are the assumptions made in Newton Raphson method of power flow
analysis?
a) The set of non linear simultaneous equation approximated for a set of linear
Simultaneous equation by Taylors series expansion
b) Flat voltage profile for all buses except slack bus.
c) A suitable value of called convergence criterion
09) List the control variables in OPF?
The control variables in optimal power flow are,
a) Real Power (P)

b) Reactive Power (Q)

c) Voltage Magnitude (V)

d) Voltage Angle ()

10) List the advantages of interior point algorithm?

Interior point algorithm is a certain class of algorithms that solves linear and
nonlinear convex optimization problems. IPMs have polynomial complexity. it is possible to
create an algorithm for linear programming characterized by polynomial complexity by
using Interior point algorithm.
a) Outstanding computational efficiency over other programming
b) Can be used for large scale linear programming with polynomial complexity.
11) Define Unit commitment?
Unit commitment is the process of deciding in advance which generating units is to
start up, when to connect them to network, how long it to be kept in service and when it to
be shut-down. It means optimum allocation of generators at each generating station at
various station load levels.
12) Define symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault?
a) Symmetrical fault: The fault is called symmetrical fault if the fault current is equal
in all the phases.
b) Unsymmetrical fault: The fault is called unsymmetrical fault if the fault current is
not equal in all the phases
13) List the types of faults on transmission lines?
The three phase fault is the only symmetrical fault. All other type of faults are
unsymmetrical faults. The various types of unsymmetrical faults are,
a) Line to Ground fault (L-G)
b) Line to Line fault (L-L)
c) Double line to Ground fault (L-L-G)

d) One or Two open conductor fault.

14) Why zero sequence impedance of a transmission line is more than its
sequence impedance?
The zero sequence current is identical in each phase conductor and returns through
ground wires. But for positive and negative sequence currents there is no return current
and they have a phase difference of 1200. Therefore the magnetic field due to zero
sequence current different from the magnetic field caused by either positive or negative
sequence current. Due to this difference in the magnetic field the zero sequence impedance
is 2 to 3.5 times more than the sequence impedance.
15) What are the applications of Z-bus matrix?
Z Matrix can be formed by either inverting the Y bus matrix or by using Z bus
building algorithm. Z-bus matrix finds applications in short circuit analysis like both
symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis.
16) Define critical cleaning time?
The critical clearing time is defined as the maximum allowable time for a system to
remain stable after subjected to a disturbance. It depends on Inertia constant, frequency,
Mechanical power, critical clearing angle and rotor angle.
17) What is the purpose of swing equations?
During any disturbance, rotor will decelerate or accelerate with respective to the
synchronously rotating air-gap mmf and a relative motion begins. The equation used
to describe the behaviour of the synchronous machine during transient period is
called swing equation.
18) Differentiate between transient stability and dynamic stability?
Sl.No

Transient stability

Dynamic stability

01

It is the ability of the system to bring it

to stable condition after a large
disturbance. Large disturbances can
occur due to the occurrence of fault,
sudden outage of a line, sudden loss of
excitation sudden adding of load or
removal of load.

It is the ability of the system to remain in

synchronism
when
it
subjected
to
sustained oscillations followed by the
transient state.

19) List the factors influencing transient stability?

The factors influencing transient stability are,
1. How heavily the generator is loaded.
2. The generator output during fault. This depends on the fault location and type.
3. The fault clearing time.
4. The post fault transmission system reactance.
5. The generator reactance. A lower reactance increases peak power and reduces
initial rotor angle.

6. The generator internal voltage magnitude (E) .This depends on the field
excitation.
7. Infinite bus voltage magnitude EB.
20) What is the need for optimal ordering of matrices?
In order to reduce the computing time and to save storage memory, an
optimally ordered pivoted system as well as packed storage scheme is essential. The
optimal ordering scheme minimizes the fill-ins in the factor table during LU
factorisation process.
21) Define sparse matrix.
A sparse matrix is a matrix in which most of the elements are zero. If the most
of the elements are not zero then the matrix is called dense matrix.
22) Give the methods used in L-U factorization?
The Lower and Upper Triangle factorization uses the forward elimination
method and back substitution method for solutions.
A.X = b

[L] [U] X = b

23) What are the advantages of forming Z-bus matrix by L-U factorization of Y-bus
matrix?
The main advantages of forming Z-bus matrix by L-U factorization of Y-bus matrix are,
a) Time saving

b) accuracy

c) Computations is easy.

24) What are the three buses in power network?

The three types of buses used in power network are,
a) Generator bus (or) P-V bus (or) Voltage controlled bus
b) Load bus (or) P-Q bus
c) Slack bus (or) swing bus.
25) What is meant by incremental cost?
The incremental fuel cost is a measure of how costly it will be produce an increment of
power. The rate of change of fuel cost with active power generation is called incremental
cost. The incremental production cost, is made up of incremental fuel cost plus the
incremental cost of labor, water, maintenance etc.
26) What is unit commitment and load scheduling?
Unit commitment:
Unit commitment is the process of deciding in advance which generating units is
to start up, when to connect them to network, how long it to be kept in service and
when it to be shut-down. It means optimum allocation of generators at each
generating station at various station load levels

Load scheduling:
The electrical load schedule is an estimate of the instantaneous electrical loads
operating in a facility, in terms of active, reactive and apparent power (measured in
kW, kVAR and kVA respectively).
27) Write the fault current equation of L-L fault?
Fault current If = Ia1 (a2 a) where Ia1 = Ea / Z1 + Z2 and a = 1 1200

a2 = 1 2400

28) Draw Zero sequence network of star delta connected transformer.

