Strength of Materials - TYS Exp - 248

2016
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Civil Engineering
Strength of Materials
Simple Stress-Strain &

Elastic Constants
T1 : Solution
Initially, due to load W each steel bar will carry
Expansion of steel bars =
W
load
4
WL
4 AE
The temperature t should be raised such that a expansion of +
(L ) t = +
but
L>>
L t = +
WL
is observed in the steel rod
4 AE
WL
4 AE
WL
4 AE
.....(i)
Now, the steel rod gets attached at the centre of steel plate, the force in each steel bar gets reduced by
20%.
Therefore, The load caried by each steel bar =
W
5
Remaining load will be carried by steel rod = W
4W W
=
5
5
After connection the steel rod will not get detached from square plate, so the length of four steel bars and
steel rod will be same in the end
but
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L+
WL
5AE
= L+
W (L )
5aE
L > >
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WL
5 AE
= +
WL
5aE
WL 1 1
= 5Ea A
from (i) and (ii), we get
t =
.....(ii)
W 1
1
+
5E a 4 A
T2 : Solution
Due to symmetry, forces in metal wires 1 and 3 will be same, say P1
Let force in metal wire 2 is P2
As the bar is rigid, deflection of these metal wire should be equal.
P L/2
P1 L
= 2
AE
AE
P2 = 2P1
Fy
L
L/2
= 0
P1 + P2+ P1 = P
a
P2 = P/2 and P1 = P/4

As the load applied P is increased, a smooth downward deflection of rigid bar will observed
=
PL
4 AE
Force in middle wire is higher than other two wires so it will yield first and further will not carry any force
(based on given stress-strain curves of wire).
Further increase in load P (say P) will be equally carried by wire 1 and 3 only,
P1 + P3 = P
2P1 = P
[ P1 = P3]
P1 = P / 2
=
Py L P L
+
4 AE 2 AE
where Py is the load at which wire 2 yields and P is the increment beyond Py.
Then, both wires 1 and 3 will yield when P becomes equals to the yielding load of the wires.
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Civil Engineering Strength of Materials
T3 : Solution
Area of cross-section of AB (AAB) = 100 mm2
Area of cross-section of BC (ABC) = 200 mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 kN/mm2
Axial tensile load (P) = 50 kN
Length of portion AB (LAB) = 1 m
Length of portion BC (LBC) = 1 m
Let RA be the reaction at fixed end A
By drawing the FBD of the given figure we came to know that to maintain equilibrium
RA 50 = 0
RA = 50 kN
RA
RA
50 kN
50 kN
RA = PAB = 50 kN (Tensile)
Portion AB:
AB =
PAB 50 103
=
= 500 N/mm2 (Tensile)
100
AAB
AB =
PAB LAB 50 103 1000

=
AAB E 100 200 103
= 2.5 mm (elongation)
Portion BC:
PBC = 50 kN (Tensile)
BC =
PBC 50 103
=
= 250 N/mm2 (Tensile)
200
ABC
BC =
PBC LBC 50 103 1000

=
ABC E
200 200 103
BC = 1.25 mm (elongation)
Assuming:
Tensile force = Positive
Tensile elongation = Positive
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50 kN
50 kN
+
( i)) Normal force diagram

2
500 N/mm
250 N/mm2
( ii)) Normal stress diagram

3.75 mm
2.5 mm
+
A
( iii)) Elongation/Displacement diagram

T4 : Solution
( i)) Since the cubes are confined in x-direction, hence
xA + xB + xC = 0
where,
xA is change in length of cube A in x-direction
xB is change in length of cube B in x-direction
xC is change in length of cube C in x-direction
xA xB xC
+
+
L
L
L
= 0
xA + xB + xC = 0
...(i)
y = 0
z = 0.5 kN/mm2
y = 0
z = 0
y = 0
z = 0
x
C
z = 0.5 kN/mm
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From above FBD, we have,

xA =
x
;
EA
xB =
+ B z ;
EB
EB
xC =
x
EC
Putting these values in (i), we get
z x
x x
E + E + B E + E = 0
A B
B C
2 x x
+ B z
EA
EB
EB
= 0
1
2
x
+
E A EB
x =
( ii))
[ EA = EC]
B z
EB
B z
0.3 0.5
=
= 0.041 kN/mm2
EB
200
+ 1 2
2
+1
EA
150
xB =
yB =
0.041 0.3 0.5

x B z
+
= 5.45 104
=
+
EB
EB
EB
EB
+B x B z
0.3 0.041 0.3 0.5
=
+
+
= 8.11 104
EB
EB
EB
EB
zB =
0.5 0.3 0.041

z x
+
= 2.44 103
=
+
EB
EB
EB
B
( iii)) Volumetric strain,

V = xB + yB + zB
= 5.45 104 + 8.11 104 2.44 103 = 1.084 103
T5 : Solution
For a square section to have its strength maximum its side should be maximum so, we have to cut such a
square from the triangle such that its side is maximum
AD =
AE = AD DE =
AE
AD
3a
3a
3
a2
a
a
=
2
4
2
GF
BC
3
ax
2
F
x
x
=
a
a
2
3
a
x =
2 + 3
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Shear Force and

