Chemistry Form 4

PELANGI

Laboratory Guide for Teachers

1

Activity 3.2
Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter

Guided
Experiment 1.1

Scientific method

1. Remind students to add a little salt at a time into

the beaker. Make sure that all the salt added is
dissolved before any salt is added again.

The Structure of the Atom

Chapter

Activity 2.1

Diffusion

1. Remind students that liquid bromine is toxic.

2. Make sure that students carry out the activity in
a fume chamber.
3. Use pure liquid bromine.
4. 1 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) solution is
prepared by dissolving 158 g of solid potassium
manganate(VII) in distilled water and then make
up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3.
Activity 2.2

The melting and freezing points of

naphthalene

2. Make sure that the entire thermometer bulb is

submerged into the molten naphthalene and
does not touch the bottom or walls of the test
tube.
3. Remind students to stir the molten naphthalene
continuously with thermometer throughout the
activity.

Chemical Formulae and Equations

Chapter

Activity 3.1

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until a
saturated solution is obtained. Then filter the
solution to remove the excess calcium hydroxide
powder.
2. 0.2 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared
by dissolving 66.2 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.
3. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepared
by dissolving 33.2 g of solid potassium iodide in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.
4. In Activity A,
(a) make sure that the test tube is clamped
horizontally.
(b) after heating, immediately disconnect the
delivery tube so that the liquid is not sucked
back into the hot test tube. The cold liquid
will crack the test tube.

Empirical formula

Periodic Table of Elements

Chapter

PEKA

1. Remind students that the level of naphthalene

in the boiling tube should be below the level of
water in the beaker.

Chemical equations

Chemical properties of Group 1

elements

1. Use a pair of forceps to hold solid lithium, sodium

or potassium and cut them using a knife. Do
not touch these alkali metals with bare hands
because they are very reactive.
2. Small pieces of lithium, sodium or potassium
that are removed from the paraffin oil in a bottle
must be dried using filter paper before they are
used.
3. Oxygen gas is prepared by adding a small amount
of manganese(IV) oxide powder (catalyst) into
hydrogen peroxide solution (10 volumes) in a flatbottomed flask. Oxygen gas is collected in a gas
jar by downward displacement of water.
4. Remind students to stand further away from the
water trough when solid potassium is placed on
the surface of the water because a very vigorous
reaction will occur.

1. Use an electronic balance that measures to the

nearest 0.01 g.
2. Make sure that students remove the oxide
layer on the surface of the magnesium ribbon
by rubbing it using a piece of sandpaper.

LG 1

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PELANGI

Chemistry Form 4

PEKA

Chemical properties of Group 17

elements

1. Remind students that chlorine gas and bromine

vapour are very poisonous. When accidentally
contacted, the liquid bromine can cause lesions
on the skin.
2. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing
concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid
potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in
a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask.
3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.
4. Once the reaction between iron wool and halogen
vapour starts in Activity B, heating is stopped
because the reaction produces a lot of heat
energy which can keep the reaction going.
Guided

Experiment 4.1

Properties of the oxides of

lements in Period 3
e

Chemical Bonds

Chapter

Activity 5.1

Preparation of ionic compounds

1. Magnesium ribbon must be cleaned using

sandpaper before it is used in order to remove
the oxide layer on its surface.
2. The oil on the surface of the sodium granule must
be dried by rolling it on a piece of filter paper
before it is used.
3. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixing
concentrated hydrochloric acid with solid
potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in
a conical flask or flat-bottomed flask. Chlorine
gas evolved is collected in a gas jar by upward
displacement of air.
4. Iron filings must be in dry condition before it is
used.

1. Sulphur dioxide gas can be prepared by heating a

mixture of solid sodium sulphite and dilute nitric
acid.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
3
2. 2 mol dm nitric acid is prepared by diluting
130 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.
4. In Activity B, only a small amount of aluminium
oxide powder and silicon(IV) oxide powder are
used in each test.

