Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
PG.
Topic
24
5
56
78
9 10
11
12
1314
15 17
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22 24
26 27
Limits
Continuity
Derivative by Definition
Derivative Formulas
Related Rates
Properties of Derivatives
Applications of Derivatives
Optimization Problems
Integrals/Substitution
Properties of Logarithms
Newton's method
Separating variables
Average Value
Continuity/Differentiability Problem
Rectilinear Motion
Mean Value Theorem
Studying the graph of f ( x )
Trigonometric Identities
Growth, Double-Life, and Half-Life formulas
Applications of the Integral ( Area, Volume, and Sums )
Approximating Area
( Trapezoidal Rule, Left Endpoint, Right Endpoint, and Midpoint )
1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integral as an accumulator
Finding Derivatives and Integrals given a graph of f (x)
Integration by Parts
28
28
28
29
30
LIMITS
** When evaluating limits, we are checking around the point that we are approaching, NOT at the point.
**Every time we find a limit, we need to check from the left and the right hand side
(Only if there is a BREAK at that point).
**Breaking Points are points on the graph that are undefined or where the graph is split into pieces.
Breaking Points :
1)
2)
3)
4)
xa +
xa
**If left and right hand limits DISAGREE, then the limit Does Not Exist (DNE) at that point.
**If left and right hand limits AGREE, then the limit exists at that point as that value.
**Even if you can plug in the value, the limit might not exist at that point. It might not exist from the
left or right side or the two sides will not agree.
3 for x 1
For example: f ( x ) =
1 for x < 1
lim f ( x ) = DNE
x 1
x 1
x 1
#
=
x0
#
=
x0
#
=0
x
LIMITS
x2
EX#2 :
lim
x2
(0 0)
x 2 + 3x 10
=
x2
x + 11 3
=
x+2
x2
EX#3 : lim
x1
2x 1 1
=
x +1 2
( Factor and cancel or multiply by the conjugate and cancel, then plug in # )
lim
( x + 5)( x 2)
x2
x2
lim
x+7 = 9 =3
EX#2 : lim
x2
x2
)(
x + 11 3
( x + 2)(
= lim ( x + 5 ) = 7
)=
x + 11 + 3
x + 11 + 3
lim
x2
1
x+2
( x + 2)(
1
x + 11 + 3
1
6
RADICALS
( You must first check that the limit exists on the side(s) you are checking )
lim
3 x = Since the limit exists from the left at 3 we can plug in 3, then lim 3 x = 0
lim
5 x = Since the limit does not exist from the right at 5, then lim+ 5 x = DNE
x3
x5 +
lim
x 2
x3
x5
x + 2 = DNE because
x+2 =0
lim
x 2 +
lim
x 2
x + 2 = DNE
( )
ASYMPTOTES # 0 (Since the point DNE we have to check a point that is close on the side we are approaching)
There are three possible answers when checking at the breaking point (the # that makes bottom = zero)
1) If we get a positive answer the limit approaches
2) If we get a negative answer the limit approaches
3) DNE If we get a positive answer on one side and a negative answer on the other side, then the limit DNE
3
=
x5 5 x
7
EX #2 : lim
=
x8 x + 8
EX #1 :
lim
3
=
5x
Check 8.1 which gives a negative answer and 7.9 which gives a positive answer
so lim
x8
7
= DNE
x+8
3x
3x
= Check 2.9 which gives a negative answer so lim +
=
x3
x3
x+3
x+3
10
10
10
EX #4 : lim
= because lim+
=
lim
= ( both sides agree ) .
2
2
x9 ( x 9 )
x9 ( x 9 )
x9 ( x 9 )2
EX #3 :
lim +
TRIG. FUNCTIONS
sin x
1 cos x
tan x
FACTS :
lim
=1
lim
= 0
lim
=1
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
sin ax a
1 cos ax
tan ax
a
lim
=
lim
= 0
lim
=
x0
x0
x0
bx
b
bx
bx
b
sin x tan x
sin x tan x
EX#1 : lim
= lim
= 11 = 1
EX#2 :
x0
x0
xx
x2
EX#3 :
lim
x0
6 sin x cos x
=
5x
lim
x0
6 sin x cos x
=
5 x
1
6
11 =
5
6
5
EX#4 :
lim
3sin 3x
=
8x
lim
5 tan 3x
=
x
x0
x 2
3
=
8
9
8
3
5 = 15
1
f ( x ) = 2x + 1 3 x < 4
9
x4
EX #1 :
EX #3 :
EX #5 :
EX #2 :
EX #4 :
x3 +
x3
x4 +
x4
lim f ( x ) = DNE (Both sides don't agree) EX #6 : lim f ( x ) = 9 (Both sides agree)
x3
x4
These next three limits are not at breaking points, so we just plug in the numbers.