Bending Moment
T1 : Solution
RA + RB = 200
MA
= 0
12RB 120 9 80 6 + 480 = 0

RB = 90 kN
RA = 110 kN
Taking x from left of support B,
Mx
80
B
x
RA
480
wx2
R
x
= B
2
= 90x 10x2
RB
x
[0 x 6]
Now, for maxima or minima,

dM
dx
= (90 10 2x) = 0
x = 4.5 m
dM
dx2
= 20,
d2M
< 0
dx 2
Hence, bending moment is maximum at x = 4.5 m
Mmax = 90 4.5 10 (4.5)2 = 202.5 kN-m
Taking x from right of support A,
Mx = RA.x
M = 110 6
= 660 kN-m
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[0 x 6]
at x = 6
660 kN-m
202.5 kN-m
180 kN-m
4.5m
T2 : Solution
Let the reaction at the roller be R.
w/unit length
A
4a
w/unit length
2a
Now the vertical deflection at B and C will be equal

B = C
w (4a)4 R (4a)3
8E I
3E I
w (2a)4 R (2a)3
+
8E I
3E I
w
R
4
4
(8 a3 + 64 a3 )
256 a 16 a =
8E I
3E I
w
240 a 4
8
R
72 a 3
3
R =
3 240
wa
72
8
R =
5
wa
4
Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

Portion AB:
Mx (x from B) =
w
5
wa x x2
4
2
= 0
Mx =
at x = 0,
MB
at x = 4a,
MA =
B.M. will be zero, if
5
w x2
wa x
4
2
[0 x 4a]
(Parabolic)
5
w (4a)2
wa (4a)
= 3 wa 2
4
2
5
w
wa x x2 = 0
4
2
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5
w x2
wa x
4
2
= 0
w x
5
x wa
= 0
4
2
X = 0
(Already known)
5
wx
wa
= 0
4
2
x = 2.5 a
Maximum positive BM for
Portion AB:
and
dM x
dx
= 0
5
wa = wx
4
x =
Mmax =
5
a = 1.25a
4
w x (1.25a )
5
wa 1.25a
4
2
= 0.78 wa2
Portion C D :
5
4
w x2
2
5
4
w x2
2
Mx (x from C) = wa x
Mx = wa x
at x = 0,
MB = 0
at x = 2a,
MD = wa (2a)
5
4
[0 x 2a]
(Parabolic)
w (2a)2
= 4.5 wa2
2
w/unit length
A
B
5
wa
4
5
wa
4
w/unit length
(+)
A
2.5 a
2
3 wa
BMD
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1.25a
()
0.78wa2
()
4.5 wa
10
T3 : Solution
Let RA and RC are the vertical reactions at supports A and C respectively. Since there is no horizontal load
so horizontal reaction at fixed support A will be zero.
2.5wa
w/unit of length
A
C
D
B
Hinge
RC
RA
2a
2a
Reactions:
Fy = 0
RA + RC = 5wa + 2.5wa
RA + RC = 7.5wa
...(i)
Since there is an internal hinge at B, therefore moment at B either from right or left is zero. Taking moment
about B from right, we get
MB = 0
RC 2a (2.5wa 3a) (w 3a 1.5a) = 0
RC = 6 wa
Putting value of RC in (i), we get
RA = 7.5wa 6wa
RA = 1.5wa
For SFD:
Portion DC :
[0 x < a]
Sx(x from D) = 2.5wa + wx
at x = 0,
SD = 2.5wa
at x = a,
SC (just right of C) = 2.5wa + wa = 3.5wa
Portion CA
CA:
Sx(x from D) = 2.5wa + wx 6wa
[a < x < 5a]
at x = a,
SC (just left of C) = 2.5wa + wa 6wa = 2.5wa
at x= 5a,
SA (at support A) = 2.5wa + 5wa 6wa = + 1.5wa
If Sx = 0, then we have (in CA)
2.5wa + wx 6wa = 0
3.5wa = wx
x = 3.5a from D or 1.5a from A
For BMD:
Portion DC
DC:
at x = 0,
Mx(x from D) = 2.5wa x
w x2
2
[0 x a]
Mx = 2.5wa x
w x2
2
(Parabola)
MD = 0
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2
MC = 2.5wa
at x = a,
11
wa 2
= 3wa 2
2
Portion CA
CA:
Mx(x from D) = 2.5wax
w x2
+ Rc ( x a )
2
Mx = 2.5wa x
w x2
+ 6wa ( x a )
2
at x = a,
MC = 2.5wa2
wa2
= 3wa2
2
at x = 5a.
MA = 2.5wa(5a)
For Mmax,
[a x 5a]
(Parabola)
w
(5a )2 + 6wa ( 5a a )
2
= 12.5wa2 12.5wa2 + 24wa2
= wa2
dMx = 0
dx
2.5 wa wx + 6wa = 0
x = 3.5a
Mmax ( at x = 3.5a) = 2.5wa (3.5a )
w
(3.5a )2 + 6wa (3.5a a )
2
= ( 8.75 6.125 +15) wa2 = 0.125wa2

