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Buran programme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Soviet/Russian reusable space programme. For the orbiter launched in
1988 see Buran (spacecraft). For other uses, see Buran (disambiguation).

Buran-class shuttle

Orbiter K1 on launch pad 110/37 in November 1988

Function

Crewed orbital launch and reentry

Manufacturer

RKK Energia

Country of origin Soviet Union, later Russian Federation

Size

Mass

42,000 kg (93,000 lb)

Capacity

Payload toLEO

30,000 kg (66,000 lb)

Launch history

Status

Decommissioned; programme halted in

1993; 1K1 destroyed in a 2002 hangar
collapse, 1K2 in storage in Baikonur; 2K1 at
Zukhovsky Airport; 2 other orbiters barely started
when programme was cancelled. Test articles in
various exhibitions.[1]

Launch sites

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Total launches

1 (1K1)

Successes

Failures

First flight

15 November 1988[2] (1K1)

Last flight

15 November 1988[2] (1K1)

Notable payloads N/A

stage - Energia rocket

Engines

1 RD-170 (4 nozzles)

Thrust

29,000 kN (6,500,000 lbf) sea level

32,000 kN (7,200,000 lbf) vacuum

Specific impulse

309 s at sea level

338 s in vacuum

Fuel

RP-1/LOX

Core stage

Engines

4 RD-0120

Thrust

5,800 kN (1,300,000 lbf) sea level

7,500 kN (1,700,000 lbf) vacuum

Specific impulse

359 s at sea level

454 s in vacuum

Burn time

480-500 s

Fuel

LH2/LOX

The Buran (Russian: , IPA: [bran], Snowstorm or Blizzard) programme, also known as
the VKK Space Orbiter (Russian: , Air Space Ship)
programme,[3] was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at
the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute and was formally suspended in 1993.[4] In addition to
being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project, Buran was also
the name given to Orbiter K1, which completed one unmanned spaceflight in 1988 and remains
the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space. The Buran-class space shuttle
orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket as a launch vehicle. They are generally treated as a
Soviet equivalent of the United States' Space Shuttle but in the Buran project, only the airplaneshaped orbiter itself was theoretically reusable, and while Orbiter K1 was recovered successfully
after its first orbital flight in 1988, it was never reused.
The Buran programme was started by the Soviet Union as a response to the United States Space
Shuttle program.[5] The project was the largest and the most expensive in the history of
Soviet space exploration.[4] Development work included sending BOR-5 test vehicles on multiple
sub-orbital test flights, and atmospheric flights of the OK-GLI aerodynamic prototype. Buran
completed one unmanned orbital spaceflight in 1988 before its cancellation in 1993.[4] Orbiter K1,
which flew the test flight in 1988 was crushed in a hangar collapse on 12 May 2002 in
Kazakhstan. The OK-GLI resides in Technikmuseum Speyer. Although Soviet/Russian Buran
spacecraft was similar in appearance to NASA's Space Shuttle, and could similarly operate as a
re-entry spaceplane, its internal and functional design was distinct. For example, the main
engines during launch were on the Energia rocket and were not taken into orbit by the spacecraft.
Smaller rocket engines on the craft's body provided propulsion in orbit and de-orbital burns.
Contents
[hide]

1Introduction

2History of the Buran programme

o 2.1Background
o 2.2Programme development
o 2.3Flight crew preparation
2.3.1Spaceflight of I.P. Volk
2.3.2Spaceflight of A.S. Levchenko
o 2.4Ground facilities
o 2.5Missions
2.5.1Atmospheric test flights
2.5.2Orbital flight of Orbiter K1 in 1988
2.5.3Planned flights
o 2.6Cancellation of the programme 1993
2.6.1Baikonur hangar collapse
3Fleet status and locations
o 3.1Related test vehicles and models
4Possibilities for a revival of the Buran Programme
5Technical description
o 5.1Specifications
o 5.2Buran and the US Space Shuttle
5.2.1Comparison to NASA's Space Shuttle
5.2.2Key differences between Buran and NASA's Space
Shuttle
6See also
7References
8Bibliography
9External links