EX #7 :
lim f ( x ) = 9
EX #8 :
x7 +
lim f ( x ) = 3 - 5 = 8
x5
EX #9 : lim f ( x ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 1 = 5
x2
5
13
2
9
9 x3
1
7x
=
EX#3 : lim
= 0
EX#4 : lim
= 1
2
x
x 6 x
x x 7
x
2x 5 + 3
5x
EX#6 : lim
= EX#7 : lim
= 0 EX#8 : lim 3 = 3
2
x 7x 5
x 3x 2 + 1
x
EX#2 : lim
3x 2
8x
f ( x) =
x 2 + 2x 15
x+5
vert.asym.
hole
vert.asym.
hole
x=8
none
none
( 5, 8 )
2x 1
7x 2 + 4
vert.asym.
hole
f ( x) =
none
none
f ( x) =
( x + 2 ) ( x 3) ( x 4 )
( x + 2)( x 4 )( x + 7)
vert.asym.
x = 7
holes
( 2, 1)
4,
11
Continuity
Continuous functions have no breaks in them.
Discontinuous functions have breaks in them (Asymptotes or Holes / Open Circles).
** To check for continuity at a, you must check left hand limits lim f ( x ) and right hand limits lim+ f ( x )
x a
x a
as well as the value of the function at that point f ( a ) . If all three are equal then the function is continuous at a.
If f ( a ) = lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) then the function is continuous at a.
x a
x a
If f ( a ) is not equal to either one - sided limit, then the function is not continuous (discontinuous) at a.
Continuous at a
Discontinuous at a
Derivative by Definition
Derivative at the point ( a, f ( a ))
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
f ( a ) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
l
f(x+h)
l
f(x+h)
f(x)
f(x)
x+h
x+h
f(x+h)=f(x)
f ( x + h) f ( x)
x+hx
f ( x + h) f ( x)
means that the distance h is approaching 0 and
h
the points get closer to each other and the two points become
the same point and line l is now a tangent line.
lim
h0
EX #1 :
f ( x ) = 3x 2
Find f ( x )
3( x + h ) 3x 2
f ( x ) = lim
h0
h
2
EX #2 :
f ( x ) = 4x 3
4 ( 2 + h ) 32
h0
h
f ( x ) = lim
h0
3x 2 + 6xh + 3h 2 3x 2
= lim
h0
h
Find f ( 2 )
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
Use f ( x ) = lim
Use f ( a ) = lim
h0
6xh + 3h 2
= lim
h0
h
= lim 6x + 3h = 6x
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
32 + 48h + 24h 2 + 4h 3 32
h0
h
= lim
= lim 48 + 24h + 4h 2
= 48
h0
EX #3 :
f ( x ) = 5x 2
5 ( 3 + h ) 45
h0
h
f ( 3) = lim
45 + 30h + 5h 2 45
h0
h
= lim
h0
1
( x 3)
30
5 ( 2 + h ) 40
= 60
h0
h
Equation: 5x 3
3
EX#3 : lim
Derivative: 15x 2
EX#4 : lim
(1 + h )4 1
h0
=4
Equation: x 4
Derivative at x = 2: 60
Derivative: 4x 3
6
Derivative at x = 1: 4
Derivative Formulas
y = xn
y = nx n1
EX#1 :
y = 2x 5
y = 10x 4
EX#2 :
y=
*Power Rule
*Product Rule
EX #1 :
y = 5x 1
*Chain Rule
y =
5
x2
y = x 2 sin x
y = ( 2x ) ( sin x ) + ( cos x ) x 2 =
( )
f (x)
g(x)
y =
y = x2 + 1
n1
2x sin x + x 2 cos x
( g(x))2
cos x x 3 3x 2 sin x
y =
x6
OR
y = f ( g ( x ))
y = n ( f (x))
EX #1 :
sin x
y= 3
x
n
y = ( f (x))
EX #1 :
y = 5x 2
y = f (x) g(x)
y=
*Quotient Rule
5
x
x cos x 3sin x
x4
y = f ( g ( x )) g ( x )
f (x)
y = 3 x 2 + 1 2x
6x x 2 + 1
dy
dx
x2 y + y3 + x2 = 5
dy
dy
dy
derivative 2x y + x 2 + 3y 2
+ 2x = 0 Now solve for
.
