GENERAL

IDcsg : Casing Inner Diameter

ODcsg: Casing Outer Diameter
BH Fluid : Borehole Fluid
h
: Bed Thic
Thickness
Thickness
hcmt : Cement Thic
Thickness
hcsg : Casing Wall Thic

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GEN-2b (Depth - Temperature - Geothermal Gradient)

Applications:

Determination of geothermal gradient and temperature at a given depth

Nomenclature: Tms
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Td .
gG

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mean surface temperature

depth
temperature at depth d
geothermal gradient

Given:

Tms = 60F
T15,000 = 290F

Find:

gG and T10,000

Procedure:

Since Tms = 60F , use the second row of Temperature axis labels below the chart. Enter the chart from
the 290F Point on this row, projecting vertically into the chart. From the 15,000-ft point on the Depth
axis, project horizontally into the chart. Using the point of intersection of the two projections, interpolate
between the 1.4F/100-ft. and 1.6F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve to find that the geothermal
gradient is about 1.53F/100-ft. Construct the 1.53F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve by drawing a
line passing through the upper left corner of the chart and the previously found intersection point.
To find T10,000, enter the chart at 10,000-ft on the Depth axis. Project horizontally into the chart to the
1.53F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve, then vertically to the Temperature axis. From the second row
of Temperature axis labels, estimate the temperature yo be 213F.

Answer:

gG = 1.53F/100 ft and T10,000 = 213F

Notes:

gG and Td can be calculated with the following equations:

Td2 - Td1
gG = 100

d2 - d1
Td = Tms + 0.01 (Gd)

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GEN-3 (Rmf and Rmc Estimation from Rm)

Applications:

Determination of mud filtrate and mudcake resistivities from mud resistivity and mud density

Nomenclature: Rm . . .
Rmc . . .
Rmf . . .
m . . .
Km . . .
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mud resisitivity
mudcake resistivity
mud filtrate resistivity
mud density
constant which depends upon mud density

Rm = 1.2 ohmm

m = 13 lb/gal

Find:

Rmf and Rmc

Procedure:

Enter the chart at 1.2 ohmm on the Rm axis. Project vertically to the 13 lb/gal Rmf curve (solid) and the
13 lb/gal Rmc curve (dashed). From the Rmf curve, project horizontally to the Rmf axis, there estimating
Rmf to be 0.6 ohmm From the Rmc curve, project horizontally to the Rmc axis, there estimating Rmc to
be 2.6 ohmm

Answer:

Rmf = 0.6 ohmm and Rmc = 2.6 ohmm.

Notes:

You can calculate Rmf and Rmc from the following equations:
1.07
Rmf = Km Rm

Rmc = 0.69 Rmf

Rm 2.65

Rmf

where you obtain Km from the table below.

Mud Density

References:

(lb/gal)

(kg/m3)

Km

10

1198

0.847

11

1318

0.708

12

1438

0.584

13

1558

0.488

14

1678

0.412

16

1917

0.380

18

2157

0.350

Overton, W.L., and Lipson, L.B., A Correlation of Electrical Properties of Drilling Fluids With Solid
Content, AIME, 213, 332-336 (1958).

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GEN-4 (Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from Ionic Concentrations)

Applications:

Determination of the equivalent NaCl concentration of a solution when ions other than Na and Cl are
present (requires information from a chemical analysis of the solution)

Nomenclature: CX . . . . . . . . . actual concentration of ion X in a solution

CNaCl-eq.X . . . . . equivalent NaCl concentration of ion X in a solution
CNaCl-eq . . . . . . total equivalent NaCl concentration of all ions in a solution
Given:

A solution with the following ionic concentrations:

CNa = 25,900 ppm
CCa = 14,400 ppm
CMg = 11,700 ppm
CCl = 100,150 ppm

Find:

CNaCl-eq for the solution

Procedure:

For each ion, you must find the appropriate multiplier by which you will multiply that ions concentration
to obtain its equivalent NaCl concentration. You will then add the equivalent NaCl concentrations for
all the ions to obtain the total equivalent NaCl concentration for the solution.
The multipliers for Na and Cl are both 1. You will use the chart to find the multipliers for Ca and Mg.
To determine where to enter the chart, add the concentrations of the four ions present to obtain a total
ion concentration of 152,150-ppm. Enter the chart at 152-kppm on the Total Solids Concentration axis.
Project vertically to the Mg and Ca curves. From the Mg curve, project horizontally to the Multiplier
axis, there estimating the multiplier for Mg to be -0.10. From the Ca curve, project horizontally to
Multiplier axis, there estimating the multiplier for Ca to be 0.55.
To calculate the equivalent NaCl concentration of the solution, multiply the ionic concentrations by the
appropriate multipliers and add the results.
Ion X

Cx
(ppm)

Multiplier

Na

25,900

Ca

14,400

0.55

7,920

Mg

11,700

-0.10

-1,170

Cl

100,150

100,150

Solution Total

152,150

CNaCl-eq.X
(ppm)
25,900

132,800

Answer:

CNaCl-eq = 132,800 ppm.

