Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
2.1. MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Management functions is the essence of leadership. Therefore knowledge
and thorough understanding of their contents is essential condition for learning
science and practice of management and effective use of systems, methods and
techniques that own them are. For the first time management process analysis
and identification of management functions was made by Henry Fayol, who
believe that there are 5 functions of management: forecasting, organization,
control (decision), coordination and control.
Other experts have said that management has the following functions:
-planning and decision making,
-organization for high performance,
-direction and motivation,
-control results.
In Romania Constantin Pintilie believes that management has 7 functions:
forecasting, organization, motivation, coordination, control, evaluation,
maintenance and development of a climate of competition, incentives and
creativity.
There are basically five essential functions of management:
-forecasting and planning,
-organization,
-coordination,
-training-motivation,
-control-evaluation.
The diversity of these views is the fact that some authors confuse the
functions of management and enterprise. The controversy is due to the novelty of
management science, tentative views, innovation. Management is the core
management functions as they are, in fact, typical process management
components, without which management may take place in any socioeconomic
system.
-What is your strong point that makes you think that will be successful?
-There is a consensus among partners / stakeholders on the issues above?
b). history, management, human resources, the current activity. Business
history is very important to understand the business itself, the business today.
And businesses are not born from nothing. They will be born around a / some
people, then develop and function, led by those people. To paraphrase the
popular saying "man holy place" we can certainly say that "sanctifies business
manager". Manager or manager's future would be to ask questions like:
-What experience you bring in business?
-For the theoretical knowledge you have?
-What references can you present?
-Is your family willing to support you?
-You have the financial means to support his family during the difficult
early stages of business?
-You have the financial means to support the business?
-You have the contribution in kind to support the business?
-Cunotinele/experiena You or your partner cover key business areas?
-Where will you locate the headquarters of the Organization?
-How many employees do you need?
-What qualifications must have employees?
-What salary level should be provided?
-You can find the labor necessary specializations?
-You have outlined an organizational structure?
A special question concerns a special significance:
-Where is your business located?
c). market analysis. To perform this analysis can provide the following
questions:
-Why is there a business? To sell certain products / services to market.
A market analysis of how that evolved in the past and how to anticipate
the future evolution, are fundamental pillars for the determination of future
income that will generate business. It is important to answer questions regarding:
-Our Customers
-Who are your customers?
-Companies or individuals?
-How can segment your market?
-How is the market potential of geographically divided?
-You know how big the potential market volume?
-Have an action plan to attract customers?
Knowing the competition involves the following questions:
-What do you know about the competition?
-How many employees?
-What sales force?
-What market shares?
-What competitive advantages are compared to you?
-What strategies have competition price?
-But communication strategies / advertising?
-ntreinere/Reparaii.
-Liability Insurance & all risks insurance.
-Taxes.
-Costs related to the sale:
-Travel.
-Presentation materials.
-Exhibition.
-Administrative costs:
-Move.
-Office supplies.
-Communications: telephone, fax, phone, e-mail.
-Copy documents.
-Evidence primary and payroll.
-Subscriptions (eg journals, legislation, office equipment maintenance,
etc.).
-Literature.
-Taxes.
e). Investment required. Often the business plan is necessary to start a
new activity. Most times a new activity requires a new investment. Must therefore
be based on a pragmatic, honest and realistic investment. To diminish or ignore
the issues related to investment, infrastructure such as utilities or oversize it by
introducing unnecessarily expensive equipment, luxury, are common mistakes
that immediately raises questions (justified) in the minds of shareholders,
partners, donors.
Investment costs can be grouped as:
-Buildings,
-Equipment
-Car
-Other capital goods,
Investment related costs:
-Infrastructure,
-Water,
-Gas
-Current
-Sewage,
-Access road,
-Rehabilitation,
-Arrangements,
-Ensuring safety standards,
-Environmental protection.
-Other costs that may arise:
-Project Expenses.
-Expenses for initialization to use new equipment.