dx
dx
dx
dy 2
dy
dy 2
x + 3y 2
= 2x 2xy
x + 3y 2 = 2x 2xy
dx
dx
dx
EX#1 :
*Trig. Functions
Function
cos x
cos x
sin x
sec 2 x
csc x
csc x cot x
sec x
sec x tan x
cot x
dy 2x 2xy
= 2
dx
x + 3y 2
( Take the derivative of the trig. function times the derivative of the angle )
Derivative
sin x
tan x
csc 2 x
Example
( )
d
sin x 2 =
dx
( )
( ( ))
( )
cos x 2 2x =
( )
2x cos x 2
( )
( ) ( )
d
cos 2 3x 3 = 2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x 3 9x 2 = 18x 2 cos 3x 3 sin 3x 3
dx
d
tan ( 25x ) = sec 2 ( 25x ) 25 = 25 sec 2 ( 25x )
dx
d
csc 3x 4 = csc 3x 4 cot 3x 4 12x 3 = 12x 3 csc 3x 4 cot 3x 4
dx
d
sec ( sin x ) = sec ( sin x ) tan ( sin x ) cos x
dx
d
cot x 5 = csc 2 x 5 5x 4 = 5x 4 csc 2 x 5
dx
( )
( ) ( )
( )
7
( )
( ) ( )
( )
y = ln ( f (x))
*Natural Log
EX#1 : y = ln(x 2 + 1)
y =
EX#3 : y = log x 2
1
2x
x +1
change of base
*Constant Variable
y = a f (x)
2x
x +1
1
f (x)
f (x)
y =
EX#2 : y = ln(sin x) y =
y=
ln x 2
ln10
y =
1
1
2 2x =
ln10 x
1
cos x
sin x
cot x
2
x ln10
y = a f ( x ) f (x) ln a
EX#2 : y = 3x
y = 2 x 1 ln2
*VariableVariable
EX#3 : y = e5 x
y = 3x 2x ln3
y = e5 x 5 ln e =
f ( x)
1 dy
= g ( x ) ln f ( x ) +
g( x)
y dx
f ( x)
f ( x)
dy
g( x )
= f ( x ) g ( x ) ln f ( x ) +
g ( x )
dx
f ( x)
y = f (x)g( x )
Need to change y = f ( x )
g( x )
( alternate way )
to y = el n f (x)
y=x
EX#1 :
sin x
g(x)
y = eg(x)l n f (x)
y=e
f ( x)
y = arcsin x 4
1
y =
4x 3
8
1 x
4x 3
y =
1 x8
sin x ln x
y =
dy
sin x
= x sin x cos x ln x +
dx
x
1 dy
1
= cos x lnx + sin x
y dx
x
EX#1 :
5e5 x
y = f (x)g( x )
EX#1 :
*VariableVariable
sin x
y = arctan f ( x )
y =
1 + ( f ( x ))
f ( x)
y = arctan 2 x 3
1
y =
6x 2
1 + 4x 6
EX#2 :
y =
6x 2
1 + 4x 6
y = arc sec f ( x )
y =
1
f ( x)
EX#3 :
( f ( x ))
f ( x)
y = arc sec e x
1
y =
ex
x
2x
e e 1
1
y =
e2 x 1
Related Rates
We take derivatives with respect to t which allows us to find velocity. Here is how you take a derivative with
respect to t:
dx
dy
dr
dt
derivative of x is
, derivative of y 2 is 2y , derivative of r 3 is 3r 2 , derivative of t 2 is 2t = 2t
dt
dt
dt
dt
dV
V means volume ;
means rate of change of volume (how fast the volume is changing)
dt
dr
r means radius ;
means rate of change of radius (how fast the radius is changing)
dt
dx
dy
is how fast x is changing;
is how fast y is changing
dt
dt
Volume of a sphere
4 3
r
3
dV
dr
= 4 r 2
dt
dt
V=
Area of a circle
Circumference of a circle
A = 4 r 2
A = r2
C = 2 r
dA
dr
= 8 r
dt
dt
dA
dr
= 2 r
dt
dt
dC
dr
= 2
dt
dt
Volume of a cylinder
Volume of a cone
1
r
V = r 2 h use =
3
h
Due to similar triangles, the ratio of the radius
V = r2h
r is not a variable in a cylinder
because its' value is always the same
EX #1 : The radius of a spherical balloon is increasing at the rate of 4 ft / min. How fast is the surface
area of the balloon changing when the radius is 3 ft. ?
dA
dr
dA
dA
A = 4 r 2
= 8 r
= 8 3 4
= 96 ft 2 /min.
dt
dt
dt
dt
2
The surface area of the balloon is increasing at 96 ft /min.
EX #2 : Water is poured into a cylinder with radius 5 at the rate of 10 in 3 / s. How fast is the height of
the water changing when the height is 6 in?
5
2
V = r h
r=5
V = 25 h
dV
dh
dh
dh
2
= 25
10 = 25
=
in / s
dt
dt
dt
dt 5
12
The height is increasing at 0.127324 in / s.
EX #3 : Water is leaking out of a cone with diameter 10 inches and height 9 inches at the rate of 7 in 3 / s.
