Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A=1m2
l= .05m
k= 385W/m K
T= 385
(i)
q = kA T = 385X1X100/0.05 = 770
kW
l
(ii)
R= l/kA = 0.05/(385X1)=1.3 X 10-4
Natural convection: the mixing is carried out by difference in density of cold and hot partials(induced
by buoyancy forces)..
Ex:
Hot plate to atmosphere.
Water heating system.
Heating of room by stove.
Forced convection: the mixing is carried out by pump, fan etc. here heat transfer rate speeds up.
Cooling of I.C engine.
Heat transfer through wall to fluid or fluid to wall is very important in engineering heat transfer.
Page |2
Q. An air cooler has surface area 0.12m and temp 65 C. atmospheric temp is 30 C surface
coefficient of heat transfer 45.5 W/m 2 K. calculate heat transfer.
Sol.
q = h As (TS Tatm)
= 45.4 X (0.12)(65-30) =190W
2
Q. Water is heated up to boiling by a wire (rod) of 10cm X 1mm , 23.5 watt of power is
consumed. h=5000 W/m 2 K find temperature of wire for steady state.
Sol.
q = h As (Twire Twater)
23.5=5000 x ( x d x l) (Twire Twater)= 5000 x ( x 0.001x 0.1) (Twire 100)= 1.57(Twire 100)
Twire= 23.5/1.57 + 100 = 115 oC
Radiation:
Radiation heat transfer involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation (where the energy is
carried by photons of light in the infrared and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) that
arises due to the temperature of the body. Radiation does not need matter.
Mechanism: heat flow through radiation occurs in 3 phase
1. Thermal energy is converted in to em waves: all body above absolute zero emit radiant energy
via photons.
2. photons can travel in space without media @ light
3. when photon strike another surface they are absorbed /reflected/ transmitted but absorbed
and converted in to heat in perfect black body.
Radiation rate equation is described by the STEFAN BOLTZMAN LAW: Total emission
from a black body per unit area per unit time is proportional to forth power of absolute
temperature of the body.
E=Ts4 (W/ m 2 )
Where:
E=A(Ts4 - Tsur4 )
Where:
Tsur = Absolute temperature of surroundings. (K)
EXAMPLE1:
Two perfect black bodies surround each other such that all radiant energy of inner surface at 1000oC
reaches outer surface at 200oC find net rate of heat transfer per unit area.
Sol
Ts1 = 200+273 = 473
Ts2 = 1000+273= 1273
Page |3
E/A=(Ts14 Ts24 )
= 146kW/m2
EXAMPLE2:
5 cm dia pipe at steady state temp 60 oC kept in a room of temp 25 oC , =0.7, h= 6.5 W/m 2 K
Calculate total heat loss / unit length
Sol
Conv. q = h As T= h ( x d x l)(60-25)= 6.5x ( x 0.05x1)(60-25) = 35.72W
Rad. q= A(Ts14 Ts24 ) = 0.7 x ( x d x l) x 5.67 x 10 -8 ((60+273)4-(25+273)4)
total
q= 33.72W
Q=35.72+33.72=69.44W
hiA(Ti-Ta)
qk =
kA(Ta-Tb)
l
qco = hoA(Tb-To)
= (Ti-Ta)
Rci
= (Ta-Tb)
Rk
= (Tb-To)
Rco
Ti
Ta
q
ci
Tb
q
To
q
co
qci = qk = qco = q
Now we can measure Ti and T o but not Ta and Tb so we eliminate them
(Ti-Ta) + (Ta-Tb) + (Tb-To) = q Rci + q Rk + q Rco
Ti To = q (Rci + Rk + Rco)
q=
(Ti To)
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
By Newtons law of cooling
q = UAT = (Ti To)
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
UA=
1
.
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
ELECTRICAL ANALOGY TO HEAT FLOW
Ti
Ti
Ta
q
ci
Tb
q
Ta
Tb
To
To
q
co
V= I(R1+R2+R3)
T= q (Rci + Rk + Rco)
Rci
1/ hiA
Rk
l/kA
Rco
1/ hoA
Page |4
Q. in furnace, combustion is at 1000oC and
outside temp is 25oC, convection heat
transfer coefficient between furnace and
wall= 10W/m2 and wall to outside air 5
W/m2 , thermal conductivity of brick
material of wall is k= 1.04 W/mK. Find
thickness of wall if wall temperature should
not exceed 800oC.
Assumptions:
Page |5
Consider a small volume whose dimensions are dx, dy, dz. Material is
homogenous and isotropic. Means its properties (density, h, k ) are same
everywhere.
Temperature is indicated by T
Temperature is a function of distance do T changes as distance changes ( T changes as dx changes).
So rate of change of temperature T/ x
Change of temperature at a distance dx=> Tx - Tx+dx =>
In d s Kumar it is
Now
heat inflow during
time dt
=>
+ heat generated Eg
during time dt
/x
dx
/x dx
= heat outflow
during time dt
+ change in
internal energy
during time dt Est
c(dx.dy.dz)dT
Est =mcdT
m= X volume
/x
Page |6
Heat outflow in y direction
dqy+dy dqy
-k (dx dydz)
= -k (dx dydz)
2T
2T
/y2
/y2
Putting them in energy balance eq and solving we get GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ
2T
cT
Change in thermal
energy storage
/dx2
=0
Assumptions: same
Page |7
Thermal energy
generation
Change in thermal
energy storage
/r2+(1/r) T/r = 0
1
/r2 d/dr ( r dT/dr ) = 0
Assumptions: same
Volume = (dr.rd.rsin.d)
Heat flow r- plan, direction per unit time
Page |8
T
( q ) r. sin .d .dt
r. sin .
dq+d - dq = k(dr.rd.rsin.d) [
Heat flow r- plan, direction
1
2T
.dt
r 2 . sin 2 . 2
(q) . rd
r.
dq+d - dq = k(V)
dqr+dr - dqr =
(q) . dr
r
(r
T
r
) . dt
) ( sin T
)+
(r
T
r
=0
OVER ALL
Steady-state conduction, no internal generation of energy
For one-dimensional, steady-state transfer by conduction without heat generation
i = 0 rectangular coordinates
i = 1 cylindrical coordinates
i = 2 spherical coordinates
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a materials ability to transfer thermal energy by conduction.
Page |9