Activity 5.2 Properties of ionic and covalent

compounds

Activity 4.2

Chapter

Colours of transition element

compounds

1. When dissolving the crystals in water, use only

a small amount of crystals and dissolve them in
5 cm3 of distilled water, filter the solution if a
clear solution is not obtained.
2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by
diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with
distilled water to form 1 dm3 solution.
3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
water to form 1 dm3 solution.
4. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution is
added slowly, drop by drop, until a precipitate
appears.

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1. In Activity A, only a small amount of magnesium

chloride or diethyl ether is dissolved in 5 cm3 of
water or cyclohexane.
2. In Activity C, carbon electrodes must be cleaned
using sandpaper before they are used.
3. In Activity C, the heating of liquid naphthalene
must be controlled so that the temperature of
the liquid naphthalene does not rise too high
because the vapour of naphthalene evolved is
easily burnt when ignited.

Electrochemistry

Activity 6.1

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes

1. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
distilled water to make a 1 dm3 solution.
2. The glucose solution is prepared by dissolving
90g of glucose in distilled water and then make
up the volume of the solution to 1 dm3.
3. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is
prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
4. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper
before they are used.
5. Make sure that the students do not heat the
naphthalene strongly after the naphthalene
melts because its vapour catches fire easily.

LG 2

 Chemistry Form 4

PELANGI

Activity 6.2 Electrolysis of molten lead(II)

bromide

Guided
Experiment 6.5

1. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

before they are used.
2. Make sure that the students carry out the activity
in a fume chamber.
3. Remind the students that bromine vapour is
toxic.

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.

Activity 6.3

Guided
Experiment 6.6

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate

solution and dilute sulphuric acid
using carbon electrodes

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
2. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
3. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper
before they are used.
Guided

Experiment 6.4

Purification of metals

2. Remind students to clean the copper plates with

sandpaper before they are used.

Electroplating of metals

1. 1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 250 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
2. Remind students to clean the copper strip and
iron spoon using sandpaper before they are
used.
3. Remind students to maintain a constant 0.2 A of
current throughout the experiment by adjusting
the current using the rheostat.
4. Make sure that the entire spoon is submerged
in the electrolyte.

Factors that determine the

selective discharge of ions at
electrodes during the electrolysis
of an aqueous solution

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 24.2 g of solid Cu(NO 3)2.3H2O in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.
2. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared
by dissolving 14.2 g of solid sodium sulphate in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.
3. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water to make a 1 dm 3
solution.
4. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 1 cm3 of 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid
with distilled water to make a 2 dm3 solution.
5. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is
prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4.5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
6. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper
before they are used.
7. Use an electronic balance that measures to the
nearest 0.01 g.

Guided
Experiment 6.7

The simple voltaic cell

1. 1 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution is prepared

by dissolving 58.5 g of solid sodium chloride in
distilled water and then make up the volume of
the solution to 1 dm3.
2. Make sure that the students clean the copper
plate and magnesium ribbon with sandpaper
before they are used.
Guided
Experiment 6.8

The construction of electrochemical

series based on potential
differences between metals

1. 0.1 mol dm 3 copper(II) sulphate solution is

prepared by dissolving 25 g of solid CuSO4. 5H2O
in distilled water and then make up the volume
of the solution to 1 dm3.
2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric
acid before it is used.
3. Clean other metals with sandpaper before they
are used.

8. Remind the students to dry the electrodes before

weighing the electrodes.

LG 3

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PELANGI

Chemistry Form 4

Guided

Experiment 6.9

The construction of electrochemical

series based on the principle of
displacement of metals

1. The solutions should be prepared as follows:

(a) 242 g dm3 Cu(NO3)2.3H2O
(b) 331 g dm3 lead(II) nitrate
(c) 180 g dm3 iron(II) nitrate
(d) 189 g dm3 zinc nitrate
(e) 148 g dm3 magnesium nitrate
2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric
acid before it is used.
3. Clean the other metals with sandpaper before
they are used.