Introduction[edit]
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The Buran orbital vehicle programme was developed in response to the U.S. Space Shuttle
programme, which in the 1980s raised considerable concerns among the Soviet military and
especially Defense Minister Dmitriy Ustinov. An authoritative chronicler of the Soviet and later
Russian space programmes, the academic Boris Chertok, recounts how the programme came
into being.[6][full citation needed] According to Chertok, after the U.S. developed its Space Shuttle
programme, the Soviet military became suspicious that it could be used for military purposes, due
to its enormous payload, several times that of previous U.S. launch vehicles. The Soviet
government asked the TsNIIMash (, Central Institute of Machine-building, a major
player in defense analysis) for an expert opinion. Institute director, Yuri Mozzhorin, recalls that for
a long time the institute could not envisage a civilian payload large enough to require a vehicle of
that capacity.[citation needed]
Officially, the Buran orbital vehicle was designed for the delivery to orbit and return to Earth of
spacecraft, cosmonauts, and supplies. Both Chertok and Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (Chief Designer
of RKK Energia) suggest that from the beginning, the programme was military in nature; however,
the exact military capabilities, or intended capabilities, of the Buran programme remain classified.
Commenting on the discontinuation of the programme in his interview to New Scientist,
Russian cosmonautOleg Kotov confirms their accounts:
We had no civilian tasks for Buran and the military ones were no longer needed. It was originally
designed as a military system for weapon delivery, maybe even nuclear weapons. The American
shuttle also has military uses.[7]

Like its American counterpart, the Buran orbital vehicle, when in transit from its landing sites back
to the launch complex, was transported on the back of a large jet aeroplane the Antonov An225 Mriya transport aircraft, which was designed in part for this task and remains the largest
aircraft in the world to fly multiple times.[8][full citation needed]. Before the Mriya was ready (after
the Buran had flown), the Myasishchev VM-T Atlant, a variant on the Soviet Myasishchev M4 Molot(Hammer) bomber (NATO code: Bison), fulfilled the same role.

History of the Buran programme[edit]

Background[edit]
The Soviet reusable space-craft programme has its roots in the very beginning of the space age,
the late 1950s. The idea of Soviet reusable space flight is very old, though it was neither
continuous, nor consistently organized. Before Buran, no project of the programme reached
production.
The idea saw its first iteration in the Burya high-altitude jet aircraft, which reached the prototype
stage. Several test flights are known, before it was cancelled by order of the Central Committee.
The Burya had the goal of delivering a nuclear payload, presumably to the United States, and
then returning to base. The cancellation was based on a final decision to develop ICBMs. The
next iteration of the idea was Zvezda from the early 1960s, which also reached a prototype stage.
Decades later, another project with the same name was used as a service module for
the International Space Station. After Zvezda, there was a hiatus in reusable projects until Buran.

Programme development[edit]
The development of the Buran began in the early 1970s as a response to the U.S. Space Shuttle
program. Soviet officials were concerned about a perceived military threat posed by the U.S.
Space Shuttle. In their opinion, the Shuttle's 30-ton payload-to-orbit capacity and, more
significantly, its 15-ton payload return capacity, were a clear indication that one of its main
objectives would be to place massive experimental laser weapons into orbit that could destroy
enemy missiles from a distance of several thousands of kilometers. Their reasoning was that
such weapons could only be effectively tested in actual space conditions and that to cut their
development time and save costs it would be necessary to regularly bring them back to Earth for
modifications and fine-tuning.[9] Soviet officials were also concerned that the U.S. Space Shuttle
could make a sudden dive into the atmosphere to drop bombs on Moscow.[10]
Soviet engineers were initially reluctant to design a spacecraft that looked superficially identical to
the Shuttle, but subsequent wind tunnel testing showed that NASA's design was already
ideal.[11] Even though the Molniya Scientific Production Association proposed its Spiral
programme design (halted 13 years earlier), it was rejected as being altogether dissimilar from
the American shuttle design. While NPO Molniyaconducted development under the lead of Gleb
Lozino-Lozinskiy, the Soviet Union's Military-Industrial Commission, or VPK, was tasked with
collecting all data it could on the U.S. Space Shuttle. Under the auspices of the KGB, the VPK
was able to amass documentation on the American shuttle's airframe designs, design analysis
software, materials, flight computer systems and propulsion systems. The KGB targeted many
university research project documents and databases, including Caltech, MIT, Princeton,
Stanford and others. The thoroughness of the acquisition of data was made much easier as the
U.S. shuttle development was unclassified.[12]
The construction of the shuttles began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale Buran was rolled
out. The first suborbital test flight of a scale-model (BOR-5) took place as early as July 1983. As
the project progressed, five additional scale-model flights were performed. A test vehicle was
constructed with four jet engines mounted at the rear; this vehicle is usually referred to as OKGLI, or as the "Buran aerodynamic analogue". The jets were used to take off from a normal
landing strip, and once it reached a designated point, the engines were cut and OK-GLI glided
back to land. This provided invaluable information about the handling characteristics of the Buran
design, and significantly differed from the carrier plane/air drop method used by the United States
and the Enterprise test craft. Twenty-four test flights of OK-GLI were performed after which the
shuttle was "worn out". The developers considered using a couple of Mil Mi-26 helicopters to

