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INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................ 2
MUTATIONS......................................................................................................... 2
MUTATIONS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES....................................................3
TYPES OF MUTATIONS...................................................................................... 3
RESULTS.......................................................................................................... 4
OPINION ABOUT MUTATIONS............................................................................ 5
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS........................................................................................ 6
HOW TRANSGENIC ANIMALS ARE CREATED.....................................................6
RESULTS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS................................................................6
OPINION ABOUT TRANSGENIC ANIMALS..........................................................7
ROLE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS TO PEOPLE AND THE WORLD...........................7
TRANSGENIC ANIMAL FOR HUMAN CONSUME..................................................7
BENEFITS FOR PEOPLE.................................................................................... 7
DISEASES THAT TRANSGENIC ANIMALS PRODUCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.......8
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS IN HEALTH.......................................................................8
INFLUENCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS IN THE WORLD........................................9
Advantages of transgenic animals...................................................................10
Disadvantages of transgenic animals...............................................................10
Development of animal models for studying human diseases............................10
The characteristics of an ideal animal model are:..............................................11
Use of genetically modified animals as organ donors for humans
xenotransplantation..................................................................................... 12
The main causes giving rise to the existence of immunological barriers in
xenotransplantation include:............................................................................12
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION
I am going to talk about transgenic animals. Transgenic animals are the topic which
is coming up these days. Transgenic animals are a high importance for everybody,
so in the future it will show us how to fight some diseases.
It is necessary to mention some objectives about this topic:
OBJECTIVES
- Identify each characteristic of some important sequences of gens we base
-
in genetic files.
Watch some diseases models that affect the people and create new drugs
and treatments.
Transgenic animals could be serving as a source of tissues and organs for
human transplant.
MUTATIONS
One of the most important discovering made by Science about gens was each one
of the reactions that this organism suffer and these are known as mutation or also
denominated change in the nucleotides sequence of DNA. The mutation is much
higher frequency into DNA, because of some agents to correct these problems in
the DNA.
On the other hand if a DNA sequence hasnt corrected against any present change
in the same, then the copy made in the DNA will be rewrite as a normal sequence,
searching a stable mutation during some generations. Mutants alleles exist in a
high percentage that dont have high tendency to the originals alleles to make a
mutation again.
While this process exists some not correct mutations are present during the event
and
these are
known
as
silence
mutations. There
are pernicious
mutations where two types of mutations are useful to make a correct survey. One
of the most important information is the vital importance that mutation has in the
evolution, to provide
variation
among
2) Acquired mutations.- are produced in the sexual genome cell and are not
transmitted to the heredity. Even though these are not heredity, acquired mutations
cause anomalies in the growth in cell that leads the cancer tumors formation,
metabolic disorders and other diseases. For example, the long exposition in the
ultraviolet light might cause acquired mutations in the skin cell which cause skin
cancer.
3) Silent or similar mutation.- This mutation does not perform or does not produce
any change in amino acid or organic molecule.
4) Substitution mutation bases. - These mutations occur by changing the location
of a pair of nitrogenous bases.
5) Transitional mutations .- these mutations are known as transitions, this mutation
is to replace one base pair by having same features or similarities, an example of
this mutation would accomplish when you want to change a couple of AT by TA or
CG .
6) Transversional Mutations. - These mutation is done to replace a base by another
base but other as a pair of AT by TA or CG.
7) Bleed mutations. - These mutations is to add or withdraw nucleotide pairs but
this process has a consequence since this tends to alter the length of the string.
For example if you add or base pairs that is not a multiple number three this would
tend to have serious problems because from that point all the information that is
being altered are removed.
8) Deletion of lost nucleotides mutation.- Here there are two types differ as the one
developed in sequence and another chain but the difference is simple; since the
nucleotide sequence in one nucleotide is lost while in the chain this gives us a
disadvantage is foreshortening a single unit.
