CHAPTER - III

AN OVERVIEW OF THE SME SECTOR

AND INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN
ANDHRA PRADESH, AND PROFILE OF
KRISHNA DISTRICT

SECTION I: SMEs AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN

ANDHRA PRADESH
3.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the following objectives: (i) to present an overview of the
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector in Andhra Pradesh, (ii) to indicate the status
position of industrial infrastructure developed in Andhra Pradesh, in the background of
progress at the national level, with particular reference to special economic zones, and other
export oriented industrial parks, and (iii) to develop a profile of Krishna district with special
reference to industrial development including SME sub-sector.
Section-I: Overview of the SME sector and Infrastructure Development in Andhra
Pradesh; Section-II: Profile of Krishna District. Data collected from the Commissionerate of
Industries, Andhra Pradesh with regard to permanently registered micro, small and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) (known as registered small scale industries earlier) in respect of Andhra
Pradesh as a whole, and Krishna district in particular, has been considered for the purpose of
analysis. In addition, for Krishna district, District Industries Centre (DIC) at Vijayawada, and
a number of industry associations operating in the district have been contacted.

96

I.

SMEs in Andhra Pradesh

3.2 Overall Growth of MSMEs at the State Level

Table 3.1: Overall Growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in
Andhra Pradesh
(1995-2012)
Particulars

1995

2000

(cumulative picture for the year ending March)

2006

2008

2009

2010

2011

CAGR
(1995-

2012

2012)
%

10

Number of MSMEs
114,140 136,993 146,766 153,470 158,173 165,911 1,75,076 1,90,895
Fixed investment
1,639
3,425 4,963
7,899 10,504 14,448 16,807 20,909
(Rs.crore)
Employment(in lakhs)
9.87
11.95 13.26 14.40
15.32
16.63
18.02
20.42
Source: Commissionerate of Industries, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

3.1
16.2
4.4

Table 3.2: CAGRs and Annual Growth Rates of MSMEs in Andhra Pradesh
(1995-2012) (%)
1995-2000
2

CAGR
2000-06
3

2006-12
4

2007-08
5

3.7

1.2

4.5

2.9

3.1

15.9

6.4

27.1

35.0

3.9
1.8
7.5
5.7
Source: Computed for the data given in Table 3.1.

Particulars
1
Number of
MSMEs
Fixed
investment
Employment

Annual Growth
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
6
7
8

2011-12
9

4.9

5.5

9.0

33.0

37.5

16.3

24.4

6.4

8.6

8.4

13.3

The progress of the State in respect of number of enterprises works out to a growth
rate of 3.1% over 1995-2012. The corresponding growth rate for fixed investment is
16.2%, and for employment 4.4% (Table 3.1). Growth rates for specific periods as given in
Table 3.2 reveal variations, with 2000-06 recording the lowest rates, recovery noticed from
2006, and the best results recorded in the recent five years from 2008 (Table 3.3).
Table 3.3 presents the cumulative picture for MSMEs for the State; Table 3.4 gives
year-wise registration of MSMEs for the State whereas Table 3.5 presents the trends based
on the cumulative picture at the end of FY 2006 and FY 2012 at the district and regional
levels.

97

Table 3.3: Registered Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Andhra

Pradesh
(1956-2012)
(cumulative picture for the year ending March)
Year ending March

No.
Fixed investment
of Units
(Rs. crore)
1
2
3
(a) Units with fixed investment above Rs. 5 lakh
Up to 1956
38
5.0
1956-1974
200
22.1
1974-1996
5,305
756.5
Cumulative March 1996
5,543
783.6
(b) Units with fixed
112,728
1,046.4
investment up to Rs. 5 lakh
March 1996 (cumulative)
(c) Total registered MSEs
118,271
1,830
(March 1996)
1995
1,14,148 (4.0)
1,639 (12.7)
1996
1,18,271 (3.6)
1,830 (11.7)
1997
1,22,790 (3.8)
2,038 (11.4)
1998
1,27,725 (4.0)
2,335 (14.6)
1999
1,32,722 (3.9)
2,887 (23.6)
2000
1,36,993 (3.2)
3,426 (18.7)
2001
1,39,041 (1.5)
3,752 (9.5)
2002
1,40,653 (1.2)
4,013 (6.9)
2003
1.42,294 (1.2)
4,248 (5.8)
2004
1,43,867 (1.1)
4,452 (4.8)
2005
1,45,499 (1.1)
4,718 (6.0)
2006
1,46,766 (0.9)
4,963 (5.2)
2007
1,49,206 (1.7)
5,850 (17.9)
2008
1,53,470 (2.9)
7,899 (35.0)
2009
1,58,173 (3.1)
10,504 (33.0)
2010
1,65,911 (4.9)
14,448 (37.5)
2011
1,75,076(5.5)
16,807(16.3)
2012
1,90,895(9.0)
20,909(24.4)

Employment
4
3,521
12,764
113,375
129,660
890,776
10,20,436
9,86,600 (4.3)
10,20,436 (3.4)
10,47,193 (2.6)
10,97,192 (4.8)
11,55,445 (5.3)
11,95,109 (3.4)
12,20,542 (2.1)
12,39,753 (1.6)
12,64,046 (2.0)
12,85,995 (1.7)
13,10,071 (1.9)
13,25,903 (1.2)
13,61,922 (2.7)
14,39,786 (5.7)
15,32,015 (6.4)
16,63,118 (8.6)
18,02,337(8.4)
20,42,288(13.3)

Notes: 1. Figures within parentheses indicate percentage growth over the previous year.
2. Data presented in the table relate to micro and small enterprises up to 2005-06.
From 2006-07, in addition, data regarding the newly registered medium
enterprises are also included.
Source:

Commissionerate of Industries, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

98

Table 3.4: Year-wise Growth of Registered MSMEs in Andhra Pradesh

(1995-2012)
Year

No. of Units

Fixed investment Employment

(Rs. crore)
3
4
1,639
9,86,600

1
2
Cumulative114,148
March 1995
1995-96
4,123
191
33,836
1996-97
4,970
211
37,900
1997-98
4,935
297
49,999
1998-99
4,997
552
58,253
1999-00
4,195
539
39,664
2000-01
2,124
327
25,433
2001-02
1,612
261
19,211
2002-03
1,641
235
24,293
2003-04
1,573
200
21,949
2004-05
1,632
266
24,076
2005-06
1,267
245
15,832
2006-07
2,440
887
36,019
2007-08
4,264
2,049
77,864
2008-09
4,703
2,605
92,229
2009-10
7,738
3,944
131, 103
2010-11
9,165
2,359
139,219
2011-12
15,819
4,102
239,951
Cumulative1,90,895
20,909
20,42,288
March 2012
Note: Data presented in the table relate to micro and small enterprises up to 2005-06. From
2006-07, in addition, data regarding the newly registered medium enterprises are
also included.
Source: Commissionerate of Industries, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

3.3 SMEs - Trends at Regional and District Level

The analysis attempted is for three parameters number of enterprises, fixed
investment and employment, for the period 1995 -2012 (18 years). Disaggregated picture
of the State total presented is for three regions Telangana, Coastal Andhra, and
Rayalaseema. The first two bigger regions of the State have been further broken down to
two sub-regions each namely, Hyderabad sub-region (4 districts), rest of Telangana (6
districts), North Coastal Andhra (5 districts), and South Coastal Andhra (4 districts).
In all the three parameters, prominent position of Telangana region is clearly
noticed in respect of micro and small enterprises. This is both due to high growth rates and
high shares, largely propelled by high levels of performance of the Hyderabad region.
99

Table 3.5: Growth of MSMEs in Andhra Pradesh District-wise

and Region-wise
(2006 and 2012)
(cumulative picture for the year ending March)
Sl.
No.
1
1
2
3
4
(A)
5
6
7
8
9
10
(B)
(C)
11
12
13
14
15
(D)
16
17
18
19
(E)
(F)
20
21
22
23
(G)
(H)

District /
sub-region /
region

No. of enterprises
2006

2012

CA
GR
(%)
5
7.8
4.4
9.4
7.0

Fixed investment
(Rs. crore)
CA
2006
2012
GR
(%)
6
7
8
344.6 2118.6 35.3
235.4
659.6 18.7
1119.5 6257.8 33.2
113.1
688.1 35.1

