Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Residential Building
CONTENT
1. Introduction of residential building
1.1.
Definition
1.2.
History
1.3.
Modern Codes
References
Title of Project
Naveed Ur-Rehman
B.TECH(Hons)
IN
CIVIL TECHNOLOGY
Lahore
Supervisory committee
___________________
_________________
Internal Supervisor
External Supervisor
CH:1
1.1DEFINE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
228. If a builder builds a house for someone and completes it, he shall give
him a fee of two shekels in money for each sar of surface.
229. If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it
properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that
builder shall be put to death.
230. If it kills the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to
death.
231. If it kills a slave of the owner, then he shall pay slave for slave to the
owner of the house.
232. If it ruins goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been
ruined, and inasmuch as he did not construct properly this house which he
built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means.
233. If a builder builds a house for someone, even though he has not yet
completed it; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the
walls solid from his own means.
Unlike todays building codes, the laws in The Code of Hammurabi and most
other ancient codes detail what the consequences of a building failure should be
instead of specifying how a building is to be built.
One ancient code that specifies how a building should be built can be found in the
Bible book of Deuteronomy, chapter 22 verse 8 which states:
In case you build a new house, you must also make a parapet for your roof, that
you may not place bloodguilt upon your house because someone falling might fall
from it.
Archeological fragments of Greek and Roman laws have been found to contain
evidence of buildings being required to be inspected during construction.
Modern building codes have shifted from specifying punishments for building
failures and poor construction to mandating requirements that make a building
structurally safe, energy efficient, and sanitary to occupy.
1189 - Mayor of London, Henry Fitz- Elwyne issued an ordinance known as the
used
in
the
United
most Commonwealth nations.
Kong and
In Malaysian English, flat often denotes a housing block of lesser quality meant for
lower-income groups, while apartment is more generic and may also include
luxury condominiums. This usage has also been appearing in British English
where apartment is used to denote expensive 'flats' in exclusive and expensive
residential
areas
in,
for
example,
parts
of
London
such
as Belgravia and Hampstead.
In Australian English, the term flat was traditionally used, but
term apartment is also frequently used, as is "unit," short for "home unit".
the
Tenement law refers to the feudal basis of permanent property such as land or
rents. It may be found combined as in "Messuage or Tenement" to encompass all
the land, buildings and other assets of a property.
In the United States, some apartment-dwellers own their own apartments, either
as co-ops, in which the residents own shares of a corporation that owns the
building or development; or in condominiums, whose residents own their
apartments and share ownership of the public spaces. Most apartments are in
buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are sometimes divided
into apartments. The word apartment denotes a residential unit or section in a
building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word connotes a
rental unit owned by the building owner, and is not typically used for a
condominium.
In the England and Wales, some flat owners own shares in the company that owns
the freehold of the building as well as holding the flat under a lease. This is
commonly known as a "share of freehold" flat. The freehold company has the right
to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The
freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and
restrictions that might apply. This does not happen in Scotland, where long
leasehold of residential property was formerly unusual, and is now not possible.[1]
In some countries the word unit is a more general term referring to both apartments
and rental business suites. The word is generally used only in the context of a
specific building; e.g., "This building has three units" or "I'm going To rent a unit
in this building", but not "I'm going to rent a unit somewhere." In Australia,
a unit refers to flats, apartments or even semi-detached houses. Some buildings can
be characterized as mixed use buildings, meaning part of the building is for
commercial, business, or office use, usually on the first floor or first couple of
floors, and there are one or more apartments in the rest of the building, usually on
the upper floors.
CH:2
TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL OF BUILDING
Before buying any home, its important to consider your lifestyle, and what your
needs will be in the next five to ten years. Thats especially the case when it comes
to choosing what type of home to purchase. Redfin.com allows you to narrow your
search based on the types of home you are interested in, but for those who arent
clear on the differences, heres a handy guide to the benefits and drawbacks of each
type of residential building.
2.1.1. Definition:
Single family homes (often abbreviated as SFH) are homes built on a single lot,
with no shared walls. Sometimes theres a garage, attached or detached.
2.1.2. Plus Sides:
This type of home tends to offer more privacy than condos and townhomes, which
often share walls. They also tend to be
larger, and possibly come with front and back yards. Since you dont share the
property with anyone else, you are free to express yourself with any type of home
design you choose. They also tend to have a more reliable resell value than condos
and townhomes.