RESULTS
Hypertrichosis
The Hypertrichosis is a genetic disease much more strange and less frequent than
the last, affecting only a one of each one thousand millions of people, knowing just
fifty cases register since the Middle Age until today. The most evident symptoms
are: an extreme facial hair, ears, shoulder and the body zones.
Progeria
The Progeria is basically the premature aging in children between one and two
years, which develops fast, sharply and accelerating the organism aging. Also
known as Hutchison-Gilford Progeria, this weird genetic mutation produces the
death between twelve and thirteen years old, because of diseases related with old
ages, even though in some cases individual live until twenty years old.
Syndrome of Proteus
It is a genetic condition in bones, skin and other tissues of body, causing excessive
increase in the skin and bone structure abnormal development. One of the known
cases is the cruelly named elephant man, who suffers from a condition
considered in conjunction with neurofibromatosis type one that affects the
development of neural tissues, leading to numerous tumors in the body.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
This disease is commonly known as "bubble boy syndrome". The disease is
related after the film The boy in the plastic of 1976, which was inspired by a true
story: the life of David Vetter who was the best known of the strange SCID case
lived for thirteen years in a large plastic bubble that its air filtered and eliminated
any pathogen as suffering from this condition, her immune system was completely
ineffective, that is to say, a genetic disease that the body becomes totally
vulnerable, unable even to breathe without taking deadly risks.
in the zygote cover. Once we are sure the embryo was incorporated, the transgene
we implant the embryo in a receptive animal and acts like a mother.
One of the clearest examples of transgenic animals include knockout mice are
more experimental animals used in biomedical for easy handling and fast playback.
At present, it has versions of knockout mice of about 10,000 genes, of which about
500 are animal models of human diseases.
Phosphorescent rabbit
Super mouse
The real and potential applications that transgenic animals contributed are
multiples. First, they get better the basic searching, that makes it easy a higher
understanding about mechanisms working and control of gens. Second, they
benefit the animal production, allowing the obtaining of more growing with less
energy consume. Likewise, they allow to modified specifically some
characteristics of food product, as milk, making them more suitable for human
consume or more easily transformable for the industry. Their application
reaches also the sanity toppy, so that the trans-genesis makes the animal
models developing easily for the study of human or animal diseases, and it
helps in the understanding of so important mechanism like the proliferation and
the cells different.
DISEASES THAT TRANSGENIC ANIMALS PRODUCE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
1.
2.
3.
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quantity of medicine that we can obtain from these animals. Other case
corresponds to the development of pigs more ecological genetically modified.
These animals show benefits for the environment in the feces and urine less levels
of phosphorous.
The phosphorous excreted by animals produce new changes in seaweed, in
lakes and rivers that deplete the oxygen creating wide lands without fish or aquatic
organism. Although transgenic animals dont exist in supermarkets, there are
transgenic goats that generate an anticoagulant protein in udders, this product is
the first medicine produce in transgenic animals and it is approved by regulatory
agencies of Europe and USA.
Advantages of transgenic animals
Know the details of how disease genes are the key to find better treatments,
therapies and diagnostic procedures.
Resistance to diseases
Use as bioreactors, that is, the result of obtaining large quantities of a biological
product
Testing of vaccine safety and chemicals
They allow studying the development of diseases in longer periods of time and
therefore more realistic.
Disadvantages of transgenic animals
New proteins expressed when genes are inserted from other species can trigger
allergic or hypersensitivity reactions in some people
Few fetuses survive
Multiple integration (tandem or not)
Place indefinite integration (position effect)
Methylation and lack of expression
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For some diseases, Knockout mice are good models, but mice and humans differ
significantly in their anatomy, physiology and lifestyle, so using the mouse as a
genetic model has shown some limitations to the study of many human characters.
Farm animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle, may be more appropriate models to
avoid some problems, such as the requirement for longer periods in the study of
many human diseases observation. Transgenic pigs were used as experimental
study model of retinitis pigments.
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