Employment
(persons)
2006

2012

CA
GR
(%)
11
14.6
8.5
15.0
9.7

2
3
4
9
10
Medak
4589
7187
51603
116608
Hyderabad
14412
18623
110484
180076
Rangareddy
18091
31053
169456
392600
Mahabubnagar
3268
4900
28915
50306
Hyderabad
40360
61763 7.3 1812.6 9724.2 32.3
360458
739590 12.7
region
Adilabad
1816
2252 3.7
51.7
113.0 13.9
18943
23484 3.6
Nizamabad
3899
4701 3.2
75.1
230.4 20.5
35432
42145 2.9
Karimnagar
4915
5507 1.9 145.7
309.2 13.4
45612
53447 2.7
Nalgonda
7446
8940 3.1 218.1 1067.2 30.3
72390
100180 5.6
Warangal
6224
7185 2.4
98.4
347.5 23.4
49809
58371 2.7
Khammam
4494
5871 4.6 146.4
519.8 23.5
40706
54034 4.8
Rest
of
28794
34456 3.0 735.4 2587.0
23.3
262892
331661 3.9
Telangana
Telangana
69154
96219 5.7 2548.1 12311.1 30.0
623350 1071251 9.4
Srikakulam
4731
5086 1.2 104.7
329.1 21.0
40751
51618 5.6
Vizianagaram
3490
3918 1.9
80.9
265.4 21.9
30868
37859 3.5
Visakhapatnam
10231
13644 4.9 295.6 1226.9 26.8
81163
144365 10.1
East Godavari
8151
11329 5.6 266.2 1484.2 33.2
73315
114478 7.7
West Godavari
6897
7671 1.8 247.0
633.2 17.0
61471
73859 3.1
North Coastal
33500
41648 3.7 994.4 3938.8 25.8
287568
422179 6.6
Andhra
Krishna
8583
10604 3.6 336.9 1083.4 21.5
80458
112923 5.8
Guntur
7168
8454 2.8 314.2
831.7 17.6
71882
90630 3.9
Prakasam
5290
6636 3.9 171.2
662.6 25.3
51652
71326 5.5
Nellore
6130
6651 1.4 106.8
345.8 21.6
60042
67624 2.0
South Coastal
27171
32345 3.0 929.0 2923.4 21.1
264034
342503 4.4
Andhra
Coastal
60671
73993 3.4 1923.4 6862.2 23.6
551602
764682 5.6
Andhra
Kadapa
3829
4950 4.4
77.7
423.2 32.6
33629
47332 5.9
Kurnool
4337
4912 2.1 133.4
274.7 12.8
38026
44986 2.8
Ananthapur
4696
5581 2.9 122.5
431.4 23.3
40281
49784 3.6
Chittoor
4079
5240 4.3 157.9
607.1 25.2
39015
64253 8.7
Rayalaseema
16941
20683 3.4 491.5 1736.4 23.4
150951
206355 5.3
Andhra
146766 190895 4.5
4963 20909.3 27.1 1325903 2042288 7.5
Pradesh
Note: Data presented in the table relate to micro and small enterprises up to 2005-06.
From 2006-07, in addition, data regarding the newly registered medium enterprises
are also included.
Source: Commissionerate of Industries, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

100

Performance of the rest of Telangana has also shown good but moderate
performance. Telangana region has, thus, reaped the benefits of industrialisation in the
small and medium enterprise sector, much better compared to Coastal Andhra and
Rayalaseema regions, which showed lower level of performance, and are below the state
averages. Rest of Telanganas moderate progress is also noteworthy. CAGR analysis for
2006-12 district-wise and region-wise reveals as follows. For number of enterprises, as
against APs position of 4.5%, Hyderabad region recorded 7.3%, Rayalaseema 3.4%,
Coastal Andhra 3.4%, and rest of Telangana 3.0%. For fixed investment, as against APs
position of 27.1%, Hyderabad region recorded 32.3%, rest of Telangana 23.3%,
Rayalaseema 23.4%, and Coastal Andhra 23.6%, with North Coastal Andhra recording
25.8%, and South Coastal Andhra 21.1%. For employment, as against APs position of
7.5%, Hyderabad region recorded 12.7%, rest of Telangana 3.9%, Rayaleseema 5.3%, and
Coastal Andhra 5.6%.
During the 18-year period (1995-2012), performance during the recent five years
from 2007-08 has been the best in all aspects. Telangana and Hyderabad regions have
shown outstanding performance. Hyderabad region has also recorded good, but moderate
performance in periods of recession, 2000-06. Growth of fixed investment in 2007-08,
2008-09, and 2009-10 has been 50.6%, 41.9%, and 28.2% for Hyderabad region, while the
corresponding figures for Telangana were 44.8%, 38.3%, and 33%, and for the rest of
Telangana were 30.4%, 28%, and 48.4%, The corresponding State figures were 35%, 33%.
and 37.5%. For Coastal Andhra, the figures were low at 25.6%, 26.0%, and 38.3%,
respectively. Similarly, in respect of employment also, Telangana and Hyderabad regions
scored the highest levels with Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema lagging behind. In respect
of the share of each region to the State total, for fixed investment, Telanganas position has
been consistently above 50%, going up to 59%, with Hyderabad region recording 36% to

101

47%. In the share of employment, Telangana region has been in the range of 46% to 52%;
with Hyderabad region recording 27% to 36%. The shares of Coastal Andhra and
Rayalaseema steadily declined to around 38% and 11%, respectively.

3.4 Look Ahead SMEs in Andhra Pradesh

Among the strategies to be pursued for accelerating growth of SMEs, a few
prominent ones are presented in this section. Cluster development, export potential, and
promoting complementary between small, and medium and large units can be the
directions for fostering speedy growth. Another dimension is focusing on emerging and
high value added product lines to create wealth. A few emerging areas indicated for the
State are: drugs, pharmaceuticals, information technology (IT and IT enabled services and
business process outsourcing BPO), bio-technology, nanotechnology, leather, textiles,
garments, electronic hardware and telecommunication equipment, agro and food
processing, and mineral-based product lines, gems and jewellery, apparel parks, etc.
Cluster approach for modernisation, and overall planning for a group of enterprises in
product lines which have the potential for development is being practised in many
locations in the State, on the pattern being followed in other parts of the country. This will
also result in greater degree of dispersal of industries in smaller towns, apart from growth
centres which are reasonably well developed in earlier years. A few product lines in this
category for cluster approach in the State are: cashew processing, mango jelly, fruit
canning, biscuits and confectionery, marine foods, brass metal works, cast brass hardware,
aluminium utensils, steel furniture, automobile industry, agricultural implements, ceiling
fans, distribution transformers, wooden toys, steel rolling mills, wooden furniture, etc.

102

The Vision 2020 document for Andhra Pradesh1 envisages a growth rate of 10.3
per cent per annum gross state domestic product (GSDP), and a nine-fold increase in per
capita income over a period of 25 years (1995-2020). The share of industry in GSDP is
envisaged to increase from 18 per cent in 1995-96 to 21 per cent in 2020-21. Though this
target appears to be modest, it implies a 13 fold increase in 25 years, and an annual growth
rate of 11 per cent for industry. It envisages an investment of Rs.11,65,000 crore over a
period of 25 years. The capital-output ratio works out to 6.85, and the industry sector is
expected to absorb 18 million workers by 2020 from a low base of 3.5 million workers in
1995. The elasticity of employment with respect to value added in industry comes to 0.25,
These directions need to be kept in view, while pursuing investments, domestic as well as
foreign. SME sector has an eminent role to play in the emerging scenario.
The key challenge in future years for the SME sector is remaining competitive
while continuing to ensure employment intensity of operations. While there is need to
devise appropriate strategies for the sector as a whole, there is greater recognition of the
need for sector-specific policies and interventions. Innovation, research and development,
quality assurance, aggressive marketing strategies, and export-led growth in labourintensive product lines, reflect the demands of future periods.

II. Industrial Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh

The programme of industrial estates in Andhra Pradesh is implemented by the
Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC). Industrial estates, industrial
development areas, and autonagars are promoted by APIIC. Up to March 2012, APIIC
acquired nearly 1,30,000 acres (over 52,630 hectares) of land for 325 industrial parks
covering all the districts for various categories of industrial estates and areas all over the

Government of Andhra Pradesh, Planning Department (2001), Andhra Pradesh Vision 2020,
Hyderabad.

103

State. In addition, APIIC, on behalf of Government of Andhra Pradesh has facilitated

acquisition of land for a number of specialised estates/areas/parks, and large and medium
industries2. Estates/areas have been developed as centrally sponsored growth centres in
three locations (Ongole in Prakasam District, Hindupur in Anantapur district, and Bobbili
in Vizianagaram district), and integrated infrastructure development centres in a number of
locations. The type of estates promoted in the State can be categorised as government
sponsored and assisted private industrial estates, ancillary estates, technocrat estates, rural
estates, satellite estates, and self employment estates. Industrial areas accommodate small,
medium and large enterprises. Autonagars provide developed land for entrepreneurs
associated with automobile servicing activity. In a few locations, manufacture of
automobile components is also taken up in autonagars. For the benefit of SC/ST
entrepreneurs, mini industrial estates have been developed on an area of one acre of land at
each place. APIIC is the nodal agency for setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs),
Software Technology Parks (STP), and other specialised export oriented industrial parks.
APIIC has promoted Industrial Area Local Authority (IALA) in all locations of industrial
parks promoted by it for better management and maintenance of industrial parks. The
Corporation has set up an Environment Management Plan (EMP) cell for promotion of
eco-industrial parks for pollution prevention, environment management system, clean
technologies, green building designs, etc.
Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh (ALEAP) with headquarters
at Hyderabad, and chapters in all the districts has launched the programme of industrial
estates and promotion of incubation centres for encouraging women entrepreneurship all
over the State. Pragatinagar in Rangareddy district is the first ALEAP promoted estate for
lady entrepreneurs. It has four incubation centres. At Surampalli, near Vijayawada in

APIIC.