Acids and Bases

The role of water in showing the

properties of acids

1. Make sure that the glacial ethanoic acid is

completely dry. This can be done by adding a
little ethanoic anhydride, (CH3CO)2O to a bottle of
glacial ethanoic acid a day before the experiment
(1 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride to 100cm3 of glacial
ethanoic acid).
2. Glacial ethanoic acid is corrosive. Be careful
when handling it.
3. 2 mol dm 3 aqueous ethanoic acid can be
prepared by diluting 116 cm3 of glacial ethanoic
acid in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3
solution.
4. Ethanoic acid in dry propanone is prepared by
dissolving 116 cm3 of glacial etanoic acid in dry
propanone and then make it to 1 dm3 solution.
5. Make sure that the blue litmus paper used is
dry.
Guided

Experiment 7.1

The pH values and molarity of acids

and alkalis

1. 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 8.5 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3 solution.
2. 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid
with distilled water and then make it to 500cm3
solution.
3. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
500 cm3 solution.
4. 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it
500 cm3 solution.

Chapter

PEKA

PEKA

The role of water in showing the

properties of alkalis

1. Barium hydroxide powder must be dried in an

oven and then kept in a desiccator before it is
used.
2. Make sure that the red litmus paper used is
dry.

5. 0.00001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
500 cm3 solution.
6. 0.1 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of solid sodium
hydroxide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm3
solution.
7. 0.01 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and make it to 500 cm3 solution.
8. 0.001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
9. 0.0001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
10. 0.00001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is
prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 of 0.0001 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide solution with distilled water
and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.
Activity 7.2 Acid-base titration
1. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
5.5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is
prepared by dissolving 11.2 g of solid potassium
hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3 solution.

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LG 4

 Chemistry Form 4

3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by

dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3
of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then
added and the mixture is shaken well.
4. Remind students that burette readings must be
read to the accuracy of 0.05 cm3.

4. 0.5 mol dm3 barium nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 130.5 g of solid barium nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
5. 0.5 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared
by dissolving 161 g of hydrated sodium sulphate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

PEKA

Salts

Chapter

Activity 8.1 Preparation of a soluble salt from the

reaction of an acid with an alkali
1. 2 mol dm hydrochloric acid is prepared by
diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1dm3 solution.
3

2. 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution is

prepared by dissolving 112.0 g of solid potassium
hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to
1 dm3 solution.
3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by
dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3
of 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 of distilled water is then
added and the mixture is shaken well.
4. Burette readings must be read to the accuracy
of 0.05 cm3.
Activity 8.2 Preparation of a soluble salt from the
reaction of an acid with a metal oxide
1. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting
130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. Remind students to warm the dilute nitric acid
as this will speed up the reaction between nitric
acid and copper(II) oxide.

PELANGI

Construction of ionic equations using

the continuous variation method

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is
prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium
chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to
1dm3 solution.
3. Make sure that all the seven test tubes used are
of the same size, diameter and height.
4. Measure the height of the precipitate to one
decimal place in cm.

Activity 8.4

Action of heat on carbonate and

nitrate salts

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until the
powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the
solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime
water.
2. The heating of carbonate and nitrate salts must
be done with a very strong flame.
3. Remind students that the test tube containing
solid must be held horizontally during heating.
4. Make sure that students wet the litmus paper
with water before using it to test for gases.
5. Make sure dry test tubes are used for the heating
of each solid.

Activity 8.3 Preparation of insoluble salts

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared
by dissolving 165.5 g of solid lead(II) nitrate in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
2. 1.0 mol dm potassium iodide solution is prepared
by dissolving 166.0 g of solid potassium iodide in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
3

3. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is

prepared by dissolving 97.0 g of solid potassium
chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to
1dm3 solution.

6. Students must record the colour of the residue

when hot and when cold.
7. Warn students not to inhale the brown gas
evolved because it is poisonous.
Activity 8.5 Comfirmatory tests for anions in
aqueous solution
1. Solutions of anions used have the concentration of
approximately 1 mol dm3, for example, Na2CO3(aq)
106 g dm3, Na2SO4(aq) 142 g dm3, NaCl(aq)
58.5 g dm3 and NaNO3(aq) 85 g dm3.