2.1.3 Downsides:
The downside is that they generally require a lot more maintenance, and all of the
cost for that falls on the shoulders of the homeowner. With condos and townhomes,
you share the costs involved with yard maintenance, plumbing, roofing, etc.
2.2 CONDOMINIUMS
2.2.1 Definition:
Condominiums (or condos for short) are single units within a larger building or
community. The unit often shares a wall or two with other units. They generally
come with homeowners associations (HOAs), which require the residents to pay
monthly or yearly dues. Condos are popular in urban, high-density areas, where
there are many restaurants and shops.
2.2.2 Plus Sides:
The benefits of living in a condo include low responsibility on the homeowners
part to contribute tomaintenance and upkeep. For example, if the roof goes out,
you share the costs with other residents, instead of paying for the whole thing
yourself. In addition, some condos offer gyms, lounge areas, pools and other
amenities that you might not be able to afford or have space for in a single family
home.
2.2.3Downsides:
Condo homeowners associations often limit the types of remodeling you can do,
and there can be pet and rental restrictions as well. HOAs want uniformity and
safety; you dont want one homeowner replacing doors and windows if theyre not
to a high standard, or safely installed! In addition, because you share a space with
others, theres not as much privacy, and you need to be extra cautious of disturbing
your neighbors because they are so close.
2.3 CO-OPS
2.3.1 Definition:
Co-ops are very similar to condos, but theyre a different way to hold a title of a
shared building. With a condo, you own the space within your unit, but with a coop, everyone owns the building together. Because of the shared responsibility,
theres often an interview process to become part of the community.
2.3.2 Plus Sides:
Co-ops tend to take on the maintenance as a community, so they tend to have
lower HOA dues. They also tend to be less expensive than comparable condos.
2.3.3 Downsides: You share financial responsibility of the whole building with
your neighbors, which means if someone stops paying their mortgage on a co-op,
the bank can foreclose on the whole building. It can be more difficult to get a loan
for a co-op than a condo; most require more money down, and some banks wont
support it.
2.4TOWNHOUSES
2.4.1 Definition:
Townhouses are a hybrid between a condo and a single family home. They are
often multiple floors, with one or two shared walls, and some have a small yard
space or rooftop deck. Theyre generally larger than a condo, but smaller than a
single family home.
2.4.2 Plus sides:
Townhomes often have more privacy than a condo might afford. Some have
HOAs or joint maintenance agreements to share upkeep costs. They tend to be
more affordable than a single family home.
2.4.3 Downsides:
Townhomes dont usually have shared amenities like a gym or a pool. Theyre not
as private as a single family home.
2.5.1 Definition:
Multi-family homes are the least common of the residential types. They can be
anything from a duplex to a four-plex; anything more becomes commercial. They
could be row house style or multiple floors. Multi-family units could also be
apartment style flats, but usually each unit has its own separate entrance. The
distinction between multi-family units and condos
is that the units cant be purchased individually; theres one owner for the whole
building.
2.5.2Plus sides:
People who look for these are usually people looking for an investment property.
They can live in one unit, and rent out the others for income, or rent all units.
Compared to a condo, there are fewer people youre sharing your building with
and it tends to be more private and quiet. You may also have some yard space.
2.5.3 Down sides:
Like a townhome, theyre a hybrid between a single family home and a condo.
They tend to be smaller than single family homes, and less private. If youre
renting one, the maintenance costs go to the landlord, but if you own one, as the
landlord, youre bearing all the costs for maintenance, plus the time commitment
of finding renters.
2.6 LAND
2.6.1 Definition:
Just land, no home of any type.
2.6.2 Plus sides:
The sky is the limit; you can do whatever you want to improve the property. Build
whatever home youd like, or grow/raise crops or animals (within local
restrictions).
Ch: 3
PARTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Throughout the Home Building process you will need to be familiar with the
various parts of the home. As a broad overview, we have broken the elements into
eight categories as follows:
1. Lot
2. Flat work
3. Structure
4. Systems
5. ENCLOSURE
6. TRIM AND FINISHES
7. FIXTURES AND EQUIPMENT
8. OUTDOOR ELEMENTS
Let's take a look at each one of these categories and see what specific elements
may be included in each.