-Expenses for technological tests.
f). financial projections for the plan. Financial projections are expectations
/ planning future business financial statements. Financial projections are
mathematical modeling future balance sheet, profit and loss and the calculation
of liquidity (cash flow) in calculating the rate of profitability possibly some
business. Projections are inextricably linked to points c, d and e above. These
points provide input in the mathematical model and these are erroneous data,
financial projections mathematical model results can only be all wrong and
therefore completely useless.
g). Schedule. Obviously can not proposed "Framework formats", limiting,
for the business plan. But funding for some programs can be made available to
applicants specific framework. As a manager-entrepreneur business plan must
evolve. You can enter these presentation materials that can help business, such
as:
-study certificates / qualifications of the management team and human
resources,
-certified quality
-feedback from customers,
-appreciation of the bank,
-constructive-technological details,
-any other materials or documents which it considers relevant managerentrepreneur in presenting their business.
2.6. CONFLICT
Represents a tense conflict occurs when two or more parts of a company
must enter into interaction to complete a task to make a decision and to achieve
a goal or solve a problem, but the parties' interests are different , shares a
defined negative reactions from others, and the parties are unable to resolve the
controversy and critique each other. In this situation the warring parties influence
their colleagues, collaborators and friends. They join the group and looks
forward. As long as the conflict remains unresolved, the affected firm
performance, labor relations of those involved directly and by extension, the
entire group are damaged.
Appearance of conflict may be due to disruption of business mechanisms,
violation of principles or rules of management. Drinking onset and conflict is
regarded as extremely harmful to the company, energy and time, but sometimes
they can have a positive role in regulating internal mechanisms, social and
economic aspects of the company. Conflict is defined as tense as a whole
generated by interference between two or more major problems. The
consequence of this view is that management should not eliminate any conflict at
all costs, but only those that prove real obstacles to achieving business
objectives. In some cases conflicts can be beneficial when the situation can be
used as tools for change and innovation. So the real issue to be discussed is the
conflict itself, but that of how it can be channeled and managed it as a clever
maneuver, even a potential conflict economically destructive and costly can be
transformed the one that cost less and bring organizational advantages.
2.7. NEGOTIATION
DEFINITION: Negotiation is a decision-making between the parties
interdependent preferences not identical.
The elements of an effective negotiations are as follows:
1). Adopt a winning attitude that winning is a state-which constantly seeks
mutual benefit in any human interaction. This attitude leads to the adoption of
agreements or solutions are mutually involved in negotiation.
2). Establishment by each party involved in negotiating favorable last
alternative, to rule on any proposal that the party with whom to negotiate. This is
an alternative that provides benefits at least a portion involved in the negotiation
(the last "price").
3). Identify areas of negotiation that is if it is necessary or unnecessary, if
overlapping interests of both sides.
4). Value added through negotiation is a process consisting of the
following phases:
-Classification of interests.
-Identification of options.
-Design option package.
-Select an option package.
-Improvement of the transaction.
In literature it is considered advisable that negotiations take place at those
who have limited authority. A negotiator in this category may prove strong
enough to achieve desired results, limited authority making up a certain "power
source". A negotiator may postpone such a decision thus gaining time in which to
think of it sometimes finding business solutions that can bring in a difficult
situation. Has the opportunity to more easily said "no" and this amicably, without
being accused of unfair methods or incivility. This is because he says "no" on
behalf of someone else, being someone who can not pass over, that is the
general manager or owner.
Often there is negotiation and upward authority, ie a certain escalation of
authority, its purpose being to put approval at high levels. In such a situation that
they negotiate is forced to repeat the arguments one at each level of authority in
the party. Such a tactic, tough in its own way, can put on any negotiating or even
both in difficulty. Also it occasionally fails to sow discord between the negotiator
and the organization he represents, negotiator and was placed in a position to
report after each question in part, that business is concluded that in fact to be
that this is not true.
If authority is well prepared tactic often leads upward to the desired
results. For it is but needs a well trained negotiator, highly prepared physically, to
cope with such tactics. During the negotiations there are certain requests that
can not be but satisfied. They are so extreme that a compromise on them seems
impossible, but curiously, that such claims can help the negotiator to have the
agreement of all members of the team, and scattered while those from the other
side.