104

Krishna district, another estate has been promoted by ALEAP. These are on 30 acres of
land, with common facilities needed by entrepreneurs developed in the estate. ALEAP
plans to develop similar estates for women entrepreneurs in a few other districts in the near
future for which land acquisition is in progress.
Under Cluster Development Programme launched by the Union Ministry of Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in the recent years, under the revised guidelines
in operation from 2010, infrastructure development is a specific component. Details of the
scheme are given in Chapter I under cluster development programme. Government of
India supports new as well as existing industrial estates for developing the required
facilities. Government of India grant will be restricted to 60% of the cost of the project,
and 80% in case of projects of North Eastern and Hill states, as well as in industrial areas /
estates with more than 50% a) micro, b) women owned, and c) SC/ST units. Maximum
project cost envisaged in new estates is Rs.10 crore per location. For existing clusters, in
the context of upgradation, and for common facilities to be established, proposals will be
based on actual requirement. Specialised industrial parks with focus on exports are
covered later in this section.

III. Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIPs), Software Technology Parks

(STPs), and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Andhra Pradesh
Among the programmes of infrastructure development initiated by the Union
Government with focus on exports, Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

is a recent

phenomenon in the country, with its earlier programmes known as Export Processing
Zones (EPZs) and Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIPs), and 100 per cent Export
Oriented Units (EOUs). All infrastructure programmes implemented with export
orientation are known as Export Promotion Industrial Parks. Programmes other than SEZs
implemented in recent years are recalled first stating the position at the end of December
105

2011. This is followed by a detailed presentation of SEZs with district-wise and product
group-wise break up at the end of July 2012. The presentation in respect of all these
programmes is in greater detail for Andhra Pradesh with the All India position in the
background.
Software Technology Parks (STPs) under the Software Technology Parks of India
(STPI) in the Union Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEIT)3 have
spread to 52 cities in the country in 22 States and one Union Territory (UT),
covering tier I, II, and III cities, with headquarters at New Delhi. In Andhra Pradesh, there
are seven locations, with Hyderabad as tier I city, and six others as tier II cities
(Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Vijayawada, Tirupati, Kadapa, and Warangal).

Agricultural

Export Zones (AEZs) under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority (APEDA) have been approved in 60 locations in 20 States. AEZs
include parks developed for horticulture and floriculture. Four locations are in Andhra
Pradesh dealing with processing of fruits. These are Nuzvid (Krishna district) for mango,
Chittoor for fruits including mango, Ananthapur for gherkins (processed cucumbers), and
Rangareddy district for grapes and mango. Under the Spices Board, Spices Parks are being
set up in nine locations in seven States. Two are functioning in Madhya Pradesh at
Chhindwara and Guna, and seven more proposed in the Eleventh Plan are at various stages
of implementation. Guntur in Andhra Pradesh (Edlapadu mandal near Chilakaluripet) is
one of them for which 125 acres of land has been acquired. Thirty mega Food Parks have
been planned during the Eleventh Plan period, of which 15 are being established at one
each in 15 States in the first Phase from 2011-12. Srini in Chittoor district (Andhra
Pradesh) is one of the locations. Under the Ministry of Textiles, Integrated Textile Parks

Annual Reports of 2011-12 of the Department of Electronics and Information Technology,

Department of Commerce, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, and Ministry of Textiles,
Government of India, New Delhi.

106

are functioning, with such parks approved in 40 locations. This scheme has integrated the
parks known by different names, which have been functioning in the textile sector earlier.
Out of the 40 locations approved in nine States, five are in Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra
Pradesh, Pochampally Handloom Park, Pochampally, Nalgonda district, and Brandix India
Apparel City, Visakhapatnam has become operational. Under the Apparel Park Scheme,
12 locations were approved earlier in the 10 States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.
Under the Textile Centre Infrastructure Development Scheme (TCIDS), 18 projects were
approved earlier in the following 10 States, with the number of projects indicated within
brackets.

Pashamylaram

in

Medak

district,

and

Karimnagar

are

covered

in

AndhraPradesh(2).
Under each of these Ministries, apart from parks, 100% export oriented units
(EOUs) are also functioning. Product-specific parks listed here focus on integrated
utilisation of the produce from the farm to port approach for resources available in clusters
of contiguous areas, apart from export promotion. World class infrastructure is provided
in these parks. Incentives and facilities provided in SEZs go beyond the practices followed
by the above mentioned export promotion industrial parks. The STPs are relatively closer
to SEZs in many respects. The details given here have been taken from the latest Annual
Reports of the respective Ministries accessed from their websites.
From 2006 up to July 2012, 109 SEZs have been given formal approval for
Andhra Pradesh, out of which 76 (69.7%) have been notified. In addition, six have been
given in-priniciple approval. Out of the notified ones, 37 (48.7%) are functional and are
exporting. The share of Andhra Pradesh in all India of formal approvals of 588 is 18.5%,
and in notified SEZs of 386 is 19.7%. Out of the 154 SEZs in the country which are
exporting, 37 (24.0%) are in Andhra Pradesh.

107

Prior to the implementation of the SEZ

Act, Visakhapatnam was the only SEZ, which was converted from Export Processing Zone
(EPZ) to SEZ in 2003. All India position of SEZs in July 2012 is as follows: formal
approvals 588, out of which 386(65.7%) have been notified. Inprinciple approval has
been given for 49 SEZs. 154 SEZs (39.9% of notified ones) are exporting. District-wise
and product group-wise distribution of SEZs formally approved for Andhra Pradesh is
presented in Table 3.6. Except Khammam, Nizamabad and Adilabad districts, all the other
20 districts are covered by formally approved SEZs. Area of SEZs given formal approval
in Andhra Pradesh sector-wise is given in Table 3.7.
Telangana region with a coverage of seven districts accounts for 69 SEZs formally
approved (63.3% of the State total), with 3,028 hectares of area (21.9% of the State total of
13,803 hectares). Coastal Andhra with all the nine districts covered with 28 SEZs (25.7%)
accounts for 8,891 hectares (64.4%) area. Rayalaseema with all the four districts covered
with 12 SEZs (11.0%) accounts for an area of 1884 hectares (13.7%). District-wise and
product group-wise break up given in Table 3.6 reveals that in Telangana region the focus
has been on the service sector, Information Technology in particular, which requires very
little land per SEZ, and knowledge based product lines like bio-technology and pharma,
whereas in Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions, the emphasis has been on
manufacture. This includes seven multi-product SEZs which account for 7,444 hectares
area (53.9% of area of SEZs of the State). The dominance of Telangana in terms of
number of SEZs approved with focus on IT sector is, thus, evident. Manufacturing sector
with large area is the specialty of the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions.
Aluminum refining and products (7.4%), pharmaceuticals (6.3%), textiles and apparel
(3.4%), multi-services (3%), Free Trade and Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) (1.8%), leather
and footwear (1.7%), bio-technology (1.7%), and aero space and precision engineering,

108

and aviation sector (1.6%). Out of 7 multi-product SEZs, sea-port-based is at Kakinada

(East Godavari district), airport-based is at Shamshabad (Mahabubnagar district).
Table 3.6: Formally approved SEZs in Andhra Pradesh, District-wise with Sectoral
Particulars
(July 2012)
Region / District
1
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana Region

No. of SEZs
formally
approved
2
109
69(63.3)

Rangareddy

41(37.6)

Hyderabad

11(10.1)

Mahabubnagar
Medak
Warangal
Nalgonda
Karimnagar
Coastal Andhra
Region
Visakhapatnam

6
7
2
1
1
28(25.7)

Sector / Type of SEZ (No.of SEZs)

Area (in
hectares)

3
20 out of 23 districts covered
Seven districts covered, and three districts
(Khammam, Nizamabad, and Adilabad) not
covered
IT(31), fab city (1), semi-conductor (1), electronic
hardware(1), bio-technology(6), FTWZ(1)
IT(8), gems and jewellery(1), foot wear(1),
FTWZ(1)
Pharma (1), gems and jewellery(1), airport based
multi-product(1), FTWZ(1), aviation(1),
agriculture and livestock related products(1)
IT(1), bio-technology(4), pharma(2)
IT(2)
Light engineering(1)
IT(1)
All nine districts covered

4
13,803
3028(21.9)

12(11.0)

1288.8(9.3)
469.5(3.4)
468(3.4)
666(4.8)
24.4
101.2
10.1
8891(64.4)

IT(6), Pharma(3),multi-product(1), textiles and

3664.1(26.5)
apparel(1), aluminum refining(1)
Vizianagaram
1
Alumina sector(1)
240
Srikakulam
1
Pharma(1)
110
East Godavari
3
IT(1), food processing(!), sea port-based mullti1147.6(8.3)
product(1)
West Godavari
1
Writing and printing paper(1)
109.8
Krishna
2
IT(2)
37
Guntur
2
IT(2)
61.8
Prakasam
1
Building materials(1)
106.4
Nellore
5
Textiles and apparel(1), multi-product(3),
3414.8(24.7)
leather(1)
Rayalaseema
12(11.0)
All four districts covered
1884(13.7)
Anantapur
7(6.4)
Bio-technology(3), textiles and apparel(1),
763.4(5.5)
FTWZ(1), multi-services(1), Aviation(1).
Chittoor
2
IT(1), multi-product(1)
1055.6(7.7)
Kadapa
2
IT(1), bio-technology(1)
52.6
Kurnool
1
IT(1)
12.2
Notes: 1.Figures in parentheses in columns 2&4 indicate percentage to the respective totals for
Andhra Pradesh in terms of number of SEZs formally approved for the State, and total
area of these SEZs.
2. Figures in parentheses in column 3 indicate number of formally approved SEZs in each
category in the district.
Source: Website on SEZs of Union Department of Commerce, www.sezindia.nic.in

109

Table 3.7: Area of SEZs given formal approval in Andhra Pradesh Sector-wise
(July 2012)
Sl.No.