LG 5

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PELANGI

Chemistry Form 4

2. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 170 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric
acid with distilled water and then make it to
1dm3 solution.

Activity 8.7

Comfirmatory tests for ammonium

ion, iron(II) ion, iron(III) ion and
lead(II) ion

6. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until the
powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the
solution is filtered to obtain the filtrate or lime
water.

1. The reagents used are prepared according to the

following concentrations:
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution 80 g dm 3
NaOH
(b) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution
50g dm3 K4Fe(CN)6
(c) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
50g dm3 K3Fe(CN)6
(d) Potassium thiocyanate solution 50 g dm3
KSCN
(e) Potassium iodide solution 83 g dm3 KI
(f) Iron(II) sulphate solution 139 g dm 3
FeSO4.7H20
(g) Iron(III) chloride solution 81.3 g dm3 FeCl3
(h) Lead(II) nitrate solution 165.5 g dm 3
Pb(NO3)2
(i) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3
NH4Cl

Activity 8.6

2. Remind students that lead(II) iodide and lead(II)

chloride are soluble in hot water but insoluble in
cold water.

3. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting

130cm3 of concentrated nitric acid with distilled
water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
4. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting
55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
5. Reagents used should have the following
concentrations:
(a) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3
FeSO4.7H2O
(b) Silver nitrate solution 17 g dm3 AgNO3
(c) Barium chloride solution 208 g dm3 BaCl2

Tests for cations in aqueous solutions

1. Solutions of cations are prepared according to

the following concentrations:
(a) Sodium nitrate solution 85 g dm3 NaNO3
(b) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3
NH4Cl
(c) Calcium nitrate solution 164 g dm 3
Ca(NO3)2
(d) Magnesium nitrate solution 256 g dm 3
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
(e) Aluminium nitrate solution 375 g dm 3
Al(NO3)3.9H2O
(f) Zinc nitrate solution 297 g dm 3
Zn(NO3)2.6H2O
(g) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3
FeSO4.7H2O
(h) Iron(III) chloride solution 162.5 g dm 3
FeCl3
(i) Lead(II) nitrate solution 331 g dm 3
Pb(NO3)2
(j) Copper(II) sulphate solution 250 g dm3
CuSO4.5H2O
2. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared
by dissolving 80.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.
3. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by
diluting 140 cm3 of concentrated ammonia with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

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Activity 8.8

Identification of cations and anions of

unknown salts

1. Put two spatulaful of solid aluminium nitrate into

a small plastic bag labelled K1.
2. Reagent bottles containing the following solutions
are prepared:
(a) 2 mol dm3 dilute nitric acid
(b) 2 mol dm3 dilute hydrochloric acid
(c) 1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid
(d) 80 g dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
(e) 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution
(f) Lime water
(g) 104 g dm3 barium chloride solution
(h) 17 g dm3 silver nitrate solution
(i) 139 g dm3 iron(II) sulphate solution
(j) 83 g dm3 potassium iodide solution

Manufactured Substances in Industry

Chapter

Activity 9.1

Preparation of ammonium fertiliser

1. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting

55 cm 3 of concentrated sulphuric acid with
distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

LG 6

 Chemistry Form 4

2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia is prepared by diluting

140cm3 of concentrated ammonia with distilled
water to make a 1 dm3 of solution.
3. To make sure that the filtrate is saturated enough
to crystallise, dip a small amount of the filtrate
with the end of a cold, dry glass rod. If the filtrate
is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod.
PEKA

Hardness of pure metal and its alloy

Guided

Experiment 9.2

PELANGI

Rate of corrosion of iron, steel

and stainless steel

1. Clean all the nails with sandpaper before they

are used.
2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
solution is prepared by dissolving 65.8 g of solid
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in distilled water
and make up the volume of solution to 1dm3.

1. Make sure that students measure the diameter of

the dents in centimetre to the nearest 0.05 cm.
2. Make sure that the same size of ball bearings is
used throughout the experiment.

LG 7

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