There are two points of contraflexure and they are D1 and D2 at a distance a and 2a respectively from
fixed end.
w/unit of length
Hinge
A
2a
RA = 1.5wa
2.5wa
C
a
2a
3.5wa
1.5wa
RC = 6wa
2.5wa
SFD
1.5a
2.5wa
1.5a
A
BMD
0.125wa
wa
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3wa
12
T4 : Solution
1
EI
x4
3
+ 36 x
2 x +
...(i)
1
EI
4 x3
2
+ 36
6 x +
...(ii)
1
EI
4 3 x2
1
(2 x 2 12 x)
12 x +
=
6 EI
Y =
Given that,
Differentiating (i), we get
dy
dx
Again differentiating (ii), we get

d 2y
dx
Also,
EI
we know that,
EI
d 2y
d x2
d 2y
d x2
= 2x2 12x
...(iii)
= M
on comparing with (iii), we get
M = 2x2 12x
dM
dx
we know that,
we also know, at x =
...(iv)
= 4x 12 = Sx
Sx = 4x 12
L
, Sx = 0
2
Sx = 0 or 4x 12 = 0
x = 3m
L = 2x = 6 m
dS x
dx
We also know that,
= Loading rate (w)
d
(4 x 12) = w
dx
w = 4 kN-m
Alternate solution:
From equation (ii),
and from equation (i),
1
4 x3
2
+ 36
6 x +
EI
6
y =
1
x4
3
+ 36 x
2 x +
EI
6
dy
dx
we know, for simply supported beam carrying UDL

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A = B =
C =
and
wL3
24 E I
Hence,
wL3
24 E I
5 wL4
384 E I
1
[0 + 0 + 36]
EI
[ x = 0]
wL3 = 36 24 = 864
...(A)
5 wL4
384 E I
and
13
5 wL4 =
1 L3
L4
36 L
+
2 +
EI
8 6 16
2
Q x = 2
384[24 L3 + L4 + 1728 L]
96
5 wL4 = 4[24 L3 + L4 + 1728L]

5 wL3 = 96 L2 + 4 L3 + 6912
wL3 = 864
From equation (A),
...(B)
5 864 = 96 L2 + 4 L3 + 6912
4320 = 4 L3 96 L2 + 6912
4 L3 96 L2 + 2592 = 0
From equation (A),
L = 6m
w (6)3 = 864
w = 4 kN-m
SFD and BMD:

x
4 kN-m
C 6m
x
12 kN
12 kN
A
(+)
12 kN
C
SFD
B
()
18 kN-m
(+)
A
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BMD
14
Reactions:
By symmetry,
RA = RB =
wl
2
RA = RB =
46
= 12 kN
2
[0 x 6]
Sx (x From A) = +RA wx
SFD:
Sx = +12 4x (Linear)
at x = 0,
SA = +12 kN
at x = 3 m
SC = 0
at x = 6 m
SB = 12 kN
BMD:
Mx (x From A) = 12 x
4 x2
2
[0 x 6]
Mx = 12 2x2 (Parabolic)
at x = 0,
MA = 0
at x = 6 m
MB = 0
For maximum moment,
d Mx
dx
= 0
12 4x = 0
x = 3m
Mmax (at x = 3 m) = 12 3 2 32
= 18 kN-m
T5 : Solution
Assuming p < q
q
20 kN
C
B
D
12 m
6m
18 m
12
(p + q) = 120
2
p + q = 20 kN/m
Total distributed load =
Distance of centroid of distributed load from support D =
2p + q
12 2p + q
=4
p + q
3 p+q
Assuming RB and RD to be the support reaction at B and D respectively

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15
120 kN
20 kN
A
C
RB
RD
2p + q
4 p+q
M D
= 0
2p + q
RB 18 20 24 120 4
= 0
p+q
As, p + q = 20
RB =
MA
1
18
p + 20
480 + 480 20
= 0
2p + q
RB 6 + RD 24 120 24 4
= 0
p + q
RB = RD
As, p + q = 20
.....(i)
RB =
(given)
120
p + 20
24 4
30
20
.....(ii)
Equating value of RB from (i) and (ii), we get
1
18
p + 20
480 + 480 20
120
30
p + 20
24 4 20
480 + 24 (p + 20) = 1728