Product group

1
1
2
3
4
5
6

IT/ITES
Electronic hardware & Semi-Conductor
Bio-technology
Pharmaceuticals
Textiles & apparel
Multi-Product
(including one airport-based & one sea-port-based)
7
Aero space & precision engineering, and aviation sector
8
Agriculture & livestock products and related services
9
Aluminimum refining & products
10
Building Products
11
Food processing
12
Leather and footwear
13
FTWZ /(Free Trade & Warehousing Zone)
14
Gems and Jewellery
15
Light engineering
16
Multi-services
17
Writing and Printing paper mill
Total
Source: ibid.

Formal
approvals
of SEZs
3
57
3
14
7
3
7

Area (in
hectares)

Area
(in %)

4
1,839.5
190.0
237.4
870.4
470.9
7,444.2

5
13.3
1.4
1.7
6.3
3.4
53.9

2
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
109

215.4
108.4
1,019.4
106.4
101.2
234.4
241.7
97.1
101.2
415.6
109.8
13,803

1.6
0.8
7.4
0.8
0.7
1.7
1.8
0.7
0.7
3.0
0.8
100

and the other five are in Nellore (3), Chittoor (1) and Visakhapatnam (1) districts. Multiservices SEZ is located in Anantapur district. Distribution of 57 IT SEZs district-wise is as
follows: Rangareddy 31, Hyderabad 8, Visakhapatnam 6, 2 each in Krishna, Guntur and
Warangal, and one each in Chittoor, Kurnool, Kadapa, East Godavari, Medak, and
Karimnagar. The seven centres connected by high speed data communication (HSDC)
facility in the capital and tier 2 cities of the State where Software Technology Parks
(STPs) have been promoted constitute the focus of IT SEZs. Three electronic hardware
and semi-conductor units are in Rangareddy district. 14 bio-technology centres are
distributed as follows: Rangareddy 6, Medak 4, Anantapur 3, and Kadapa 1. Seven pharma
centres are located in Visakhapatnam 3, Medak 2, and Mahabubnagar and Srikakulam, one
each. 3 Textiles and apparel locations are one each in the districts of Visakhapatnam,
Nellore, and Anantapur. Rangareddy district stands outstanding with 41 out of 109 SEZs

110

(37.6%) formally approved so far, with Visakhapatnam district standing next with 12 SEZs
(11%) (IT 6, pharma 3, multi-product 1, textiles and apparel 1, and aluminium refining 1).
In Rangareddy, apart from 31 IT, other SEZs are electronic hardware 3, bio-tech 6, and
FTWZ 1. Hyderabad district has 11 SEZs (IT 8, gems and jewellery 1, footwear 1, and
FTWZ 1). Other prominent SEZ locations are as follows: gems and jewellery, one each at
Hyderabad and Mahabubnagar, leather at Tada in Nellore district, and footwear at
Hyderabad, food processing at Kakinada (East Godavari), writing and printing paper at
Kovvur (West Godavari), and four FTWZ locations one each in the districts of Hyderabad,
Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar, and Anantapur districts.
Sectorwise analysis of area of SEZs formally approved in Andhra Pradesh reveals
as follows (Table 3.9): Multi-product SEZs constituting 53.9% of total SEZ area in the
State are in seven locations as follows: Sri City in Chittoor district has become operational
(1032 hectares); the others are in the districts of Visakhapatnam (2206 ha), Nellore (3
locations of 1023, 1023, and 1032 ha), sea-port-based near Kakinada (East Godavari)
(1036 ha), and airport-based at Shamshabad (Mahabubnagar) (101 ha). The IT/ITES sector
occupies only 13.3% total area in 57 locations. Among IT SEZs, the area is generally in
the range of 10-30 ha each. There are only eight locations beyond 30 hectares area each,
the maximum being 202 ha for one, and 60 ha each for three, and the remaining four in the
range of 30-50 ha. Each IT SEZ normally occupies a small area of 10-30 ha., very often,
land already in possession of the company / government agency planning to expand its
operations. Bio-technology is another area where land requirement is normally in the range
of 10-30 ha. There are only two out of 14 locations, where the area is over 30 ha and goes
up to 40 ha. For pharmaceuticals, the area is around 100 ha, with only one SEZ going up to
247 ha.

111

SECTION - II
PROFILE OF KRISHNA DISTRICT (ANDHRA PRADESH)
3.5 Demographic Features4
Krishna District, with headquarters at Machilipatnam is one of the coastal districts
of Andhra Pradesh. With its present jurisdiction, the district came into existence in 1925. It
extends over an area of 8,727 sq. kms. with a coast line of 88 kms. It is surrounded in the
East by Bay of Bengal and West Godavari district, in the South by Bay of Bengal, on the
West by Guntur and Nalgonda districts, and in the North by Khammam district. The
district is divided into 50 mandals covering four revenue divisions, viz., Bandar,
Vijayawada, Gudivada, and Nuzvid. All the mandals existing in Bandar, and Gudivada
divisions, and part of Vijayawada division comprise Delta, and all the mandals of Nuzvid
division, and the remaining mandals of Vijayawada division constitute upland area. The
upland consists of an undulating land broken by low ranges of Eastern ghats. The main
source of irrigation in the upland areas is tanks. Upland is being partially benefited by
Nagarjuna Sagar also. The delta land is being irrigated by canals of River Krishna.
Population of Krishna district in 2001 was 41.88 lakhs, and it increased to 45.29
lakhs by 2011 (Table 3.8a). Rate of growth of population of the district during 1991-2001
was 13.2%, and during 2001-11 was 8.2%. The growth rate in the district is much less
compared to all India and Andhra Pradesh during these periods. Urbanisation of the district
in 2001 was 32.1%, and it increased to 41.0% in 2011, much higher compared to the State
and all India. Growth rate of urbanisation during 2001-11 was also higher at 43.4%, which
increased from 19% in the previous decade. Density of population increased from 480
persons per square km. in 2001 to 519 persons in 2011. Literacy rates of 2001 and 2011

Census of Andhra Pradesh, 2001 and 2011 Publications, Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad.

112

for the district in comparison to the State and the Country are given in Table 3.8(b). It
presents the total picture and male-female position with rural and urban break up for these
regions. It also presents the male-female literacy gap during 2001 and 2011 for all these
categories. Literacy rate for the district in 2001 was 68.9% which increased to 74.4% in
2011. Among males and females, literacy rate has also increased during 2011 compared to
2001. These are all higher compared to the State and all India. Male-female literacy gap
for the district is 9.5% in 2011 in relation to 11.2% in 2001, lower compared to the
position of the State and the Country which is a healthy trend. In rural areas, the gap is
higher at 10.8% and in urban areas lower at 7.8% in 2011; substantially less compared to
the position in the State and the Country. The gap has declined in 2011 compared to 2001
in all the categories for the district following the national pattern. Further analysis of
literacy gap in 2011 among males between urban and rural areas reveals that it is 11.6%
for the district as contrasted from 15.8% for the State and 11.1% for the Country. Literacy
gap in 2011 among females between urban and rural areas is 14.6% for the district as
contrasted from 22.9% for the State and 21.1% for the Country. For all persons, the gap is
13.1% for the district as contrasted from 19.4% for the State and 16.1% for the Country.
The proportion of child population in the age group 0-6 years to total population has come
down from 11.9% in 2001 to 9.0% in 2011. Decline is noticed among male children from
12.0% to 9.2% as well as among female children from 11.8% to 8.8%. This is in line with
the trend at the National and State level. This trend certainly causes concern. Work
participation rate and occupational pattern of workers of 2001 are given in Table 3.8(a),
along with the corresponding picture for the State and the Country. Proportion of workers
as agricultural labourers and other workers is higher in the district compared to the State
and all India. However, the proportion of cultivators is lower in the district. All these

113

demographic indicators present the picture of an advanced district, both agriculturally, and
in industrial and service sectors.
Among the seven towns in the district as per 2001 Census, Vijayawada is a
Municipal Corporation, five are Municipalities, and Kanuru is a Census Town (C.T.). The
municipalities are Machilipatnam, Gudivada, Nuzvid, Jaggayyapet, and Pedana.
Population of these towns and Vijayawada city during 1991, 2001, and 2011 are given in
Appendix Table 3.1ii. Urban population in the district increased by 19.0% during 19912001, and by 43.4% during 2001-11. Vijayawada is the major Commercial and Industrial
Centre of the district with more than one million population by 2011. It is the third largest
city in the State. It is situated in idyllic surroundings between the Krishna River and
Budameru, its tributary. Prakasam Barrage on river Krishna, near the city has created a
panoramic lake. The city bears a venetian look as three canals of this lake run through the
town. The Mogalrajpuram Caves, Kanakadurga Temple, Prakasam Barrage, Kanakadurga
Varadhi, Gunadala Church, and Gandhi Stupa on Gandhi Hill are some of the prominent
places in and around the city. Vijayawada is an important railway junction in South
Central Railway, well connected by rail to all parts of the country including Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hubli, and Hyderabad. Nearest airport is at
Gannavaram, 16 km. from Vijayawada; a minor sea port is at Machilipatnam, the district
headquarters. The 4014 feet long Prakasam Barrage - road bridge cum - regulator across
river Krishna which links Krishna and Guntur districts, and benefits an ayacut of about 5
lakh hectares in Krishna delta serves as an important connecting link for the economy of
Krishna and Guntur districts. Across the river, near Prakasam Barrage, there is a rail
bridge, and another road bridge, known as Kanakadurga Varadhi.
Vijayawada city occupies a prominent place geographically in Andhra Pradesh,
with a major Railway Junction, two 4 lane National Highways connecting South to