M

N
Z0
Reference bus

29) Draw the single line diagram of SMIB?

Z4

Z1

Z6
Large

System

Z5

Z2

Z3

Z7

30) Give the expression for Maximum deliverable power of a SMIB?

Pmax = (E EB / XT)* sin
Where,

= voltage behind transmission line

EB

= the infinite bus voltage

= Rotor angle

XT

= Impedance of transmission line.

31) Give the steps to be followed in repeat solution Algorithm?

Forward elimination on vector b using elements of lower triangle l stored in F to obtain
x

0 0 x1
1
F 1 0 x
21
2
F31 F32 0 x3

b1

= b2

b3

X 1 = b1
F21 x1 + x 2 = b2
F31 x1 + F31 x 2 + x3 = b3

32) List advantage of sparse matrix technique for large power systems?
The key idea behind sparse matrixes is computational complexity. Storage requirements
for a full matrix increase as order n. Computational requirements for many full matrix
operations increase as order n. By the very definition of a sparse matrix, the storage and
computational requirements for most sparse matrix operations increase only linearly or
close to linearly.
33) Give steps to be followed in repeat solution algorithm?
Step: 1
Factorising the matrix A in to [ L ] & [ U ]
a) [A] X= b
---------- 1
b) [A] = [L] [U]
---------- 2
c) Then [A] X = [L] [U] X = b ---------- 3
d) Define an intermediate vector X
e) [U] X = X
---------- 4
f) Then [ L ] X = b
---------- 5
Step: 2
Repeat solution forward elimination the eqn. 5 using matrix L to get X
By using Back Substitution method solve equation 4 using matrix [U] to get x
34) Compare the advantages of FDLF and Newton load flow method?
Sl.
No
01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

Newton-Raphson
method
Reliability
More Reliable
Faster. Requires less number of
iteration to reach convergence and
Speed
of
number of iteration is not depend on
convergence
size of the system. It has quadratic
convergence characteristic
Simplicity of
Programme is more complex
programming
Description

FDLF method
More reliable
Requires more number of
iteration
than
NewtonRaphson method but requires
less time per iteration.
Programme is simple

Suitable
for
large
size
Suitable for large size system. No.
Dependency
system. No. Of iteration does
of
system Of iteration does not depend on the
not depend on the size of
size of system.
size
system.
Memory
Less memory than NewtonMore
requirement
Raphson method

35) What is available Transfer capability?

A measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for
further commercial activity over and above already committed uses. available Transfer
capability is defined as Total Transfer Capability less existing transmission commitments
(including retail customer service), less a Capacity Benefit Margin, less a Transmission
Reliability Margin

36) What are the assumptions made in fast decoupling power flow method of
power flow analysis?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Assume flat start for starting voltage solution

=0 for i=1,2,....N (for all buses except slack bus)
phase angle
|V| = 1.0
for i=M+1,....N (for all P-Q buses)
|V| = |V|spec
for all P-V buses except slack bus

37) What is the significant of linear sensitivity co-efficient?

Linear sensitivity co-efficient give an indication of the change in one system quantity
(e.g. MW flow, MVA flow, bus voltage etc.,) as another quantity is varied. (eg. generator
MW output, transformer tap position, etc.,). These linear relationships are essential for the
application of linear programming. We assume that the power system react so as to keep
all of the power flow equation solved. As such linear sensitivity co efficient can be expressed
as partial derivatives.

38) What is the purpose of optimal power flow programming?

Power-flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power
systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. In addition to a
power-flow study, computer programs perform related calculations such as shortcircuit fault analysis, stability studies (transient & steady-state), unit commitment
and economic dispatch. In particular, some programs use linear programming to find
the optimal power flow, the conditions which give the lowest cost per hour delivered.
Optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing the operating
costs.

39) Write down the equation of cost function?

Ci (PGi) = ai PGi + bi PGi +ci Rs/hr.
ai bi , ci - Positive co-efficient.
PGi - Real power Generation.

40) Name the fault in which negative and zero sequence currents are equal to
zero?
In three phase fault, the negative and zero currents are absent (zero).

41) Define transient stability?

The transient stability is the ability of the system to bring it to a stable condition
after a large disturbance. Large disturbance can occur due to the occurrence of fault,
sudden outage of line, sudden loss of excitation, sudden application and removal of loads.

42) Define Z bus?

Z bus is bus impedance matrix which is used in Fault analysis. This matrix helps in
finding the values of fault current. The elements of matrix are the impedances of
transmission line connected between two buses.
43) What is meant by critical clearing angle?
The critical clearing angle cc, is the maximum allowable change in the power angle
, before clearing the fault without loss of synchronism. The time corresponding to this
angle is called critical clearing time tcc.
44) What are V-Q curves?
The V-Q curve is one of the popular methods to study voltage instability problems
in power systems during the post transient period or critical peak loads. The voltage setpoint of this generator is varied and its VAR output is allowed to be ANY value needed to
meet this voltage set-point .The vertical axis depicts the output of the generator in Mvar.
The horizontal axis depicts the respective voltage under this condition. Q-V Curve
determines the maximum MVAR load before voltage collapse.
45) Write the fault current equation of L-L-G fault?
Fault current If = Ib + Ic = 3Ia0
Ia0 = - (Ia1 + Ia2) where Ia1 = Vpf / Z1 + [Z2 (Z0 +3Zf) / Z2+Z0+3Zf]
Ia2 = {Va2 / Z2}

One or two answers illai check