120p + 2400 + 2400
p
and, p + q
q
=
=
=
=
72
(p + 20 )
5
8640 72p 1440

12.5 kN/m
20
7.5 kN/m
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Principal Stress-Strain &

Theories of Failure
T1 : Solution
y = 2
xy = 0
2
=3
6
10
30
x = + 445 10
30
x = 1
Let normal principal stress in x and y direction are 1 and 2 respectively.

x =
x + y
2
x y
2
cos21 +
xy
2
sin21
Here, 1 = 30 and x = 1, y = 2
1 + 2 1 2
+
cos (2 30) + 0
2
2
31 + 2 = 1780 106
445 106 =
[ xy = 0]
...(i)
We know that
1 + 2 = x + y
1 + 2 = +445 106 32 106
1 + 2 = +413 106
...(ii)
From eq. (i) and (ii)

1 = +683.5 106
2 = 270.5 106
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Principal stresses may be calculated as
1 =
E
2.1 105
+
(
)
683.5 106 + 0.3 270.5 106
1
2
=
2
1 2
1 (0.3 )
= 139.00 N/mm2
and
2 =
E
2.1 105
+ 2 ) =
270.5 106 + 0.3 683.5 106
2 ( 2
2
1
1 (0.3 )
= 15.10 N/mm2
T2 : Solution
When a shaft is subjected to combined bending and torsion, the magnitude of principal stresses is given
by
1/2 =
16
M M 2 + T 2
D 3
1 = principal stress
2 = minor principal stress
M = bending moment = 20 kNm
T = Torque = 40 kNm
where,
1 =
16
M + M 2 + T 2
D 3
and
1 =
16
20 + 202 + 402 106
D 3
1 =
329.62 106
D3
2 =
16
16
M M 2 + T 2 =
20 202 + 402 106
3
D
D 3
and
125.90 106
D3
(i) According the maximum shear stress theory

max
1 2
2
329.62 + 125.90
6
10
D3
/FOS )
2
/FOS )
2
250

D3 3644160
D 153.88 mm
Hence minimum diameter of shaft
D = 153.88 mm
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18

(ii) According to maximum strain energy theory
U
U =
/FOS )
2E
...(i)
1 2
1 + 22 212
2E
329.62 106 2 125.90 106 2 2 0.3 329.62 125.90 1012
+
+
D3
D3
D6
1
2E
1 149399.65 1012
2E
D6
1 149399.65 1012
2E
D6
1 250
2E 2
149399.65 1012
250

6
2
D
D6
149399.65 1012
(125 )
D 145.69 mm
Hence minimum diameter of shaft D is 145.69 mm.
T3 : Solution
12 kN/mm
max
300 mm
400 mm
()
100 mm
P
(+)
Point under
consideration
RA = 24 kN
24 kN
(+)
(Bending stress)
(Shear stress)
RB = 24 kN
SFD
24 kN-m
()
24 kN
(+)
4m
BMD
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19
Shear force in beam AB is given by

Sx(x from A) = RA wx
= 24 12x
Shear force at (x = 1 m) = 24 12 1
= 12 kN
Bending moment in beam AB is given by
Mx (x from A) = R A x
= 24 x
w x2
12
12 x 2
= 24x 6x2
2
Mx at (x = 1.0 m)
M = 24 1 6 12
= 18 kNm
and MOI about neutral axis is given by
bd 3 300 4003
=
12
12
9
I = 1.6 10 mm4
Now we have M = 18 kN, S = 12 kN and I = 1.6 109 mm4. Hence normal and shear stresses at y = 100
below NA can be calculated as
Bending stresses may be given as
I =
18 106 100
M
y
=
=
= 1.125 N/mm2 (tensile)
1.6 109
I
and shear stress at a point P (y = 100 mm) below NA may be given as
=
SAy 12 103 100 300 150

=
= 0.125 N/mm2
Ib
1.6 109 300
200 mm
100 mm
300 mm
NA
y
Note: Positive shear will produce negative shear stress element

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1.125 N/mm2
1.125 N/mm
Now point can be considered as stress element shown below.
= 0.1125 N/mm
Here we have
x = 1.125 N/mm2
y = 0
= 0.1125 N/mm2
The principal stresses may be given as
1/2 =
x + y
x y
2