114

North and East to West corners of the country, and an Airport. The two National
Highways passing through the city are: NH 5 from Chennai to Kolkata, and NH 9 from
Machilipatnam to Mumbai. Another National Highway No. 221 connects the city with
Jagdalpur in Chattisgarh. The city is connected to other parts of the State by State
Highways and district roads. A sea port at Machilipatnam, 60 km from Vijayawada is fast
developing into a full fledged port. The Vijayawada Railway Junction of South Central
Railway, situated along the Chennai Howrah and Chennai Delhi Rail route, has been
given A 1 Status by the Central Government. The railway station has 10 platforms, and
has five entrance gates with booking counters. The station also has two escalators.
In Appendix Table 3.1-ii, decadal growth of population of towns of the district is
presented for the two decades 1991-2001 and 2001-2011. Vijayawada and Jaggayyapet
have recorded faster growth in 2001-2011 period. Nuzvid stands next. Machilipatnam has
shown declining trend of 5.2% during this decade. The 2011 population data reveals that
there are now eleven Census Towns compared to one (Kanuru) in 2001 Census. In
addition, 14 locations are now categorised as out growths to Vijayawada Urban
Agglomeration (UA). The UA with a population of 14.37 lakhs extends to a few areas in
Guntur district as well apart from Vijayawada Urban and Rural, and Penamaluru mandals
of Krishna district. The areas covered from Guntur district are Tadepalle and Mangalagiri
mandals. 91.8% of UA population (13.2 lakhs) is from Krishna district, and the remaining
8.2% (1.18 lakh) is from Guntur district. Eleven Census Towns falling in five mandals of
Krishna district account for a population of 3.91 lakhs as presented in the above Table.
Population of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation is 10.48 lakhs.
Kolleru lake having a shallow depression area of about 388.5 sq. km. lies in
Kaikaluru and Kalidindi mandals. It acts as a reservoir for drainage water of the
surrounding delta areas during monsoon, and it dries up in summer. River Krishna borders

115

the district, and provides irrigation facilities through its canals. Among the other streams
and tributaries, Muniyeru, Budameru and Tammileru are significant for providing
irrigation facilities. Agriculturally, importance of the above sources is significant as they
not only feed minor irrigation tanks but also provide for lift irrigation sources, and ground
water potential. There are three types of soils in the district. These are black soil, sand
clay-loams, and red loamy soil, while a small sandy soil constitutes 0.7% fringes on the
sea coast.

3.6 Agriculture5
Land utilisation pattern of Krishna district reveals that net area sown under various
crops in the district accounted for 4.59 lakh hectares (52.6% of geographical area) in 200910 (Appendix Table 3.2). Gross cropped area is 7.16 lakh hectares. Area sown more than
once works out to 2.57 lakh hectares (56.1% of net area sown). Net area irrigated in 200910 is 2.97 lakh hectares (64.7% of net area sown). Gross area irrigated is 4.21 lakh
hectares (Appendix Table 3.6), Gross area irrigated as per cent of gross area sown works
out to 58.8. Area irrigated more than once as per cent of area sown more than once is 48.2.
Cropping intensity is 156% (gross area sown / net area sown). Irrigation intensity is 142%
(gross area irrigated / net area irrigated). Major sources of irrigation and percentage of
gross area irrigated are canals (72.1%), tube wells (20.4%), tanks (2.3%), lift irrigation
(2.5%), dug wells (1.9%), and other sources (0.8%) (Appendix Table 3.7). Major part of
irrigation from canals is through Krishna delta canals (2.72 lakh hectares gross cropped
area), and a small portion through Nagarjuna Sagar project (12,286 hectares gross cropped
area) (Appendix Table 3.8). Muniyeru, and Tarakarama Lift Irrigation projects account for
a relatively small portion of gross irrigated area (18,270 hectares). Analysis of the size of
land holdings in the district as per the 2005 Census (Appendix Table 3.9) reveals that
5

Chief Planning Officer (2011). Handbook of Statistics 2010 Krishna District, Machilipatnam.

116

small and marginal farmers account for 88.4% of land holdings and 58% of area. Marginal
farmers alone account for 69.5% of land holdings and 31.5% of area. Farmers of other
categories, viz., semi-medium, medium and large farmers together account for 11.6% of
land holdings and 42% of area. In this group, semi-medium farmers constitute 8.7% of
land holdings and 23.8% of area.
Agriculture is the main source of economic activity of the people of the district.
Along with fisheries activity which mainly constitutes inland, marine, and to a limited
extent, brackish water, agriculture contributes to the wealth creation in the district. Other
major agriculture based economic activities include plantation and horticulture, animal
husbandry, poultry, sheep and goat development.
Paddy, maize, sugarcane, cotton, chillies, onion, and pulses are the major crops of
the district (Appendix Table 3.3). With well developed infrastructural facilities, and
progressive agriculturists, the sector is flourishing in the district. In the gross cropped area
of the district of 7.16 lakh hectares in 2009-10, 84.4% is utilised for food crops, and 15.6%
for non-food crops. Paddy accounts for 3.37 lakh hectares (47.0% of gross cropped area).
Nearly 18% of gross cropped area is under pulses. Fruits and vegetables account for
81,483 hectares (11.4% of gross cropped area). The area under sugarcane is 21,572
hectares (3.0% of gross cropped area), cotton 46,902 hectares (6.5%), groundnut 5,524 ha
(0.8%), sesamum 458 ha (0.06%), and tobacco 7,027 ha (1.0%). The main horticultural
crops of the district are: mango, guava, banana, oil palm, coconut, cashew, lemon, etc.
Similarly vegetables grown in the district include cucumber, gourd, bhendi, brinjal,
tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, and leafy vegetables (Appendix Table 3.4). Out of the total
area under horticulture crops of 96,716 ha, 62,793 ha (65% of horticulture cropped area) is
under mango cultivation. Spices account for 14,805 ha (15.3%). Floriculture is also
playing a vital role in the horticulture sector to promote cultivation of Cassandra and

117

Jasmine. Quality plant material is supplied by the Department. Subsidy at Rs.4,000 per ha
and Rs.12,000 per ha is provided for cultivation of Marigold and Chrysanthemum,
respectively. In addition to this, protected cultivation of exotic flowers, cultivation of
Gerbera and Carnations is also being taken up under Green House conditions in an area of
560 sq. yards with an assistance of Rs.1.82 lakh per unit.
Agri Export Zone: The district has been identified as agri export zone (AEZ) for
mangoes. The Department of Horticulture, Government of Andhra Pradesh in coordination
with other stake holders has been striving hard to improve the quality of the fruit to
compete with world standards, and all out efforts are being made for the creation of the
required infrastructure facilities like pre-cooling houses, pack houses, etc. To encourage
and promote mango export to countries like Japan as per the regulations of the Japanese
market, and to control the incidence of mango fruit flies, Government of Andhra Pradesh,
with the assistance and guidance from APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products
Export Development Authority, New Delhi) has planned to establish a Vapour Heat
Treatment Plant (VHTP) at Nuzvid at an estimated cost of Rs.10.17 crore. Andhra Pradesh
Dairy Development Corporation (APDAIDC) is the nodal agency for the construction of
this plant. APEDAs assistance is Rs.8.34 crore. Construction of the plant has been
completed, and the plant has already commenced functioning.
To improve the quality of mango fruits to avoid wastage after harvest, Pack Houses
are required. The Pack House provides a sheltered environment where cleaning, sorting,
grading, and packing of harvested produce is carried out in an orderly manner. Not much
progress has been made in the export of mango from the district due to reasons like high
cost of air freight, perishability of the commodity and lack of proven technology to use
water transport, and due to lack of other infrastructural facilities. Fruit processing activity
is also not comparable with the neighbouring districts such as West Godavari. It is

118

proposed to create a rural horticulture infrastructure hub (RHIH) at Nuzvid at an estimated

cost of Rs.42 crore to eater to the needs of mango farmers of the district, and for the
promotion of mango export. Some of the components of the hub are Vapour Heat
Treatment Plant, pre-cooling chambers, sorting, grading and packing equipment, weigh
bridges, quality testing equipment, auction-cum-distribution systems, etc.
Under the AEZ programme, the main activity at present is training for mango
growers with an objective to get good quality mango fruit to promote mango exports.
From June 2005, up to March 2012, 25 village level training programmes have been
conducted with emphasis on pruning, fertiliser management, integrated pest management
(IPM), and other techniques as well as post-harvest management techniques. Proposals
have been sent to Government of India for the second phase of development under AEZ
for the Nuzvid project.