3.1LOT
This is pretty self-evident. Its the land your home will sit upon. more
3.2
FLAT
WORK
This part includes all the flat concrete work in your home including slab, basement
floor, walks, driveway, patio, etc.
3.3
STRUCTURE
The structure of your home is an extremely important
"part" of the home. It's what makes the home stand up! The
structure carries the weight of the home to its supporting
element
the
ground.
It is convenient to think of these structural "parts" in the
order in which they support the load of the house. This is
also the order in which they are constructed - from the
bottom up. So learning them in this order helps you start to
think in terms of the construction sequence
Footings
Foundation
Floor
Walls
Ceiling
Roof
The following is a brief description of what is included in
each of these parts of the structure of your home.
Footings
The Footings are where the house
ground.Everything is supported by
meets the
thefootings.
architect
or
structural
engineer.
Foundation
The Foundationconsists of the foundation walls(sometimes
called stem walls) and other vertical elements needed to
support the floor (piers and steel columns).
Foundation walls may be formed concrete, treated wood,
masonry (brick or concrete block) or nonexistent - in the
case of slab construction, where the walls go up directly on
top
of
thickened
portions
of
the
slab.
3.4
SYSTEMS
The Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical - heating, ventilating, air conditioning
(HVAC) - are the three major systems of the home. Included within the electrical
system would be the security, communication, and entertainment systems for your
home.
3.5
ENCLOSURE
The Enclosure is a category we have included to hold those elements which form
the surfaces or as we sometimes say, the skin of the home.
These would include the drywall; windows and doors; exterior
sheathing,
siding,
and
veneer;
and
roofing
shingles.
You could even include the flooring in this category. There is a gray area here,
because some of these items also impart structural integrity to their underlying
structural system, i.e. the OSB (oriented strand board) sheathing applied to the
exterior
walls
stiffens
them.
3.8
OUTDOOR
ELEMENTS
This category includes all the outdoor elements not included elsewhere. This may
include the sprinkler system, landscaping, decks, and so forth.
Please note that the placement of some items is somewhat arbitrary. For example,
patios could be placed in Flat Work or "Outdoor Elements!"
The idea is not to legalistically categorize very item in your home, but to
understand the broad categories of elements and how they all work together to
form the whole!
Ch:4
Construction of residential building
.
design, and financing and continues until the structure is ready for occupancy.
Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human
multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised
by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project
architect. For the successfulexecution of a project, effective planning is essential.
Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question
must consider the zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the
successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability and
transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused
by construction delays andbidding, etc.
4.2 Definitions
4.7 Safety
4.8 History
4.2Definitions
Construction is a very general term meaning the art and science to form material or
immaterial objects, systems or organizations,[3] and comes from
Latin constructionem (fromcom- "together" and struere "to pile up") and Old
French construction.[4] Construction is used as a verb: the act of building, and a
noun: how a building was built, the nature of its structure.
Construction is often used as a synonym with building in its verb tense. As a
noun, Russell Sturgis distinguished between architecture as being artistic structure,
where a building is unadorned and can be "poor... commonplace, ugly, insufficient,
or otherwise of small importance; "[1] and the use of the word construction as
meaning built using scientific principles in a highly skillful way. The distinction
between a building and a non-building structure is not always clear but is
sometimes determined if the structure has walls or by its size or use. The Oxford
English Dictionary includes that structure may be used for a large or imposing
building.
The National Cement Share Company ofEthiopia's new plant in Dire Dawa.
Commercial building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing
various delivery methodologies, including cost estimating, hard bid, negotiated
price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk,
design & build and design-build bridging.
Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to
local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily
available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick
versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per
square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local
regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive
to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential construction (as
well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning
again is needed here.
Residential construction
The most popular method of residential construction in North America is woodframed construction. Typical construction steps for a single-family or small multifamily house are:
Build the main load-bearing structure out of thick pieces of wood and
possibly metal I-beams for large spans with few supports. See framing
(construction)
Cover outer walls and roof in particleboard or plywood and vapor barrier.
Cover the walls with siding, typically vinyl or wood, but possibly stone or
other materials
Install interior drywall panels and fiberglass insulation to make walls and
ceilings
Additional tiling on top of drywall for wet areas, such as the bathroom and
kitchen backsplash
Install final floor covering, such as floor tile, carpet, or wood flooring
Unless the original owners are building the house, at this point it is typically
sold or rented.