"bundle" lift the Buran, but test flights with a mock-up showed how risky and impractical that
was.[13] TheVM-T ferried components[14] and the Antonov An-225 Mriya (the heaviest airplane
ever) was designed and used to ferry the shuttle.[15][16]
The flight and ground-testing software also required research. In 1983 the Buran developers
estimated that the software development would require several thousand programmers if done
with their existing methodology (in assembly language), and they appealed to Keldysh Institute of
Applied Mathematics for assistance. It was decided to develop a new high-level "problemoriented" programming language. Researchers at Keldysh developed two languages: PROL2
(used for real-time programming of onboard systems) and DIPOL (used for the ground-based test
systems), as well as the development and debugging environment SAPO PROLOGUE.[17] There
was also an operating system known as Prolog Manager.[18] Work on these languages continued
beyond the end of the Buran project, with PROL2 being extended into SIPROL,[19] and eventually
all three languages developed into DRAKON which is still in use in the Russian space industry. A
declassified May 1990 CIA report citing open-source intelligence material states that the software
for the Buran spacecraft was written in "the French-developed programming language known
as Prolog",[20] possibly due to confusion with the name PROLOGUE.

Flight crew preparation[edit]

Main article: List of human spaceflight programs
Until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, seven cosmonauts were allocated to the Buran
programme and trained on the OK-GLI ("Buran aerodynamic analogue") test vehicle. All had
experience as test pilots. They were: Ivan Ivanovich Bachurin, Alexei Sergeyevich
Borodai, Anatoli Semyonovich Levchenko, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Shchukin, Rimantas Antanas
Stankeviius, Igor Petrovich Volk and Viktor Vasiliyevich Zabolotsky.
A rule, set in place for cosmonauts because of the failed Soyuz 25 of 1977, insisted that all Soviet
space missions contain at least one crew member who has been to space before. In 1982, it was
decided that all Buran commanders and their back-ups would occupy the third seat on a Soyuz
mission, prior to their Buran spaceflight.[9] Several people had been selected to potentially be in
the first Buran crew. By 1985, it was decided that at least one of the two crew members would be
a test pilot trained at the Gromov Flight Research Institute (known as "LII"), and potential crew
lists were drawn up.[9] Only two potential Buran crew members reached space: Igor Volk, who
flew in Soyuz T-12 to the space station Salyut 7, and Anatoli Levchenko who visited Mir,
launching with Soyuz TM-4 and landing with Soyuz TM-3.[9] Both of these spaceflights lasted
about a week.
Levchenko died of a brain tumour the year after his orbital flight, Bachurin left the cosmonaut
corps because of medical reasons, Shchukin was assigned to the back-up crew of Soyuz TM-4
and later died in a plane crash, Stankeviius was also killed in a plane crash, while Borodai and
Zabolotsky remained unassigned to a Soyuz flight until the Buran programme ended.
Spaceflight of I.P. Volk[edit]
Main article: Soyuz T-12
Igor Volk was planned to be the commander of the first manned Buran flight. There were two
purposes of the Soyuz T-12 mission, one of which was to give Volk spaceflight experience. The
other purpose, seen as the more important factor, was to beat the United States and have the
first spacewalk by a woman.[9] At the time of the Soyuz T-12 mission the Buran programme was
still a state secret. The appearance of Volk as a crew member caused some, including the British
Interplanetary Society magazine Spaceflight, to ask why a test pilot was occupying a Soyuz seat
usually reserved for researchers or foreign cosmonauts.[21]
Spaceflight of A.S. Levchenko[edit]
Anatoli Levchenko was planned to be the back-up commander of the first manned Buran flight,
and in March 1987 he began extensive training for his Soyuz spaceflight.[9] In December 1987, he
occupied the third seat aboard Soyuz TM-4 to Mir, and returned to Earth about a week later
on Soyuz TM-3. His mission is sometimes called Mir LII-1, after the Gromov Flight Research
Institute shorthand.[22] When Levchenko died the following year, it left the back-up crew of the first

Buran mission again without spaceflight experience. A Soyuz spaceflight for another potential
back-up commander was sought by the Gromov Flight Research Institute, but never occurred.[9]

Ground facilities[edit]
Maintenance, launches and landings of the Buran-class orbiters were to take place at
the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh S.S.R. Several facilities at Baikonur were adapted or
newly built for these purposes:

Site 110 Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like
the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch
complex was originally constructed for the Soviet lunar landing
programme and later converted for the Energia-Buran
programme.
Site 112 Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the
orbiters to their Energia launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to
the VAB at KSC). The main hangar at the site, called MIK
RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the N1
moon rocket. After cancellation of the N-1 programme in 1974,
the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran
programme. It was here that Orbiter K1 was stored after the end
of the Buran programme and was destroyed when the hangar
roof collapsed in 2002.[23][24]
Site 251 Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known
as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to
the SLF at KSC). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is
4,500 metres (4,900 yd) long and 84 metres (92 yd) wide, paved
with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of
the runway was a special mating-demating device, designed to
lift an orbiter off its Antonov An-225 Mriya carrier aircraft and
load it on a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the
processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing
control facility, housed in a large multi-storey office building, was
located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to
receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the EnergiaBuran system. After the end of the Buran programme, Site 251
was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo
airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it
for passenger and charter flights from Russia.[25][26]
Site 254 Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between
flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the OPF at KSC).
Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also
featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test
rooms. After cancellation of the Buran programme it was
adapted for pre-launch operations of
the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft.[27]

Missions[edit]
Following a series of atmospheric test flights using the jet-powered OK-GLI prototype, the first
operational spacecraft (Orbiter K1) flew one test mission on 15 November 1988 at 03:00:02
UTC.[28] The spacecraft was launched unmanned from and landed at Baikonur Cosmodrome in
the Kazakh S.S.R. and flew two orbits, travelling 83,707 kilometres (52,013 mi) in 3 hours and 25
minutes (0.14 flight days).[29] Buran never flew again; the programme was cancelled shortly after
the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[30] In 2002, the collapse of the hangar in which it was stored
destroyed the Buran orbiter.[31][32]
Atmospheric test flights[edit]

An aerodynamic testbed, OK-GLI, was constructed in 1984 to test the in-flight properties of the
Buran design. Unlike the American prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise, OK-GLI had four AL31 turbofan engines fitted, meaning it was able to fly under its own power.

Flight date

Mission

Duration

Landing
Site

Shuttle

Crew

10 November
1985

OKGLI

00d 00h
12m

Baikonur

3 January 1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
36m

Baikonur

27 May 1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
23m

Baikonur

11 June 1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
22m

Baikonur

20 June 1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
25m

Baikonur

28 June 1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
23m

Baikonur

10 December
1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
24m

Baikonur

23 December
1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
17m

Baikonur

29 December
1986

OKGLI

00d 00h
17m

Baikonur

16 February
1987

OKGLI

00d 00h
28m

Baikonur

21 May 1987

OKGLI

00d 00h
20m

Baikonur

Notes

Sources

[33]

First automatic
landing

25 June 1987

OKGLI

00d 00h
19m

Baikonur

5 October 1987

OKGLI

00d 00h
21m

Baikonur

15 October 1987

OKGLI

00d 00h
19m

Baikonur

16 January 1988

OKGLI

Baikonur

24 January 1987

OKGLI

Baikonur

23 February
1988

OKGLI

00d 00h
22m

Baikonur

4 March 1988

OKGLI

00d 00h
32m

Baikonur

12 March 1988

OKGLI

Baikonur

23 March 1988

OKGLI

Baikonur

28 March 1988

OKGLI

Baikonur

2 April 1988

OKGLI

8 April 1988

OKGLI

15 April 1988

OKGLI

00d 00h
20m

Baikonur

Baikonur

00d 00h
19m

Baikonur

Orbital flight of Orbiter K1 in 1988[edit]

Launch Date

15 November
1988

Mission

Orbiter

EnergiaBuran

Crew Duration

K1 Buran 0

00d 03h
0025m

Launch Landing
Site
Site

110/37

Notes

Only
Baikonur flight
of Buran

Sources

[34]

The only orbital launch of the Orbiter K1 Buran (also known as ""OK-1K1" or "Shuttle 1.01") was
at 3:00 UTC on 15 November 1988 from pad 110/37 in Baikonur. The unmanned craft was lifted
into orbit by the specially designed Energia booster rocket. The life support system was not
installed and no software was installed on the CRT displays.[2] The shuttle orbited the Earth twice
in 206 minutes of flight. On its return, it performed an automated landing on the shuttle runway
at Baikonur Cosmodrome.[35]
Planned flights[edit]
The planned flights for the shuttles in 1989, before the downsizing of the project and eventual
cancellation, were:[36]