+ xy
2
1.125 + 0
2
1.125 0

+ ( 0.1125 )
2
2
= 0.5625 0.5736
1 = 1.136 N/mm2
and
2 = 0.011 N/mm2
For direction of principal stresses, we have

tan 2P =
2 xy
x y
2 0.1125
= 0.2
1.125 0
P1 = 5.65 (clockwise)
and
P2
= 90 + P1
= 90 5.65
= 95.65 (clockwise)
Check: Principal stress normal to P1 = 5.65

x =
=
x + y
2
x y
2
cos2P1 + xy sin2P1
1.125 + 0 1.125 0
cos (2 5.65 )
+
2
2
0.1125sin (2 5.65)
= 0.5625 + 0.5516 + 0.0220
x = 1.136 N/mm2 = 1
and
2 = 0.011 N/mm2
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21
Hence major principal plane is 5.65 clockwise and minor principal plane is 95.65 clockwise from the
vertical
5.65
1.136 N/mm
2
0.011 N/mm
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Deflection of Beams
T1 : Solution
C
2L
According to Maxwells reciprocal theorem,

Deflection at B due to load W at C = Deflection at C due to load W at B
W (2L )
W (2L )
R (2L )
+
L
3EI
2EI
3 EI
3
Deflection of B in beam ABC = 1 =
2 =
R(2L)
48 EI
1 = 2
W (2L )
W (2L )
R (2L )
+
L
3EI
2EI
3 EI
3
=
R =
R(2L)
48 EI
28
W
17
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( )
3
23
14 WL
28 8L
2 = 1 = B = W
=
51 EI
17 48EI
By area-moment method, considering,hogging bending moment to be negative & sagging bending
moment to be positive
2RL
EI
+
A
3wL
EI
wL
EI
2L
1 2RL
1 (3 wL + wL )
2L
B = 2 EI 2L 2
EI
12 wL2
56 wL2 4 wL2
=
17EI
17 EI
EI
ve sign closckwise
T2 : Solution
Using strain energy method, we can obtain the final distance between AA.
Since no load is acts at AA. Hence apply pseudo load Q at ends A.
Taking outer face as reference.
Total strain energy,
U = 2 UAC + 2 UBC + UCC

a
(Qy )2 dy Q 2 y 3
=
2E I
6 E I 0
UAC =
UAC =
Q 2a3
6E I
2
2a ( Py ) dy
UBC =
UBC =
4 P 2a3
3E I
UCC =
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2E I
a [(Qa
2a
P 2y 3
=
6 E I 0
+ 2 Pa)]2 d x
(Qa + 2 Pa)2
[ x ]a0
=
2E I
2E I
24
UCC =
(Qa + 2 Pa)2
a
2E I
Total strain energy,
U = 2 UAC + 2 UBC + UCC

=
2 Q 2a 3 2 4 P 2a 3 (Qa + 2 Pa)2 a
+
+
6E I
3E I
2E I
2 Q 2a3 16 P 2a 3 3a (Q 2a2 + 4 P 2a2 + 4 PQ a2 )

+
+
=
6E I
6E I
6E I
U =
U
Q
28 P 2a 3 + 5Q 2a 3 + 12 PQa 3
6E I
10Qa3 + 12 Pa3
6E I
12 Pa3 2 Pa3
U
=
=
Q Q = 0
6E I
EI
Thus, final distance by which AA moves away from each other is
2 Pa 3
.
EI
T3 : Solution
Let Sx be the shear force at a distance x from the fixed end
dSx
dx
At free end,
Shear force is 0
L2 x2
= w = q0
2
L
Sx =
q0 2
x3
L
x
+C
3 1
L2
i.e., x = L
2
q0 L
3
C1 =
Sx = q0 x + q0
x3 2
+ q0L
3L2 3
Let Mx be the moment at a distance x from the fixed end
dMx
dx
= Sx = q0 x + q0
Mx =
q0 x 2
+ q0
x3
2
+ q0L
3
3L
2
x4
2
+ q0Lx + C2
2
12L 3
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25
Workbook
At free end, i.e.,
Moment is 0
x = L
2
q L
C2 = 0
Mx =
q0 x 4
12L2
q0 x 2 2
q L2
+ q0Lx 0
2
3
4
Applying double integration method

EI
d2 y
dx2
EI
dy
= 0 at fixed end, i.e, x = 0
dx
q0 x 5
60L2
where y is the deflection of beam with x distance
q0 x 3 q0 L x2 q0L2 x
+
+ C3
6
3
4
C3 = 0
q0 x 6 q0 x 4 q0 Lx 3 q0 L2 x 2
+ C4
EI (y) =
24
9
8
360L2
C4 = 0
y = 0 at fixed end, i.e., x = 0
dy
dx
= Mx,
(E I) y =
q0 x 6 q0 x 4 q0 L x 3 q0 L2 x 2
24
9
8
360L2
Deflection at free end. Put x = L
y =
19 q0 L4
360 EI
T4 : Solution
The beam will deflect as
Vertical deflection at C,
= 1 + 2
1 = Deflection due to moment in BC
1 =
ML2 L2
=
2E I 2E I
L
B
C
C
1
2
2 = Deflection due to moment in AB

