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Cartilage: provides support and prevents the tubes collapsing when the air pressure
inside them is low.
Ciliated epithelium: found lining the trachea, bronchi and some bronchioles. Single
layer of cells including cilia and goblet cells
Cilia: sweep mucus upwards towards the mouth prevent dust particles and bacteria
reaching the lungs.
SMOKING
Component of
smoke
Effect
Signs +
Symptoms
Disease
Tar
Coughing
Breathlessness
Increases chance
of infection
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Cancer
Carbon
monoxide
Binds irreversibly to Hb
Damage lining of arteries
Breathlessness
Fatigue
CHD
Stroke
Nicotine
Dizziness
Craving
Chronic bronchitis
Cilia paralysed + More mucus
secreted
Mucus builds up block alveoli
gas exchange more difficult (greater
diffusion distance between the air in the
alveoli and the blood in the capillaries).
Mucus traps bacteria, causing
infection and inflammation of the trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles (bronchitis)
The mucus stimulates persistent
coughing, which can damage the tissues in
the walls of the airways, making them
stiffer and the airways narrower.
Emphysema
Smoking causes inflammation in the
lungs.
elastic
Lung cancer
Carcinogens cause mutation in the genes of the lung cells.
Some of these mutated cells begin to divide uncontrollably, forming tumour (cancer)
Lung cancer can spread to other part of the body (metastasis) because there is a good
supply of blood in the lungs
pulses through.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
GAS EXCHANGE
1 A large, thick-walled blood vessel lies alongside a bronchus.
Which row names the vessel and describes its contents?
3 The table shows the presence or absence of ciliated epithelium and goblet
cells in airways.
Which row describes a bronchiole?
4 Two airways each have smooth muscle in their walls, but only one has
cartilage.
What are the airways?
SMOKING
1 Tar in cigarette smoke contains carcinogens and is mostly deposited in the
bronchi.
What is the effect of these carcinogens?
A
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smoking tobacco?
A
CO increases the blood pressure and increases the chance of a blood vessel in the
brain bursting.
B
Carcinogens increase the blood pressure and increase the chance of a blood vessel in
lung cancer?
A
B Death rates from lung cancer are highest in people who smoke more than 25
cigarettes per day.
C Lung cancer was a rare disease until smoking became common in the 20th century.
D When substances extracted from tar in cigarette smoke were painted onto the skin of
mice, the mice developed tumours.
9 Which dietary factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease?
A
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. D
Answers to smoking questions
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. D