1991 Orbiter K2 Ptichka unmanned first flight, duration 12

days.
1992 Orbiter K2 Ptichka unmanned second flight, duration 7
8 days. Orbital maneuvers and space station approach test.
1993 Orbiter K1 Buran unmanned second flight, duration 15
20 days.
1994 Orbiter K3 Baikal first manned space test flight, duration
of 24 hours. Craft equipped with life-support system and with two
ejection seats. Crew would consist of two cosmonauts with Igor
Volk as commander, and Aleksandr Ivanchenko as flight
engineer.
Second manned space test flight, crew would consist of two
cosmonauts.
Third manned space test flight, crew would consist of two
cosmonauts.
Fourth manned space test flight, crew would consist of two
cosmonauts.

The planned unmanned second flight of Ptichka was changed in 1991 to the following:

December 1991 Orbiter K2 Ptichka unmanned second flight,

with a duration of 78 days. Orbital maneuvers and space station
approach test:
automatic docking with Mir's Kristall module
crew transfer from Mir to the shuttle, with testing of some of
its systems in the course of twenty-four hours, including the
remote manipulator
undocking and autonomous flight in orbit
docking of the manned Soyuz-TM 101 with the shuttle
crew transfer from the Soyuz to the shuttle and onboard
work in the course of twenty-four hours
automatic undocking and landing

Cancellation of the programme 1993[edit]

Amusement rides and Buran shuttle test vehicle OK-7M/OK-TVA at Gorky Park in Moscow.

After the first flight of a Buran shuttle, the project was suspended due to lack of funds and the
political situation in the Soviet Union. The two subsequent orbiters, which were due in 1990
(informally Ptichka) and 1992 (informally Baikal) were never completed. The project was officially
terminated on 30 June 1993, by President Boris Yeltsin. At the time of its cancellation, 20
billion rubles (roughly US$71,534,000)[citation needed] had been spent on the Buran programme.[37]
The programme was designed to boost national pride, carry out research, and meet technological
objectives similar to those of the U.S. Space Shuttle programme, including resupply of
the Mir space station, which was launched in 1986 and remained in service until 2001. When Mir
was finally visited by a space shuttle, the visitor was a U.S. Shuttle, not Buran.
The Buran SO, a docking module that was to be used for rendezvous with the Mir space station,
was refitted for use with the U.S. Space Shuttles during the Shuttle-Mirmissions.[38]
Baikonur hangar collapse[edit]
On 12 May 2002, a hangar roof at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan collapsed because
of a structural failure due to poor maintenance. The collapse killed 7 workers and destroyed one
of the Buran craft (Orbiter K1), as well as a mock-up of an Energia booster rocket. It was not clear
to outsiders at the time which Buran programme craft was destroyed, and the BBC reported that it
was just "a model" of the orbiter.[32]It occurred at the MIK RN/MIK 112 building at Site 112 of
the Baikonur Cosmodrome, 14 years after the first and only Buran flight. Work on the roof had
begun for a maintenance project, whose equipment is thought to have contributed to the collapse.
Also, preceding 12 May there had been several days of heavy rain.[9]

Fleet status and locations[edit]

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help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)

Most of the geo-location below show the shuttle bodies on the ground; in some cases Google
Earth's History facility is required to see the shuttle within the dates specified.[39][40]

Name

Buran
OK-1K1
OK 1.01
GRAU i
ndex
11F35

Function

Location

First flight
article,
Launch pad
first
110/37 (L)
shuttle
atBaikonur
series

Image

[1] 1988

Geo-location

45.96486N
63.30496E S
huttle not
visible; no
available

Approxi
mate
dates

15
Novembe
r 1988

Notes

Built in 1986,
only
flightworthy
orbiter.
Launched on
an unmanned,
remote

K1

satellite
photos.

controlled
flight; two
orbits and
landing (with
heavy
crosswinds
and a selfinitiated
approach
direction
change) at
Yubileiniy
(Jubilee)
Airport,
Baikonur.

1989

MIK building,
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan

Ptichka
OK-1K2
OK 1.02
GRAU i
ndex
11F35
K2

Baikal
OK-2K1
OK 2.01

Second
flight
article,
first
series, 9597%
complete

MIK building,
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan

MZK building
80, area 112a,
Baikonur

Inside Tushino
First flight
Plant, Moscow,
article,
Russia
second

[2] 2002

[3]

[4] 2014

45.92836N
63.29809E S
huttle not
visible;
shadows.

45.92836N
63.29809E S
huttle not
visible, in
building.

45.94046N
63.31841E S
huttle not
visible; in
building.