LH
MH
L =
EI
EI
= 1 + 2
2 =
L2 LH
+
2E I
EI
L L
+H
E I 2
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26
T5 : Solution
P
MX
x is taken from the free end of the stepped cantilever

Mx = Px
0 < x
L
2
x
P
MX
MX = 2Px P
L
< x L
2
x
If EI is flexural rigidity of BC, then 8EI is the flexural rigidity of AB

( depth of AB is twice that of BC)
Using moment-area method
Deflection at D = Area of shaded region 1 centroid of
shaded region 1 about point D + Area of shaded region
2 centroid of shaded region 2 about point D.
PL
16PL
+
L 16EI 16EI 13L

1
+
=
=
PL
4 2 3 3PL
24
+
16EI 16EI
Centroid of region (2) from point D
PL
2EI
3PL
16EI
PL
16EI
1
A
B
L/2
L/4
C
L/4
M/EI diagram
2PL PL
L 2EI + 4EI 5L
=
=
4 3 PL + PL 36
2EI 4EI
Now deflection at point D is equal moment of area of
PL
4EI
M
diagram between fixed end and D about D.
EI
L/2 3PL
PL 13
L PL PL 5
+
L+
+
2 16EI 16EI 24
4 2 2EI 4EI 36
3 PL3
PL3
= 0.0469
64 EI
EI
Copyright
Bending & Shear

Stresses in Beams
T1 : Solution
The condition given in the above problem is that the beam has same value of maximum bending stress for
both UDL and concentrated load.
max =
Mmax
ymax
I
Now for a particular beam max is directly proportional to Mmax

Case 1. For UDL
w/unit length
A
wl
2
Mx =
BM will be maximum at
x =
Mmax =
Copyright
wl
2
wl
wx2
x
2
2
l
2
wl l wl 2 wl 2

=
2 2 8
8
28
Case 2. For concentrated load P

P
A
P/2
P/2
l
Mx =
BM will be maximum at
x =
Mmax =
P
x
2
l
2
P l Pl
=
2 2 4
Now for same bending steress, Mmax for both cases should be equal.
Pl
wl 2
=
4
8
wl
P =
2
... (1)
Strain energy for UDL case

x
w/unit length
wl
2
wl
2
U =
UAB
M2dx
2EI
2
wl
wx 2
x
= l 2
2
0
2EI
UAB =
UAB =
w2
l x x2
4
2EI
dx
dx
w2 l 2 2
l x + x 4 2l x3 dx
8EI 0
UAB
w 2 l 2 x 3 x 5 2l x 4
+
=
8EI 3
5
4
0
UAB =
w 2 l 5 l 5 2l 5
+
8EI 3 5
4
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Workbook
UAB =
w2 20l 5 + 12l 5 30l 5
8EI
60
UAB =
w2 2 5
l
8EI 60
UAB =
w2 l 5
240EI
29
... (2)
Strain energy for concentrated load case

P
A
P/2
P/2
l
UAB = UAC + UCB
UAB = UAC + UAC
UAB = 2UAC
[ loading is symmetrical UAC = UCB]
P
x dx
=
l/2 2
2
0
2EI
UAB
UAB = 2
UAB =
2 2
l/ 2 P x
0
8EI
dx
P2 l / 2 2
x dx
4EI 0
l/2
P2 x3
=

4EI 3 0
UAB
2
3
UAB = P l
UAB =
w2l 2 l 3
4 4EI 24
UAB =
w2 l 5
384EI
[from (1) we have P = wl ]

2
4EI 24
[UAB ]UDL
[UAB ]CL
w2 l 5 /240EI
2 5
w l /384EI
... (3)
=
384 8
= = 1.6
240 5
Strain energy when beam is loaded with UDL is 1.6 times the strain energy when beam is loaded with
concentrated load.
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30
T2 : Solution
I =
1
3
3
100 ( 200 ) 90 (180 ) = 22.93 106 mm4
12
F =
M 80 kN-m
=
= 80 kN
1m
x
The maximum shear stress occurs at the Neutral axis.
q max =
=
F
Ay
Ib
80 10 3
22.93 10 6 ( 2 5)
[100 10 95 + 2 90 5 45]
= 47.27 N/mm2
T3 : Solution
MB
72 kN
= 0
RA (2.3) 72 (1.5) = 0
RA = 46.96 kN
Shear force at section x x
= 46.96 kN
For a constant width of section, shear stress increases as the
RB
RA
section moves closer to centre of gravity of the section. (Top or
bottom of section)
So, from extremes the shear stress will increase from 0 to some value till the width increases suddenly,
which will result in a sudden drop.
After that the shear stress will start increasing again and will again witness a sudden drop with sudden
increase in width.
So, we need to find shear stress at three depths, when width changes suddenly,
Shear Stress, =
s ( A.y )
, B is the width of cross-section at the point of consideration
I.B
Calculating shear stress at a depth of 60 mm from the top fibre

