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Load /(Force)
Area of Crosssection
Force Applied
Linear density
The unit of mass stress therefore becomes grams weight per denier or grams weight per
tex. Here again abbreviations are used (g/denier or g/tex).
4. Tenacity or the Specific Strength: The tenacity of a material is defined as the mass stress
at break. The units are same as those of mass stress i.e. g/tex, g/den. An alternative term
for tenacity is specific strength.
5. Breaking Length: The breaking length is the length of the specimen which will just break
under its own weight when hung vertically. Naturally we do not build tall towers in order
to measure this breaking length but calculate it from the results of tests or short lengths.
The expression of strength in terms of breaking length is useful for comparing the
strength of different fibre structures e.g. for comparing single fibre strength with the yarn
strength. The unit of breaking length is kilometers. The other unit for breaking length is
RKM. RKM stands for Reiss Kilometre in German and Resistance Kilometrique in
French. RKM means kilometers of yarn for break.
6. Strain: When a load is applied to a linear specimen such as fibre or yarn the specimen
stretches or elongates. The amount of this elongation will vary with original length of the
specimen. The strain is the term used to relate the elongation with initial length.
Strain=
Elongation
Initial length
Elongation
x 100
Initial length
9. Load Elongation Curve: An extremely important curve is produced when the load on a
specimen is plotted against the elongation. This curve describes the behavior of a
specimen from zero load and elongation up to breaking point.
From a close study of this curve very important information can be obtained such as
initial youngs modulus, work of rupture, yield point etc.
produced by relatively smaller increase in stress and most of this stretch is irrecoverable.
This bending or yield region is located by the yield point; which is determined
geometrically. The point at which, the tangent to the curve is parallel to the line joining
the origin and the breaking point is taken as the yield point.
The yield point can be defined in terms of yield strain or stress. Alternative terms for
yield point are limit of proportionality and elastic limit.
12. The Work of rupture: This is a measure of toughness of the material (see Fig. below).
The work of rupture and work factor: (a) Work of rupture = area OAB;
(b) Work factor > ; (c) Work factor <
Work of rupture is the energy or work required to break the material. The area under the
load elongation curve represents the work done in stretching the specimen to breaking
point and therefore the units of the work of rupture will be the units of work e.g. gram
centimeters.
Work of rupture
If we consider a fibre under load F, increasing its length by an amount dl, we have
Work done = force x displacement = F x dl
= work of rupture =
F x dl
Work (energy)
mass/length x length
Force x length
mass/length x length
Force
mass/length
= Nm / kg (SI system)
= N / tex
Direct
N / denier
system
13. Work Factor : If the fibre had obeyed Hooks law the load elongation curve would be a
straight line and the work of rupture would be given by :
Work of rupture = (breaking load x breaking elongation)
The actual curve differs from this ideal curve. It is therefore, convenient to define a
quantity the work factor to show the difference from the ideal state.
T h e work factor=
Work of rupture
breaking load x breaking extension
Work factor
In the ideal state the work factor will be 0.5. If the load elongation curve lies mainly
above the straight line, the work factor is more than 0.5 and it below the straight line,
work factor is less than 0.5.
14. Elastic recovery: Elastic recovery may be defined as that property of a body by which it
tends to recover to its original size and shape after deformation. The power of recovery
from a given extension may be expressed by the term elastic recovery value.
Elastic recovery =
Elastic extension
Total extension
For example:
Elastic recovery
If the original specimen length was AB and this has been stretched to a length AD. The
total extension is BD. After removal of the load the length may become AC. The length
CD is thus the elastic extension.
Therefore,
CD
Elastic recovery =
BD
Perfectly elastic materials have an elastic recovery of 1.0.while materials without any
power of recovery (plastic or viscous material) will have a recovery of 0. The fibres will
have a value of elastic recovery between 0 to 1.The elastic recovery can also be expressed
as percentage.
Elastic recovery values are affected by several factors such as time allowed for
recovery, the moisture in the specimen, and the total extension used in the test.
Therefore, in order to make comparison between the different materials it is necessary to
specify the conditions under which the elastic recovery is determined.
Stress-strain curves
Comparison of the two stress-strain curves in the figure below would result in conclusions
similar to the following:
Fiber A is stronger than fiber B and should be able to carry more load - the tenacity of fiber A is
greater than the tenacity of fiber B.
Fiber A is stiffer than fiber B and should be more resistant to initial deformation - the modulus
(slope of the curve) of fiber A is greater than the modulus of fiber B.
Fiber B is more extensible than fiber A and should absorb large deformations more readily - the
extension to break is greater for fiber B than for fiber A.
The fibers appear to be equivalent in energy-absorbing capacity, but fiber B would probably be a
better candidate for seat belt webbing; the area under both curves appear to be equal, but fiber B
is more extensible.
Fiber A is more elastic than fiber B - the yield point in curve A is more pronounced than the yield
point in curve B.
Figure: Stress-Strain Curves Comparison