1988 to
present

Housed in
MIK building
in area 112,
Baikonur
with
an Energiabo
oster mockup
and other
Energia
hardware,
destroyed in a
roof collapse
on 12 May
2002, which
killed eight
workers.

1988 to
2002

Built in 1988,
housed
adjacent to
the Buran.

2002 to
present

Moved to the
MZK after
the roof
collapse in
the MIK.

1991 to
2006

Built 1991.

GRAU i
ndex
11F35
K3

series, 3050%
complete

Car park on
Kimki
Reservoir, near
plant.

[5] 2007

Ramenskoye
Airport, near
Moscow,
Russia
2011

55.84136N
37.46625E
Need history.

on 15 August
2011
55.5631N
38.14716E;
use history.

2006 to
2011

2011 to
2014, to
present?

Moved
outdoors.

An exhibit in
the MAKS2011 and later
air
shows.Ramen
skoye
Airport is the
site of
the Gromov
Flight
Research
Institute, and
has become a
large outdoor
flight
museum.
Other
sightings:
on 15 March
2012:
55.56565N
38.14491E,
on 31 July
2012 and 8
May 2013
55.56309N
38.14714E,
on 4 June and
29 July
2014
55.55179N
38.14463E.

OK-2K2
OK 2.02
GRAU i
ndex
11F35
K4

Second
flight
article,
second
series, 1020%
complete.

OK-2K3
OK 2.03
GRAU i
ndex

Third
flight
article,
second

Tushino plant,
Moscow,
Russia

1991
present

[6]

Scattered.

1988 to
present

Build started
1991, some
pieces of
3K2, like heat
tiles, have
found their
way onto
eBay.[41]

All parts have

been scattered
and are
unidentifiable

11F35
K5

series,
very small
amount
assembled

Outdoor pad,
area 112,
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan
OK-1M
OK-M
OK-ML1

Airframe
and shake
test bed
article

[7]

Gagarin
Museum,
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan

45.91963N
63.30996E
Use history.

45.90963N
63.31789E

1988 to
January,
2007

Built in 1982,
deteriorated
considerably
outdoors on
pad.

January
2007 to
present

Refurbished
in 2007, now
on outdoor
display.

2007

OK-2M
OK-GLI

Atmosphe
ric test
article,
two extra
jet
engines in
rear to
facilitate
take-off.

Built in 1984,
used in 25
test flights.
On display at
MAKS-1999,
Russia's most
prestigious
airshow.

Ramenskoye
Airport,
Moscow

55.5631N
38.14716E
1999
No history
available this
far back.

Pyrmont
Island, Sydney
harbor,
Australia

Sold and sent

in February
2000 to the
Sydney,
February Australia
2000 to
2000
33.86392S
Septembe Olympic
151.19662E
r 2000;
Games.
Use history to afterward Displayed
see shelter;
s stored
inside a light
shuttle not
nearby
structure,
visible.
until 2004 stored
outdoors
there
afterwards,
for four years.

[8] 2000

2002

Manama
harbor, Bahrain

26.19826N
50.60243E

July 2004
to 2007

Stored
outdoors in
Bahrain while
the ownership
of the shuttle

Use history.

49.31185N
8.44628E Sh
uttle not
visible; in
building.

Technik
Museum,
Speyer,
Germany[42]

was legally
contended.

2008 to
present

Purchased
from the
Russian space
agency when
it won the
legal battle,
displayed
indoors.

2006 to
15
October
2012

Built in 1982.
Stored inside.

15
October
2012 to
present

Stored
outside 15
October 2012
to be placed
on permanent
display.[43]

1988 to
present

Built in 1983.

Destroyed,
parts used
for OKTVA.[44]

2008

OK-3M
OK-KS

Electrical
test
article.

Checkout and
Test Building
(KIS), RKK
Energia Plant,
Korolev,
Russia

[9]

Grounds of the
RKK Energia
Plant

MZK building,
Baikonur
Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan

55.92132N
37.79929E
Not visible,
in building.
This is a halfscale
memorial.

55.91685N
37.79937E

45.94046N
63.31841E S
huttle not
visible; in
building.

OK-4M
OK-MT
OK-ML2

Engineeri
ng
mockup

OK-5M

Environm
ental test
parts from
forward
fuselage

Unknown

1988 to
present

OK-6M
OK-TVI

Environm
ental test
article

NIIKhimMas
h rocket test
area, near
Moscow,
Russia

1988 to
present

[10]
[11] 2014

[12]

Gorky Park,
Moscow,
Russia

55.72876N
37.59688E
Use history.