3.7 Minerals6
Minerals in the district with their places of occurrence are given here.
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5

Mineral
Iron ore
Lime stone
Mica
Sulphur
Diamond

Chromate

Places of Occurrence
Jaggayyapet area
Jaggayyapet area
Tiruvuru area
Kona in Machilipatnam mandal
Paritala, ustepalls, Kodavatikallu, Ramannapet, Uryavaram, Kothapet,
Nemalipuram, Mugaluru, Putrela, etc.
Kondapally hills and adjoining areas

Most of the iron ore from Jaggayyapet area has been mined and exported. The
industry is not in operation at present. As regards diamonds, detailed exploration of
diamond ferrous gravels of Paritala and other areas is taken up by Geological Survey of
India to assess the potential of deposits. It may be worthwhile to carry out detailed
exploration of chromate to assess the grade and reserves in view of the demand from
bindustrial units such as Visakhapatnam Steel Plant. Cement factories have come up in the
district utilising lime stone deposits.

ibid.

119

3.8 Annual Credit Plan (2012-13)7

Lead Bank for Krishna district is Indian Bank. The latest Annual Credit Plan
(ACP) prepared by the Bank for the district is for 2012-13. It has reviewed the
performance of the banking network in the district for earlier years, and published the Plan
for the current year. There are 548 bank branches in the district. At the end of December
2010, deposits of all bank branches were Rs.13,885 crore, and advances Rs.15,976 crore,
resulting in a credit-deposit ratio of 115.1% (Appendix Table 3.10). The ratio for public
sector banks is 109.8%, private sector banks 131.7%, and for other banks 145.8%. Among
the individual banks, State Bank of India leads in advances and deposits, followed by
Andhra Bank. Indian Bank stands next. Other leading banks in the district are Syndicate
Bank, and State Bank of Hyderabad.
The District Annual Credit Plan (ACP) for the year 2012-13 being implemented at
present has a total credit outlay of Rs.6,698.80 crore, of which Rs.5,262.41 crore is
towards priority sector lending, accounting for 78.6% of the Plan as against the target of
40% stipulated by Reserve Bank of India. Allocation for non-farm sector is Rs.712.37
crore (13.5% of priority sector allocation, and 10.6% of total Plan outlay). This caters to
the needs of MSME sector and other decentralised industries. The Credit Plan envisages
credit requirements for the overall development of various sectors and sub-sectors in the
district with special emphasis laid on various Government sponsored schemes. The current
years Plan outlay is 18.8% more than that of the previous year (2011-12). The Plan
clearly indicates the emphasis laid on bringing in the desired and perceptible change in the
development of the society, especially the weaker sections. Considerable importance is
attached to quality lending along with quantitative achievement, and to involve all
organisations concerned in the proper implementation of various Government sponsored
schemes, including the recent ones, such as Prime Ministers Employment Generation
7

Indian Bank (2012), Annual Credit Plan 2012-13 Krishna District, Vijayawada.

120

Programme (PMEGP), Rajiv Yuva Shakthi, Indiramma, and Chief Ministers Pasu Kranthi
Pathakam, besides giving thrust to Joint liability Groups (JLGs) of tenant farmers in the
district.

3.9 Micro, Small, Medium and Large Manufacturing and Service Enterprises8
As an industrially advanced district, the district is prominent for all ranges of small
and medium enterprises, as well as large enterprises. In March 2012, there are 10,604
micro, small and medium manufacturing, and industry related service enterprises in the
district with fixed investment of Rs.1083.4 crore, and employment of over 1.13 lakh. The
cumulative picture of micro, small and medium enterprises in the district from 1995 to
2012 is presented in Table 3.9. A cumulative picture of number of enterprises, fixed
investment and employment is indicated annually, along with annual growth rate in respect
of these indicators, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for specified periods for
these indicators. The progress of registration of enterprises during the years 2004 to 2012
is given in Table 3.10. In March 2006, the cumulative picture was 8,583 enterprises,
Rs.336.9 crore, and 80,458, respectively. The corresponding picture in March 2000 was
8,109 enterprises, Rs.235.9 crore, and nearly 74,000. Performance in respect of the three
indicators in the district, based on values of CAGR for the district in relation to Coastal
Andhra region, and the State reveals that the district is one of the industrially advanced
districts in the Coastal region, and has recorded moderately high performance. CAGRs for
the State are higher compared to the district, and on a number of occasions Coastal region
as a whole has performed better than the district. Yearly growth rates in the district from
March 2008 have been distinctly better compared to earlier years in all the indicators.
CAGRs for 2006-12 reveal a much better picture for the district compared to earlier
periods. The annual average of the indicators for the period 2008 to 2012 reveals that
8

District Industries Centre (DIC), Vijayawada.

121

annual registration of micro, small and medium enterprises is 375 enterprises, fixed
investment of Rs.142 crore, and employment generation of 6,102 persons.
Industrial infrastructure9 in the form of Autonagars and industrial parks or estates
or areas in the district is given in Table 3.11. Out of 13 locations developed by APIIC
(Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation), Autonagars are at 4 places Patamata in Vijayawada, Kanuru, adjoining Vijayawada, Machilipatnam, and Jaggayyapet.
Industrial estates / areas / parks are at eight locations. These are Patamata in Vijayawada,
Gannavaram, Gudivada, Machilipatnam, Jewellery Park at Machilipatnam, industrial area
at Kondapalli, close to Vijayawada, Nuzvid, and Jaggayyapet. Industrial Park and Jawahar
Autonagar at Patamata in Vijayawada, Kanuru Autonagar, and the industrial area at
Kondapalli stand most prominent from a number of angles, in terms of variety of product
lines, age of the enterprises, and dynamism in entrepreneurship, apart from area acquired
and the number of enterprises functioning in these places.
The Jewellery Park at Machilipatnam is a special category of estate, focussing on
imitation jewellery with emphasis on modernisation of the industry. Patamata and Kanuru
are famous for automobile servicing and automobile components manufacture. Industrial
area at Kondapalli is famous as a well planned industrial area with medium and large
industries as well. Total area acquired by APIIC for micro, small, medium and large
enterprises in the district is 1235 acres (Table 3.11). Total number of functioning
enterprises is 4,059, and employment generated in these locations is over 1.07 lakhs. Case
studies of Jawahar Autonagar and select industry associations including Industrial Area
Service Societies (IASSs) are presented in chapters IV and V.
Special mention may be made of an industrial estate / park promoted for women
entrepreneurs by ALEAP Association of Lady Entrepreneurs of Andhra Pradesh, with

APIIC regional office, Vijayawada.

122

headquarters at Hyderabad - at Surampalli village in Gannavaram mandal. It is beyond

Nunna on Vijayawada - Nuzvid road. On 30 acres of land acquired by ALEAP, the
association has developed 120 plots, and made available to women entrepreneurs. Focus of
the product lines in this estate is on food processing. Nearly 40 micro and small enterprises
are functioning at present, in the ALEAP Industrial Estate, and the remaining enterprises
are at various stages of implementation.
There are 101 medium and large industries functioning in the district, and 64 are at
various stages of implementation. Category-wise particulars of number of enterprises,
fixed investment, and employment of units which are functioning, and those under
implementation are given in Appendix Table 3.11. Fixed investment in the existing large
and medium units is Rs.4,943 crore, and in units under implementation Rs.6,500 crore,
totalling Rs.11,443 crore. Employment generation is a total of nearly 40,000 about
20,000 each in existing units, and those under implementation.
The main activities covered by the existing medium and large units are sugar,
solvent oils / rice bran oil, poultry / cattle feed, spinning and textile mills, acetic acid,
ethyl alcohol, extra neutral alcohol (ENA), bottling of LP gas, CI castings, cylinder liners,
sponge iron and billets, cement, offset printing, packaging materials, PVC pipes, plastic
sheets, printing paper, milk products, lead acid batteries, ethanol from food grains,
machinery and equipment manufacture, thermal power generation, glazed ceramic tiles,
granite tiles, A.C. sheets, bulk drugs, etc. The existing power generation plants are: Dr.
Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (Vijayawada TPS) (capacity: 1260 MW) at
Ibrahimpatnam, and LANCO (capacity: 366 MW) at Kondapalli. More power generation
plants are under implementation .
Large and medium enterprises under implementation include the following: sugar,
ethyl alcohol, absolute alcohol, extra neutral alcohol (ENA), non-conventional energy,

123

extraction of crude, power generation, etc. Among the power generating plants under
implementation, mention may be made of YJR Power Gen Ltd. (thermal power) (capacity:
1320 MW) in Nandigama mandal, Vasant Power Plant (capacity: 25 MW) using rice husk
and other agro waste materials at Machilipatnam, Nissi Power Project at Jaggayyapet gas
based power generation, and Crux bio-tech for non-conventional energy at Jagayyapet.
Micro and small enterprises functioning in the district include the following
product lines: automobile servicing of heavy vehicles, automoblile components
manufacture, automobile body building, leaf springs, bulk drugs, pharmaceuticals, rice
mills, dal mills, cold storages, corrugated boxes, aluminum utensils, storage tanks, cylinder
liners, ready made garments, flex printing and book binding works, ceramic sanitaryware,
stainless steel utensils, fly ash bricks, etc.