Area above 60 mm depth till top,
A = 30 20 + 60 20 + 90 20 = 3600 mm2
Centroid of above area considered from mid-point,
y =
600 50 + 1200 30 + 1800 10

= 23.33 mm
3600
46.96 103 (3600 23.33 )
6
= 7.6 N / mm2
5.76 10 90
A = 30 20 + 60 20 = 1800 mm2
Copyright
Workbook
31

y =
600 50 + 1200 30
= 36.67 mm
1800
46.96 103 (1800 36.67 )

5.76 106 60
= 8.97 N / mm2

A = 30 20 = 600 mm2
y =
600 50
= 50 mm
600
46.96 103 (600 50 )

5.76 106 30
= 8.15 N / mm2
Hence, maximum shear stress on beam at section-xx is 8.97 N/mm2.
Copyright
Thick & Thin Cylinders

and Spheres
T1 : Solution
Due to temperature changes a pressure difference of P N/mm2 is created
Outer cylinder
Inner cylinder
hoop stress in outer cylinder,

h outer
pd
2 t outer
(tensile)
pd
2 t inner
(compressive)
hoop stress in innner cylinder,

h inner
It is a vessel so no longitudinal stresses will develop

Elongation in circumference of outer cylinder
=
outer
Circumference of outer
E
pd
d
pd2
=
2 t outer E
2E t outer
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Workbook
33
Elongation in diameter of outer cylinder

=
Elongation in circumference of outer cylinder
pd2
2E t outer
Similarly, reduction in radius of inner cylinder
pd2
pd2
+
2E t outer 2E t inner
Elongation in circumference of inner cylinder
pd2
2Et inner
= initial interference
2
p (100 )
2 2 105 2
p (100 )
2 2 105 2.5
= 0.25
p = 11.1 N/mm2
Hoop stress in outer cylinder = 277.5 N/mm2
Copyright
Torsion in Shafts & Springs
T1 : Solution
T G
= =
J r L
We know that
AB = AC + CB
TL
= GJ
CB = 1 = 3
T1 + T3 = T.
T1 L
G1 J1
T1 =
T3 L
G3 J3
T1 = 2T3
2T
3
T3 =
T
3
2TL
CB = 3G J
1 1
AC =
T (2L ) 2 TL
=
G2 J2 2G1 J1
2TL
2 TL
5TL
AB = 3G J + 2G J = 3G J
1 1
1 1
1 1
T
J
min =
1
min
T1 D
J1 2
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Workbook
35
2T D
TD
= 3J 2 = 3J
1
1
Alternative:
min =
TD
T3 D G1
= 6 J G G1
J3 2 G3
3 3
TD
TD
G1 =
3 J1
G1J1
T2 : Solution
At point D, 5kN and 8.66 kN load will be applied in negative
5 kNm
5 kN
y-axis and negative z-direction.
There will be no moment about x-axis a torsion of 5 kN-m
will be present about x-axis
A moment of 5 kN-m will be present about z-axis due to 5
kN load in negative y-axis.
8.66 kNm
A moment of 8.66 kN-m will be present about y-axis due to
8.66 kN load in negative z-axis.
Deflection due to bending in y-direction is neglected, so
there is no use of downward load 5 kN in y-direction and 5
8 kNm
kN moment about z-axis.
leftward deflection in z-direction = deflection due to point
load of 8.66 kN in z-direction + deflection due to moment of 8.66 kN about y-axis
z ( ) =
8.66 kN
PL3
ML2
+
3EIy 2EIy
8.66 103 3 103
3 2 105 4 108
8.66 106 3 103
2 2 105 4 108
= 1.46 mm
Coordinate of point S without consider torsion is ( 301.46 mm, 100 mm)
Rotation due to torsion, =
TL
5 106 3 103
= 0.000047 radians
=
GJ
8 104 ( 4 + 36 ) 108
SB is position of S after considering bending only.

SBT is position of S after considering bending and torsion both.
OB is position of O after bending only.
OBT is position of O after bending and torsion both.
tan =
tan =
Copyright
y-cordinate of SB y-cordinate of OB
z-cordinate of SB x-cordinate of OB
301.46 ( 1.46)
100 0
OB
SBT
SB
36
= 71.565 and = 0.000047 radians = 0.0027