References:

Desai, K.P., and Moore, E.J., Equivalent NaCl Determination from Ionic Concentrations, The Log
Analyst, May-June, 1969.

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GEN-5 (Resisitivity-Salinity-Temperature Conversions of NaCl Solutions)

Applications:

1. Determination of the resistivity of a solution at a given temperature when the solutions NaCl
concentration is known, and vice versa
2. Determination of the resistivity of an NaCl solution at a given temperature when its resistivity at
another temperature is known

Nomenclature: Rw

. . . . . . . . . water resistivity

Example 1
Given:

Water with an NaCl concentration of 10,000 ppm

Find:

Rw @ 300F

Procedure:

Enter the chart at 300F on the lower Temperature axis. Project vertically to the 10,000-ppm NaCl curve,
then horizontally to the right-hand Resistivity axis, there estimating Rw to be 0.14 ohmm.

Answer:

Rw = 0.14 ohmm @ 300F

Example 2
Given:

Rw = 0.7 ohmm @ 200F

Find:

Rw at 100F

Procedure:

Enter the chart at 0.7 ohmm on the right-hand Resistivity axis. Project horizontally to the 200F line.
The point of intersection lies on the 3,000-ppm Salinity curve. Follow the 3,000-ppm Salinity curve until
it intersects the 100F line, then project horizontally to the left-hand Resistivity axis, there estimating Rw
to be 1.4 ohmm.

Answer:

Rw = 1.4 ohmm @ 100F

Notes:

Although less accurate, you can use the following equation to approximate such temperature-induced
changes in the resistivity of an NaCl solution.

T1 + k

T2 + k

R2 = R1
where

Reference:

k = 6.77 when T1 and T2 are expressed in F

k = 21.5 when T1 and T2 are expressed in C

Arps, J.J., The Effects of Temperature on the Density and Electrical Resistivity of Sodium Chloride
Solutions, Trans. AIME, (1953) 198, 327-330.

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GEN-6 (Formation Resistivity Factor versus Porosity)

Applications:

Determination of formation resistivity factor for a given porosity and rock type (or formation factor
coefficient and cementation exponent)

Nomenclature: F . . .
a ...
m ...
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formation resistivity factor

formation factor coefficient
cementation exponent
porosity

Given:

a=1
m = 1.8
= 20%

Find:

Procedure:

Enter the chart at 20% on the left-hand Porosity axis. Project horizontally to the m = 1.8 curve, then
vertically to the upper F axis, there estimating F to be 18.

Answer:

F = 18

Note:

In general, you can calculate F from

F=

For granular or sandstone formations, use the Humble Equation:

F=

0.62

2.15

or
F=

0.81

For carbonate formations, use

1

F=

or, more generally,

F=

For low porosity carbonate formations, use the Bigelow Equation:

F=

0.62

(2.05 - )

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GEN-7 (Gas Density Estimation for Methane, CH4: Function of Temperature

and Pressure)

Applications:

Approximation of the density, apparent density, and hydrogen index of methane, given its temperature
and pressure

Nomenclature: Tg . .
Pg . .
g . .
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IH . .

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gas temperature
gas pressure
gas density
apparent gas density (electron density)
hydrogen index of the gas

Given:

Tg = 250F
Pg = 6,400 psi

Find:

g, ga, and IH

Procedure:

Enter the chart at 6.4 kpsi on the lower Pressure axis. Project vertically to a point midway between 200F
and 300F curves. This approximates a point on the 250F curve. From this point, project left to the
Gas Density axis, there estimating g to be 0.26 g/cc. Then project to the right to the Apparent Gas
Density (ga) and Hydrogen Index (IH) axis, there estimating ga to be 0.158 g/cc and IH to be 0.5725.

Answer:

g = 0.26 g/cc, ga = 0.158 g/cc, and IH = 0.5725.

Notes:

You can calculate

ga and IH from the following equations:

ga = 1.33 g - 0.188
IH = 2.2