1995 to
July 2014

Served as a
not-aspopular-asexpected
attraction, a
small
restaurant,
and bicycle
storage.

July 2014
to present

Moved to
VDNKh on 5
July 2014,
assembled by
21 July.[45]The
shuttle
acquisition is
part of
VDNKh
refurbishment
.

2010

OK-7M Structural
OK-TVA test article

OK-8M

Unname
d

Compone
nts used
for static
thermal
and
vacuum
tests.

Outside
Pavilion 20
about 250
meters south of
the Vostok
rocket, VDNK
h/VVT (AllRussia
Exhibition
Center)

Outdoor
display at
Clinical
Hospital 83
FMBA on
Orekhovy
Boulevard in
Moscow.

Wooden
wind
tunnel
model, 1/3
scale.

55.83219N
37.62291E
Use history.
2014

55.618N
37.76448E

2012 (at
least) to
present

2012

Has been
destroyed.
Photographed
at Zhukovsky
Airfield.

2013[citation needed]

Related test vehicles and models[edit]

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help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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how and when to remove this template message)

Image

Name

Construction
Date

Usage

Current status[46]

BOR-4

BOR5 ("Kosmos")

19821984

Sub-scale model of
the Spiral space
plane

1:2 scale model of

Spiral space plane. 5
launches. NPO
Molniya, Moscow.

19831988

Suborbital test of
1/8 scale model of
Buran

5 launches, none
were reflown but at
least 4 were
recovered. NPO
Molniya, Moscow.

Full-scale crew
section

Medical-biological
tests

GLI Horizontal
Flight
Simulator

Flight control
software fine
tuning

Wind tunnel
models

Scales from 1:3 to

1:550

Gas dynamics
models

Scales from 1:15 to

1:2700

85 models built

Possibilities for a revival of the Buran Programme[edit]

Over time, several scientists looked into trying to revive the Buran programme, especially after
the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[47]
The 2003 grounding of the U.S. Space Shuttles caused many to wonder whether the Russian
Energia launcher or Buran shuttle could be brought back into service.[48] By then, however, all of
the equipment for both (including the vehicles themselves) had fallen into disrepair or been
repurposed after falling into disuse with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In 2010 the director of Moscow's Central Machine Building Institute said the Buran project would
be reviewed in the hope of restarting a similar manned spacecraft design, with rocket test
launches as soon as 2015.[49] Russia also continues work on the PPTS but has abandoned
the Kliper program, due to differences in vision with its European partners.[50][51][52]
Due to the 2011 retirement of the American Space Shuttle and the need for STS-type craft in the
meantime to complete the International Space Station, some American and Russian scientists
had been mulling over plans to possibly revive the already-existing Buran shuttles in the Buran
programme rather than spend money on an entirely new craft and wait for it to be fully
developed[47][48] but the plans did not come to fruition.

On the 25th anniversary of the Buran flight in November 2013, Oleg Ostapenko, the new head
of Roscosmos, the Russian Federal Space Agency, proposed that a new heavy lift launch
vehicle be built for the Russian space program. The rocket would be intended to place a payload
of 100 tonnes (220,000 lb) in a baseline low Earth orbit and is projected to be based on
the Angara launch vehicle technology.[53]
Recently[when?] there have been new interests in renewing the programme temporarily while Russia
struggles with the CSTS and Kliper design stages.[54]

Technical description[edit]
Specifications[edit]
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help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how
and when to remove this template message)

The Buran orbiter ranks among theworld's first spaceplanes, with the North American X-15, the Space
Shuttle,SpaceShipOne, and the Boeing X-37. Of these, only the Buran and X37spaceflights were unmanned.

Buran's rear (1989)

Mass breakdown

Mass of Total Structure / Landing Systems: 42,000 kg

(93,000 lb)
Mass of Functional Systems and Propulsion: 33,000 kg
(73,000 lb)

Maximum Payload: 30,000 kg (66,000 lb)

Maximum liftoff weight: 105,000 kg (231,000 lb)

Length: 36.37 m (119.3 ft)

Wingspan: 23.92 m (78.5 ft)
Height on Gear: 16.35 m (53.6 ft)
Payload bay length: 18.55 m (60.9 ft)
Payload bay diameter: 4.65 m (15.3 ft)
Wing glove sweep: 78 degrees
Wing sweep: 45 degrees

Total orbital maneuvering engine thrust: 17,600 kgf (173,000 N;