Distance of between
OB & SBT = Distance between OB and SBT
Because location of OB will not change after torsion and cross-sectional dimensions remain unchanged
=
3002 + 1002 = 316.23 mm
y-coordinate of SBT =
=
z-coordinate SBT =
=
316.23 cos ( );
100.02 mm
316.23 sin ( ) 1.46
301.457 mm
T3 : Solution
The horizontal diameter NQ of ABC will rotate by some extent,
lets say by an angle , due to the Torque applied at B.
Extension in length of bars will be observed, which is
N
accompanied by an axial force P in each bar.
= 40
80 mm
due to the axial forces in each bar, a couple is produced
P
TC = P (80) N/mm
The elastic vertical bars tend to restrain angular rotation of C, so
this couple will act in opposite direction of Torque of 6000 N/m.
Angular rotation due to 6000 N-m, (torque applied) Angular rotation due to TC (couple induced)
= rotation of horizontal diameter NQ
TL AB TCL AC
GJ
GJ
TL AB TCL AC
GJ
GJ
PLMN
PLPQ
=
or
40 AEMN (40)
AEMN (40)
( TC / 80 )(1500 )
TC (1500)
=
80 103
804
(16 )2 2 105 40
32
4
6000 103 750
80 103
804
32
6000 103 750 (1500) TC =
6000 103 750 (1500) TC =
TC =
T C 1500 80 103
80
804
32
2
16) 2 105 40
(
4
1500 10
TC
4
6000 103
= 857.143 N / m
7
T (750) TC (1500)
= 0.01 radians
GJ
GJ
Copyright
Theory of Columns
T1 : Solution
Section modulus,
A =
100 2 752 = 3434.37 mm2

4
Z =
D4 d4
3
2
= 67.07 10 mm
32
D
P
50 10 3
= 14.55N / mm2
=
A
3434.37
Direct stress
Bending stress
M
50 10 3 100
= 74.55 N/ mm 2
=
Z
67.07 10 3
Maximum stress intensity

= 74.55 + 14.55 = 89.10 N/mm2
T2 : Solution
Pcr
A free body diagram of the entire system of two rigid bars is shown below
Take,
MA = 0
Hc 4a Fs 3a = 0
Hc 4a ka () 3a = 0
Hc =
A
Hc
3 ka()
4
Fs
Hc
C
Pcr
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38
Now, for the calculation of critical load, consider the free body diagram of
lower bar BC, shown below
Take,
MB = 0
Hc 2a Pcr 2a () ka () a = 0
Pcr
ka
=
4
FB
2a
B
Ka()
Hc
T3 : Solution
HB
C
Pcr
A =
Area,
I =
Moment of Inertia,
Radius of Gyration, k =
(202 162 ) = 113.097 cm2

4
(204 164 ) = 4637 cm2

64
I
= 41 cm
A
l
= 2.25 m
2
Effective length,
le =
Rankines Critical load
P =
P = 3510896 N
Pe =
Pe
Pe
P
550 106 113.097 104

2.252
1
1+
1600 41 104
2 94 109 4637 108

2E I
=
2.252
l2
= 8497666 N
Eulers critical load,
c A
l 2
1+ e2
8497666
= 2.42
3510896
Copyright

Strength of Materials - TYS Exp - 248

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Simple Stress-Strain &

Expansion of steel bars =

The temperature t should be raised such that a expansion of +

Remaining load will be carried by steel rod = W

from (i) and (ii), we get

P2 = P/2 and P1 = P/4

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

PAB LAB 50 103 1000

PBC LBC 50 103 1000

( i)) Normal force diagram

( ii)) Normal stress diagram

( iii)) Elongation/Displacement diagram

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

From above FBD, we have,

Putting these values in (i), we get

0.041 0.3 0.5

0.5 0.3 0.041

( iii)) Volumetric strain,

Shear Force and

12RB 120 9 80 6 + 480 = 0

Now, for maxima or minima,

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

Now the vertical deflection at B and C will be equal

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

B.M. will be zero, if

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

Mx(x from D) = 2.5wa x

Mmax ( at x = 3.5a) = 2.5wa (3.5a )

= ( 8.75 6.125 +15) wa2 = 0.125wa2

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

Again differentiating (ii), we get

on comparing with (iii), we get

We also know that,

= Loading rate (w)

and from equation (i),

we know, for simply supported beam carrying UDL

5 wL4 = 4[24 L3 + L4 + 1728L]

From equation (A),

From equation (A),

SFD and BMD:

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

For maximum moment,

Total distributed load =

Distance of centroid of distributed load from support D =

Assuming RB and RD to be the support reaction at B and D respectively

Equating value of RB from (i) and (ii), we get

480 + 24 (p + 20) = 1728

8640 72p 1440

Principal Stress-Strain &

Let normal principal stress in x and y direction are 1 and 2 respectively.

From eq. (i) and (ii)

(i) According the maximum shear stress theory

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

329.62 106 2 125.90 106 2 2 0.3 329.62 125.90 1012

Shear force in beam AB is given by

SAy 12 103 100 300 150

Note: Positive shear will produce negative shear stress element

Civil Engineering Strength of Materials

Now point can be considered as stress element shown below.

For direction of principal stresses, we have

Check: Principal stress normal to P1 = 5.65