3.10 Special Features of SMEs10

A few special features of small and medium enterprise development in the district
are: Cluster development, inter-industry linkages, integrated and holistic processing of
agro raw materials, and development of high value added product lines. Export orientation
in the SME sector in the district is still in the early stages. Modernisation / technological
upgradation, and aggressive marketing strategies, modern management practices,
application of information and communication technology (ICT) tools for the SME sector
are being pursued earnestly by the entrepreneurs. However, the movement is still in the
early stages.
A few special features of SME development in Krishna district are recorded here
based on data furnished in Tables 3.12 and 3.13. Prominence of industrialisation of the
district is presented through these tables gathered from discussions with industry
associations, and in particular from Industrial Area Service Societies (IASS) at Jawahar
10

Discussions with Associations and field visits.

124

Autonagar, Vijayawada, and Industrial Park, Kondapalli. Though export orientation is still
in the early stages in the district, Table 3.12 reveals that there are more than 69 units in the
district engaged in exports at present. Fixed investment of these units is Rs.617 crore,
employment 4,537, and annual turnover Rs.526 crore. Value of exports per annum is
nearly Rs.86 crore, working out to 16.3% of the annual turnover at present. Appendix 3.12
given at the end of the thesis presents the particulars of a wide variety of product lines
being exported by 71 units. Products being exported from the district include the following
which cover a wide range of products lines. A few of them are: agricultural products and
byproducts (rice bran oil, and other solvent extracted oils, deoiled rice bran, red chillies,
turmeric, fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, ayurvedic medicines, herbal extracts,
cotton, tobacco, hosiery, readymade garments, fish, food products, shrimp, spice powder,
long white rice, food products, and pulses), leather goods, finished leather garments,
cylinder liners, casting items, alumimium electrolytic capacitors, wooden toys, imitation
jewellery, bio-fertilisers and bio-pesticides, bulk drugs, chemical equipment, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, jute products, woolen pile carpets and cotton lace, software solutions, etc.
Appendix 3.13 given at the end of the thesis shows the progressive nature of
enterprises in the SME sector in adopting lean manufacturing techniques in recent years to
reduce production cost, and improve the quality of products and services. Nature of the
lean manufacturing techniques adopted by 36 individual enterprises and benefits derived
by them are indicated in the table. Benefits derived by the enterprises include the
following: power saving, reduction of material wastages, low cost per unit, minimise
pollution, improve productivity, high quality, brand building, enlarge markets, greater
customers satisfaction, and provide services globally. The list is partial as it is based on
discussions with industry associations and limited field investigation. More enterprises in
the district should follow these approaches in the coming years. Table 3.13 presents the

125

inter-industry linkage between SMEs and large enterprises in Kondapalli Industrial Park.
This table shows the existence of various small size ancillary units in the industrial park,
Kondapalli to supply a variety of materials/products/services needed by large industries.
All these tables show the exemplary nature of working of SMEs in the district. The lead
given by enterprises mentioned here needs to be replicated and emulated by other
industrial units at different places in the district.
A shining example shown by one of the enterprises from Software Technology
Park, Gannavaram is recalled here to illustrate the progressive outlook of enterprises.
Vijayawadabased Efftronics Systems Pvt. Ltd. has developed the countrys firstever
solid state block instrument that is a micro-computer-supported electronic equipment
approved for use in railway signalling. The Lucknowbased Research Designs and
Standards Organisation (RDSO) of the Indian Railways approved the product. The
instrument is European Committee for Electro-mechanical Standardisationcompliant for
rail safety. It is not supposed to fail even once in unsafe running condition in less than 1.15
lakh years as per the highest European safety integrity level SIL 4. However, the
Efftronics succeeded in ensuring safety for 1.7 lakh years during testing, as observed by
the Companys Managing Director, D. Rama Krishna. It is learnt that the Efftronics
instrument gives stress-free operational environment with smooth push buttons. Efftronics
is the only firm to get the approval for this kind of an instrument. The operational time of
solid state block instrument is hardly 3 seconds compared to 3 minutes of electro
mechanical equipment being used by the Indian Railways at present.

126

3.11 Conclusion
The main conclusions of the chapter are listed here in the following points:
(i) Analysis of the trends of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Andhra
Pradesh during 1995 to 2012 reveals that compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for three
indicators, namely, number of enterprises, fixed investment and employment, was the
lowest during 2000-06; it was high during 1995-2000 on a relatively small base; and has
shown recovery from 2006, with the best results recorded during the recent five years,
2008-12.
(ii) In all the three parameters, prominent position of Telangana region is clearly noticed in
respect of MSMEs. This is both due to high growth rates and high shares, largely
propelled by high levels of performance of the Hyderabad region. Performance of the rest
of Telangana has also shown good but moderate record. Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema
regions showed lower level of performance; and are below the state averages. Hyderabad
region has also recorded good, but moderate performance even in the period of recession,
2000-06.
(iii) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) formally approved in Andhra Pradesh by July 2012
number 109, out of which 76(69.7%) have been notified. In addition, six have been given
in-principle approval. Out of the notified ones, 37 (48.7%) are functional and are
exporting. Out of 154 functional SEZs at all India level, 37(24.0%) are in Andhra
Pradesh. The districts not covered by formally approved SEZs are Khammam,
Nizamabad, and Adilabad. The dominance of Telangana in terms of number of SEZs
approved with focus on IT sector is evident. Manufacturing sector with a large area is the
speciality of the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions. For the State as a whole,
IT/ITES sector accounts for 52.2% of number of SEZs, and 13.3% of area of approved

127

SEZs. Seven multi-product SEZ locations falling in Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema
regions which specialise in manufacturing form 53.9% of the total SEZ area in the State.
(iv) Analysis of the status of industrialisation, with special reference to SME sector in March
2012 reveals that Krishna district is one of the industrially advanced districts in the State,
and also in the Coastal region; and has recorded moderately high performance. There are
101 medium and large industries functioning in the district, and 64 are at various stages of
implementation, totalling 165 enterprises. These account for fixed investment of
Rs.11,443 crore, and employment of nearly 40,000. Micro and small enterprises in the
district number 10,604 accounting for fixed investment of Rs.1083 crore, and
employment of over 1.13 lakhs.
(v) Special features of industrial development of the district reveal healthy trends. These
include: (a) implementation of the cluster development programme in a few locations
covering a few product groups automobile servicing and automobile components at
Vijayawada, imitation jewellery at Machilipatnam, and wooden toys concentration at
Kondapalli, (b) JRD Tata Industrial Park and Kondapalli Industrial Park have attracted a
number of industrial units which have adopted modern manufacturing

processes

including lean manufacturing techniques, modern management practices, inter-industry

linkages, export promotion, energy conservation, and international certification.
Kondapalli Industrial Park has a number of medium and large enterprises, including
power generating enterprises and those engaged in distribution of petroleum products.
Software Technology Park at Gannavaram has a few progressive Software Development
Enterprises catering to overseas markets.

128

Table 3.8(a) Krishna District at a Glance in relation to Andhra Pradesh and India Demography
Sl.No.
1

Particulars & Year

2
1 Geographical area (sq. km.)
2 Population (in lakhs)
3 Decennial growth rate of
population (%)
4 Urbanisation
(% to total population)
5 Growth
rate
of
urban
population (%)
6 Density of population
(per sq. km.)
7 Sex ratio
(females per 1000 males)
8 SC population
(% to total population)
9 ST population
(% to total population)
10 Proportion of child population
in the age group 0-6 years to
total population (%) 2001(2011
within brackets)
11 Work participation rate (% to
total population ) (2001)

Year &
other details
3

Andhra
Pradesh
5

2001
2011
1991-2001
2001-2011
2001
2011
2001-2011

Krishna
District
4
8,727
41.88
45.29
13.2
8.2
32.1
41.0
43.4

14.6
11.1
27.3
33.5
36.3

21.5
17.6
27.8
31.2
31.8

2001
2011
2001
2011
2001

480
519
978
997
17.8

277
308
978
992
16.2

325
382
933
940
16.2

2001

2.6

6.6

8.2

Persons
Males
Females

Persons
Males
Females
12 Per cent to total workers (2001)
Main Workers
Marginal workers
13 Occupational pattern (% to total (a) Cultivators
workers) (2001)
(b) Agricultural
labourers
(c) Household
industry workers
(d) Other workers

129

India
6

11.9(9.0) 13.4(10.2)
12.0(9.2) 13.5(10.5)
11.8(8.8) 13.2(10.0)
44.0
58.2
29.5
85.6
14.4
11.4
47.7

45.8
56.2
35.1
83.2
16.8
22.5
39.6

39.1
51.7
25.6
77.8
22.2
31.7
26.5

2.9

4.7

4.2

38.0

33.2

37.6

3.8(b) Literacy Rate (7+ age group) - % to total population of 7+ age group 2001 data (2011
data given within brackets)
Category
Persons

Krishna District
Total
Rural
Urban
68.9
64.7
77.6
(74.4)
(69.0)
(82.1)
70.5
(74.4)

82.6
(86.0)

India
Total Rural Urban
64.8
59.2
80.1
(74.0) (68.9) (85.0)
75.3
70.7
(82.1) (78.6)

86.3
(89.7)