39,000 lbf)
Orbital Maneuvering Engine Specific Impulse: 362 seconds
(3.55 km/s)
Total Maneuvering Impulse: 5 kgf-sec (11 lbf-sec)
Total Reaction Control System Thrust: 14,866 kgf (145,790 N;
32,770 lbf)
Average RCS Specific Impulse: 275295 seconds (2.70
2.89 km/s)
Normal Maximum Propellant Load: 14,500 kg (32,000 lb)

Dimensions

Propulsion

Unlike the US Space Shuttle, which was propelled by a combination of solid boosters and the
shuttle orbiter's own liquid-fuel engines fueled from a large fuel tank, the Soviet/Russian shuttle
system used thrust from the rocket's four RD-170 liquid oxygen/kerosene engines developed
by Valentin Glushko and another four RD-0120 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines.[citation needed]

Buran and the US Space Shuttle[edit]

Soyuz, Space Shuttle, and Buran

Comparison to NASA's Space Shuttle[edit]

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help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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and when to remove this template message)

Because Buran's debut followed that of Space Shuttle Columbia's, and because there were
striking visual similarities between the two shuttle systemsa state of affairs which recalled the
similarity between the Tupolev Tu-144 and Concorde supersonic airlinersmany speculated
that Cold War espionage played a role in the development of the Soviet shuttle. Despite
remarkable external similarities, many key differences existed, which suggests that, had

espionage been a factor in Buran's development, it would likely have been in the form of external
photography or early airframe designs. One CIA commenter states that Buran was based on a
rejected NASA design.[55]
Key differences between Buran and NASA's Space Shuttle[edit]

See also[edit]

Buran had no main engines, and Energia's engines were

expendable. The Space Shuttle main engines were part of the
orbiter, and were reused for multiple flights.
Energia could be configured for variety of payloads other than
Buran, and was able to put up to 100 metric tons into orbit.
The Space Shuttle orbiter was integral to its launch system and
was the system's only payload.
Energia's four boosters used liquid
propellant (kerosene/oxygen). The Space Shuttle's two boosters
used solid propellant.[56]
The liquid fueled booster rockets were not constructed in
segments vulnerable to leakage through O-rings, which caused
the destruction of Challenger.
The Energia rocket was not covered in foam, the shedding of
which from the large fuel tank led to the destruction of Columbia.
Energia's four boosters were expended after each flight, though
they were intended to eventually be recoverable. The Space
Shuttle's boosters were recovered and reused.
Buran's equivalent of the Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering
System used GOX/LOX/Kerosene propellant, with lower toxicity
and higher performance (a specific impulse of 362 seconds
(3.55 km/s) using aturbopump system)[57] than the Shuttle's
pressure-fed monomethylhydrazine/dinitrogen tetroxide OMS
engines.
Buran was designed to be capable of both piloted and
fully autonomous flight, including landing. The Space Shuttle was
later retrofitted with automated landing capability, first flown 18
years after the Buran onSTS-121, but the system was intended
to be used only in contingencies.[58]
The nose landing gear was located much farther down the
fuselage rather than just under the mid-deck as with the NASA
Space Shuttle.
Buran could lift 30 metric tons into orbit in its standard
configuration, comparable to the early Space Shuttle's original
27.8 metric tons[59][60]
Buran included a drag chute, the Space Shuttle did not originally
but was later retrofitted to include one.
The lift-to-drag ratio of Buran is cited as 6.5,[61] compared to a
subsonic L/D of 4.5 for the Space Shuttle.[62]
Buran and Energia were moved to the launch pad horizontally on
a rail transporter, and then erected and fueled at the launch
site.[63][64][65] The Space Shuttle was transported vertically on
the crawler-transporterwith loaded solid boosters.[66]
The Buran was intended to carry a crew of up to ten, the Shuttle
carried up to eight in regular operation and would have carried
more only in a contingency.[60][67]

MAKS (spacecraft)
Manned space missions
Unmanned space missions
Space exploration
Space accidents and incidents
Space Shuttle program (United States)
N1 (rocket)

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Bibliography[edit]

Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). Energiya-Buran: The Soviet

Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-739847. ISBN 0-387-69848-5.

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Buran
(spacecraft).

Buran.ru, official website by NPO Molniya

Buran at Encyclopedia Astronautica
Buran and Energia at Buran-Energia.com
Buran at RussianSpaceWeb.com
[show]

Buran progra

[show]

Soviet and Russian government m

[show]

Space Shutt

[show]

Myasishchev a
Categories:

Myasishchev aircraft

Manned spacecraft

Partially reusable space launch vehicles

Spaceplanes

Buran program

Rocket-powered aircraft

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