New construction techniques and sustainability
As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction
technologies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management
departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction
intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste.
New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by
advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction,
similar to theadditive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building
printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and
private habitations in around 20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical
facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D printers. [5] Working versions of
3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of
building material per hour as of January 2013, with the next-generation printers
capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week.
[6]
Dutch architect JanjaapRuijssenaars's performative architecture 3D-printed
building is scheduled to be built in 2014.[7]
In the current trend of sustainable construction, the recent movements of New
Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards
construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural
tradition and classical design.Thisis in contrast to modernist and shortlived globally uniform architecture, as well as opposing solitary housing
estates and suburban sprawl.[10] Both trends started in the 1980s.
4.3Construction processes
Design team
having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is
enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the
construction field[citation needed]. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure
that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place
before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly
executed over the life of the project.
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are
likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the
building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely,
even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most
obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the
expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts
throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the
work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government
projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project
changes that increasesd cost, which are not subject to competition from other firms
as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.[11]
Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often start with a
conceptual estimate performed by a building estimator. As portions of a project are
completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while
the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for
each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In many Englishspeaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity
surveyors.
Legal aspects
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Construction along Ontario Highway 401, widening the road from six to twelve
travel lanes
A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property.
These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that
are created in the process of construction.
The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a
project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal
requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things
that are indisputably bad bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements
come from malumprohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom
or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to
a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that
governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is
inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no
longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).
A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations,
each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a
set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as
trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little
as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and
in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts
must be
designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out.
Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those
expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas
poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.
Procurement
Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a
building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however
the three most common types of procurement are traditional (design-bid-build),
design-build and management contracting.
drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from
inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's
client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual
relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is
ready to occupy.
Design-build
Construction
of
the Phase-1 (first
Havelock City Project, Sri Lanka
two
towers)
of
the
This approach has become more common in recent years, and involves the client
contracting a single entity to both provide a design and to build that design. In
some cases, the design-build package can also include finding the site, arranging
funding and applying for all necessary statutory consents.
The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view of
the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about how to
accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires
the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but a consortium of
several contractors working together. Once these have been hired, they begin
building the first phase of the project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2.
This is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely
designed by the owner, then bid on, then completed.
Kent Hansen pointed out that state departments of transportation usually use design
build contracts as a way of progressing projects when states lack the resources. In
such departments, design build contracts are usually employed for very large
projects.
the construction manager, and individual trade contractors. The client takes on the
contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the active role
of managing theseparate trade contracts, and ensuring that they complete all work
smoothly and effectively together.
In the United States, the industry in 2014 has around $960 billion in annual
revenue according to statistics tracked by the Census Bureau, of which $680 billion
is private (split evenly between residential and nonresidential) and the remainder is
government.[13] As of 2005, there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million
contractors (200,000 general contractors, 38,000 heavy, and 432,000 specialty); the
average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees. [14] As a whole, the industry
employed an estimated 5.8 million as of April 2013, with a 13.2% unemployment
Skilled
occupations
include carpenters, electricians, plumbers, ironworkers, masons, and many other
manual crafts, as well as those involved in project management. In the UK these
require further education qualifications, often in vocational subject areas. These
qualifications are either obtained directly after the completion of compulsory
education or through "on the job" apprenticeship training.[17] In the UK, 8500
construction-related apprenticeships were commenced in 2007.[18]
Technical and specialized occupations require more training as a greater technical
knowledge is required. These professions also hold more legal responsibility. A
short list of the main careers with an outline of the educational requirements are
given below:
experience within the industry. To use the title "architect" the individual
must be registered on theArchitects Registration Board register of Architects.
experience working in the Middle East earn on average 43,389 per annum,
compared to 40,000 in the UK. [20] Some construction workers in the US/Canada
have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade.
4.7Safety
4.8History
The first huts and shelters were constructed by hand or with simple tools.
As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen,
like bricklayers and carpenters, appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for
construction work. In theMiddle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the
19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric
powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.
Fast-track construction has been increasingly popular in the 21st century. Some
estimates suggest that 40% of construction projects are now fast-track construction.
[26]
Ch5
. Complete Architectural Drawing
5.1 Layout plan