PART I TORTS

A. Introductory Concepts
1. Nature, scope and coverage
2. Independent Alternatives, NCC Art. 1161
a. Revised Penal Code, Art. 100
b. Independent Civil Action for damages, NCC 32-34, 2176
c. Revised Rules of Court, Rule 111
3. Elements
a. Act or omission
b. Fault or negligence, NCC Art. 1173
1. concept
2. standard of care
3. presumptions of negligence, NCC Arts. 2184-2185, 2188, 1756
B. Causal Relation between act or omission and damage
1. Doctrine of Proximate Cause
a. Concept and definition
b. Test of proximate cause
Cases:
Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., 16 Phil 8
Bataclan vs. Medina, 102 Phil 181
Fernando vs. Court of Appeals, 208 SCRA 714
Sanitary Steam Laundry vs. CA, 300 SCRA 20
Mercury Drug vs. Baking, G. R. No. 156037, May 25, 2007
2. Doctrine of Imputed Negligence, Art. 2184, 2185 and 2188
Cases:
Caedo vs. Yu Khe Thai, 26 SCRA 381
Kapalaran Bus Line vs. Coronado, G. R. No. 85331, August 25, 1989
Anonuevo vs. CA, et al., G. R. No. 130003, October 20,2004
Mendoza vs. Soriano, et al., G. R. No. 164012, June 8, 2007
3. Res Ipsa Loquitur
Cases:
Africa vs. Caltex, L-12986, March 31, 1966
FF Cruz & Co. vs. CA, G. R. No. 52732, August 29, 1988
FGU Insurance Corp. vs. GP Sarmiento Trucking Corp., et al.,
G. R. No. 141910, August 6, 2002
Layugan vs. IAC, 167 SCRA 363
Perla Compania de Seguros, Inc. vs. Spouses Sarangaya, G. R. No.
147746, October 25, 2005

4. Defenses
a. Plaintiffs own negligence
Cases:
Paulan vs. Sarabia, 104 Phil 1050
Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., supra.
Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. vs. Balandan, 91 Phil 488
b. Assumption of Risk, NCC Art. 2179
Cases:
Afiliada vs. Hisole and Hisole, 85 Phil 67
Ilocos Norte Co. vs. CA, G. R. No. 53401, November 6, 1989
Calalas vs. CA, 332 SCRA 357
Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et al. vs. Reyes, G. R. No., 154259,
February 28, 2005
c. Doctrine of Contributory Negligence, NCC Art. 2179
Cases:
Philippine National Railways vs. Tupang, G. R. No. 55347, October
4, 1985
Rakes vs. Atlantic Gulf, 7 Phil 359
Taylor vs. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., supra.
Banal & Enverso vs. Tacloban Electric House and Plant, 54 Phil 327
Jarco Marketing Corp. vs CA, 321 SCRA 377
d. Doctrine of Last Clear Chance
Cases:
Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil 809
Pantranco vs. Baesa, G. R. No. 79050, November 14, 1989
Peoples Lumber vs. IAC, G. R. No. 70493, May 18, 1989
PLDT vs. CA, G. R. No. 57079, September 29, 1989
Ong vs. MCWD, 104 Phil 397
e. Emergency Rule
Valenzuela vs. CA, 253 SCRA 303
f. Prescription, NCC Art. 1150
Capuno vs. Pepsi, L-19331, April 30, 1965

C. Liability for Act or Omission

1. By tortfeasor
a. Natural persons
b. Juridical persons
2. By persons made responsible for others (Vicarious liability), NCC
Article 2188
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Parents
Guardians
Owners and Managers of Establishments and Enterprises
Employers
Owners of vehicles
State
Teachers and heads of establishments of arts and trades
Defense

Joint Tortfeasors, NCC Art. 2194

Provinces, cities and municipalities, NCC Art. 2189
Proprietor of Building, engineer, contractor, NCC Art. 2190-2192
Common Carriers

D. Nature and Enforcement of Liability

1.
2.
3.
4.

Between tortfeasors, Art 2194

No double recovery, Art. 2176
Requirement as to reservation
Manner of enforcement

E. Strict Liability Torts

1. Possessor of animals, Art. 2183
2. Manufacturers and processors of foodstuff, Art. 2187
3. Head of Family, Art. 2193
4. Allied laws Secs. 97-102, Consumer Act, Sec. 31 of Corporation Code
F. Special Torts
1. Abuse of right
2. Acts contrary to law
3. Acts contrary to morals
4. Unjust enrichment
5. Interference with relations
a. Family Relations
b. Social Relations
c. Economic/Contractual Relations
d. Political relations

G. Kindred Torts
1. Legal Malpractice
2. Liability of directors &
trustees of corporation
3. Nuisance Arts. 694-707
a. Nuisance Per Se and Nuisance Per
Accidence
b. Public Nuisance and Private
Nuisance
c. Attractive Nuisance
PART II DAMAGES
A. Classification, NCC Art. 2197
B. Actual and Compensatory Damages
1. Concept, NCC Arts. 2199-2200
2. Requisites
a. Alleged and proved with certainty
b. Not speculative
3. Component Elements
a. Value of loss; unrealized profit,
NCC 2200
b. Loss of earning capacity
c. Attorneys fees and expenses
of litigation
d. Interest
4. Extent or scope of actual damages
a. In contracts and quasi-contracts,
NCC 2201
i. obligor in good faith
ii. obligor in bad faith
b. In crimes and quasi-delicts, NCC
Art. 2202
i. resulting to death, NCC Art.2206
5. Assessment of Damages, NCC Arts.
22032204, 2214-2215
C. Moral Damages
1. Concept, NCC Arts. 2217-2218
2. When recoverable, NCC Arts. 22192220)
a. In seduction, abduction, rape
and other lascivious acts
b. In acts referred to in NCC Arts. 21,
26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34 & 35
c. In cases of malicious prosecution

D. Nominal Damages
1. Concept
2. When awarded
E. Temperate or Moderate Damages
1. Concept
2. When awarded
F. Liquidated Damages
1. Concept, NCC Art. 2226
2. Rules governing in case of breach of
contract
G. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
1. Concept, NCC Art. 2229
2. When recovered
a. In criminal offenses, NCC Art. 2230
b. In quasi-delicts, NCC Art. 2231
c. In contracts and quasi-contracts,
NCC Art. 2232
3. Requisites, NCC Arts. 2233, 2234
H. Graduation of Damages
1. Duty of Injured Party, NCC Art. 2203
2. Rules
a. In crimes
b. In quasi-delict, NCC Art. 2214
c. In contracts, quasi-contracts and
quasi-delicts, NCC Art. 2215
d. Liquidated damages, NCC Art. 2227
e. Compromise
I. Miscellaneous Rules
1. Damages that cannot co-exist
a. Nominal with other damages,
Art. 2223
b. Actual and Liquidated Art. 2226
2. Damages that should co-exist
a. Exemplary with moral, temperate,
liquidated or compensatory
3. Damages that should stand alone
a. Nominal Damages, Art. 2223