63.2
58.8
72.5
50.4
43.5
68.7
53.7
46.1
(69.6)
(63.6)
(78.2)
(59.7)
(52.1)
(75.0) (65.5) (58.8)
Male-female
11.2
11.7
10.1
19.9
21.9
14.5
21.6
24.6
literacy gap
(9.5)
(10.8)
(7.8)
(15.9)
(18.1)
(11.0) (16.6) (19.8)
Source: Census of Andhra Pradesh, 2001 and 2011 Publications, Directorate of Census
Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

72.9
(79.9)
13.4
(9.8)

Males

74.4
(79.1)

Andhra Pradesh
Total
Rural
Urban
60.5
54.5
76.1
(67.7)
(61.1)
(80.5)
65.4
70.3
83.2
(70.2)
(75.6)
(86.0)

Females

Fig 3.1 Literacy Rates in Krishna District (%) (Source: Table 3.8 b)

130

Fig 3.1 Literacy Rates in Krishna District (%) (Source: Table 3.8 a)

Fig 3.1 Literacy Rates in Krishna District (%) (Source: Table 3.8 a)

131

Table 3.9: Registered Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Krishna District
(1995-2012)
(cumulative picture)
Year
(end-March)
1
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
CAGR(%)
2006-12
2000-06
1995-2000

No. of
Enterprises
2
7,275(n.a)
7,493(3.0)
7,660(2.2)
7,788(1.7)
7,948(2.0)
8,109(2.0)
8,193(1.0)
8,257(0.8)
8,331(0.9)
8,407(0.9)
8,493(1.0)
8,583(1.1)
8,737(1.8)
9,006(3.1)
9,246(2.7)
9,504(2.8)
9,896(4.1)
10,604(7.2)

Fixed investment
(Rs. crore)
3
101.4(n.a)
120.2(18.5)
132.7(10.4)
151.6(14.2)
194.3(28.2)
235.9(7.5)
253.6(7.5)
262.2(3.4)
284.4(8.5)
296.8(4.4)
319.6(7.7)
336.9(5.4)
380.3(12.9)
528.2(38.9)
657.1(24.4)
778.1(18.4)
833.6(7.1)
1,083.4(30.0)

Employment
(persons)
4
63,617(n.a)
65,524(3.0)
67,014(2.3)
68,392(2.1)
71,151(4.0)
73,792(3.7)
75,119(1.8)
75,770(0.9)
76,884(1.5)
77,923(1.4)
79,406(1.9)
80,458(1.3)
82,507(2.5)
88,586(7.4)
92,919(4.9)
97,676(5.1)
1,02,986(5.4)
1,12,923(9.7)

3.6(3.4;4.5)
1.0(0.8;1.2)
2.2 (2.4;3.7)

21.5(23.6;27.1)
6.1(5.8;6.4)
18.4(16.3;15.9)

5.8(5.6;7.5)
1.5(1.4;1.8)
3.0 (2.8;3.9)

Notes: (i) For individual years from 1996 to 2012, annual growth rate is presented as percent
within parentheses for the three indicators.
(ii) Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been worked out as per cent for specified
periods for the three indicators for Krishna district. For each of the indicators in
individual periods, comparison is attempted with the corresponding figures for Coastal
Andhra region and Andhra Pradesh State. Figures presented within parentheses under
CAGR indicate corresponding CAGR for Coastal Andhra region and Andhra Pradesh
State, respectively.
(iii) Data presented in the table relate to micro and small enterprises up to 2005-06. From
2006-07, in addition, data relating to medium enterprises are also included. During
2007-08, one medium unit, and during 2010-11, two medium units were registered.
These units account for Rs.38.12 crore fixed investment, and employment of 346
persons.
Source:

Commissionerate of Industries, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.

132

Table 3.10: Year-wise Growth of Registered MSMEs in Krishna District (2004-12)

(Registration during the year)
Year
No. of
Fixed investment
Employment
(end-March)
Enterprises
(Rs. crore)
(persons)
2004
76
12.4
1,039
2005
86
22.8
1,483
2006
90
17.3
1,052
2007
154
43.4
2,049
2008
275
155.5
6,163
2009
240
128..9
4,341
2010
258
120.7
4,757
2011
392
105.5
5,310
2012
708
199.8
9,937
Note: Data given in the table relate to micro and small enterprises. From 2006-07, data relating to
medium enterprises are also included. During 2007-08, one medium unit was registered:
and during 2010-11, two medium units were registered. These units account for Rs.38.12
crore fixed investment, and employment of 346 persons.
Source: District Industries Centre (DIC), Krishna District, Vijayawada.

133

134

Table 3.11: Industrial Parks & Autonagars in Krishna District promoted by APIIC
(March 2012)
S.No

Name of the
Estate

2
1 Industrial Park,
Vijayawada
2 Jawahar
Autonagar,
Vijayawada
3 Autonagar,
Kanuru
4 Industrial Park,
Gannavaram
5 Industrial park,
Gudivada
6 Industrial Park,
Machilipatnam
7 Industrial Park,
Machilipatnam
(expansion)
8 Autonagar,
Machilipatnam
9 Jewellery Park,
Machilipatnam
10 Industrial Park,
Kondapalli
11 Industrial Park,
Nuzvid
12 Industrial Park,
Jaggayyapet
13 Autonagar,
Jaggayyapet
Total

Source:

Land
acquire
d (in
acres)
3
53.93
275.68

Net
usable
area
(in
acres)
5

Total
no. of
Plots

32.45

57

35

116.81 158.87

1,174

488

Area covered
by roads,
CFC,
Open Spaces
(in acres)
4
21.48

Total
no.of
sheds/
shops/
Houses
7

Total
units
establi
shed

Employ
ment
generate
d

3,080

80,000

115.94

32.74

83.20

746

375

2,000

10.40

10.40

50

34.07

10.23

23.84

105

102

3,000

20.00

6.84

13.16

47

42

600

14.91

5.49

9.42

42

25

42.11

16.81

25.30

265

60

300

47.72

19.73

27.99

256

60

400

118.00 320.19

399

29

227

20,000

438.19
36.82

12.57

24.25

135

100

99.91

49.44

50.47

192

11

200

45.26

19.85

25.41

323

85

800

429.99 804.95

3,746

552

4,059

1,07,475

1,234.94

Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC), Regional Office,

Vijayawada.

135

Table 3.12: Particulars of export oriented units in Small and Medium Enterprise
sector in Krishna District, Category-wise
(March 2012)
Produc
t group
Code

Product
Group

Invest Turno
Export
Total
Export
Emplo ment ver
Value
No.of
(%
yment (Rs.cro (Rs.cr
(Rs.
Units
output)
re)
ore)
crore)
4
5
6
7
8
9

Product Line
3
Rice 3
Fruit 2
Tobacco 1
Toys
Cylinder Liners 5
Drugs 10
Pharma 6
Herbal 3
Chemicals 11
Electronics 1
Capacitors 1

Agro Based

2
3

Forest based
Engineering

Chemical

5
6

Electrical /
2
Electronics
Paper / Paper
--Products
Services
Software 2
2
Garments 4
Textile
Jute and cotton Iace 1
6
Spinning mill (cotton) 1
Sea Food 3
Fruits 2
Food
10
Rice 3
Oils 2
Jewellery -1 + few units
4+Few
in MIJ
Household
units in
Steel & Glass 2
MIJ
Oven 1
Others
--Plastic
--Finished leather 2
Leather
4
Leather Goods 2
69+
Total

7
8
9

10

11
12
13
14

289

58

34

10.7

3.6

Industry
5

250
415

1.15
64

0.5
70

10
15

0.05
10.5

18.3

44.4

30

2251 269.65 242

70

15

12.5

1.0

--

--

--

--

--

100

11

20

1.2

240

51

34

17.8

6.1

421

84

75

15

11.3

346

29.25

24.1

12.4

2.7

---

---

---

---

---

155

34

32

15.8

5.0

4537 617.05 525.6 16..3

85.85

Note: In case of number of units, the total figure is 69+ -toys making units at Kondapalli, and
jewellery units at Machilipatnam Imitation Jewellery Park (MIJ). Data in other columns
include the contribution of additional units mentioned here.
Source: Associations and Field Investigation.

136

Table 3.13: Ancillary units and vendors to large scale industries for supply of raw
materials, spares and services in Industrial Park, Kondapalli
(March 2012)
Sl.No.
1

4
5

Source:

Category of product lines

Power manufacturing Companies (LANCO & NTTPS)
a) Mechanical contract service units
b) Civil contract services enterprises
c) Stone cutting Companies (Ex. Sri Rama Stone Crushers )
d) Turbine rewinding works units (Ex. Everest Engineering works)
e) Cylinder liners, casting items & other engineering item manufactures
f) Transport servicing units (to supply materials like coal)
g) cement manufacturing units
h) Kondapalli toys industry
i) Training agencies
j) Hollow bricks manufacture
Chemical Companies (NIFTY, Lakshmi Organics, etc..)
a) Lubricant oil manufacture
b) Mechanical and service units
c) Bone powder manufacture
Oil and gas Companies (HPCL,BPL, Bharath Gas & Bhagyanagar Gas)
a) Cylinder testing units
b) Transportation services
c) Casting engineering services
Godrej Manufacture
a) Fish food processing units
b) Fishery growers
APHML
a) Casting manufacture
b) Contract services
C) Cylinder Liners
Associations and Field Investigation

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