How fast is the height of the water changing when the height is 5 in?
r
5
=
h
9
r =
10
5h
9
2
1
1 5h
25
V = r2h V = h V =
h3
3
3
9
243
dV 25 2 dh
25 2 dh
dh 567
=
h
7 =
5
=
in / s
dt 81
dt
81
dt
dt 625
The height is decreasing at 0.288771 in / s
EX #4 : A 17 foot ladder is leaning against the wall of a house. The base of the ladder is pulled away
at 3 ft. per second.
a) How fast is the ladder sliding down the wall when the base of the ladder is 8 ft. from the wall?
x 2 + y 2 = 17 2
2x
y = 15 when x = 8
dx
dy
dy
+ 2y = 0 2 8 3 + 2 15 = 0
dt
dt
dt
dy 8
=
ft. per second.
dt
5
b) How fast is the area of the triangle formed changing at this time?
8 1
1
dA 1 dx
dy 1
dA 1
A = xy
= y+ x
= 315 +
8
2
dt 2 dt
dt 2
dt 2
5 2
dA 161 2
=
ft . per second.
dt
10
17
y
c) How fast is the angle between the bottom of the ladder and the floor changing at this time?
y
d 1 dy
8 d 1 8
sin =
cos
=
=
17
dt 17 dt
17 dt 17 5
d 1
=
radians per second
dt
5
EX #5 : A person 6 ft. tall walks directly away from a streetlight that is 13 feet above the ground. The person
is walking away from the light at a constant rate of 2 feet per second.
a) At what rate, in feet per second, is the length of the shadow changing?
dx
dy
= 2 ( speed of the man walking )
= ? ( speed of the length of shadow )
dt
dt
13
13
6
Use similar triangles:
=
13y = 6x + 6y 7y = 6x
x+y y
6
6
dy 6 dx
dy 6
dy 12
y= x
=
= 2
=
feet per second
y
x
7
dt 7 dt
dt 7
dt
7
b) At what rate, in feet per second, is the tip of the shadow changing?
dx dy
12 26
Tip of shadow is x + y, so speed of tip is
+
= 2+
=
feet per second
dt dt
7
7
10
Properties of Derivatives
dy
, which is slope.
dx
1st derivative max. and min., increasing and decreasing, slope of the tangent line to the curve, and velocity.
2nd derivative inflection points, concavity, and acceleration.
Derivative is a rate of change; it finds the change in y over the change in x,
f (4) = 8
f ( x ) = 6x 10
f ( 4 ) = 14
1
(x 4)
14
( found by setting f ( x ) = 0 )
( found by setting f ( x ) = 0 )
f ( x ) > 0
f ( x ) < 0
( found by setting
f ( x ) = 0 )
increasing/concave up
increasing/concave down
slopes are positive and decreasing slopes are positive and increasing
decreasing/concave up
decreasing/concave down
slopes are negative and increasing slopes are negative and decreasing
M
M
I
m
M is a Maximum; slopes switch m is a Minimum; slopes switch
from positive to negative
from negative to positive
11
I
m, I
m
M is a Maximum; m is a minimum;
I is an inflection point
Application of Derivatives
To find rel. max., rel. min., where the graph is increasing and decreasing, we set the first derivative = 0
y = 2x 3 3x 2 36x + 2
EX#1 :
1) Plug #'s in each interval on the number line into first derivative.
f ( x ) > 0 means graph is increasing on that interval.
y = 6x 2 6x 36
0 = 6(x 2 x 6)
0 = 6(x 3)(x + 2)
x = 3 and x = 2
2) To find the Y value of max. and min. plug into original equation.
f'(x)
-2
max
min
increasing
decreasing
( 2, 46)
(3, 79)
( , 2 ) ( 3, )
( 2, 3)
To find inflection points, where the graph is concave up and concave down, we set the second derivative = 0
y = 12x 6
0 = 6(2x 1)
1
x=
2
1) Plug #'s in each interval on the number line into second derivative.
f ( x ) > 0 means graph is concave up on that interval.
f''(x)
4
40
2
20
!1
2
inflection pt.
concave down
1 33
,
2 2
,
2
-5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
concave up
-2
-20
1
,
2
-4
-40
-6
-60
-8
-80
12
5
5
Optimization Problems
1) Draw and label picture.
2)
3)
4)
5)
Write equation based on fact given and write equation for what you need to maximize or minimize.
Plug in fact equation into the equation you want to maximize or minimize.
Take derivative and set equal to zero.
Find remaining information.
EX#1 : An open box of maximum volume is to be made from a square piece of material, 18 inches on a side, by
cutting equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides. How much should you cut off from the
corners? What is the maximum volume of your box?
X
X
X
18
18
X
X
X
18
18-2X
X
18
X
X
18-2X
V = (18 2x)2 x
V = 4x 3 72x 2 + 324x
V = 12 x 2 12x + 27 = 0
V = 12 ( x 9)(x 3) = 0
x = 3, x = 9
V = (18 2 3)2 3
V = 432 in 2
EX#2 : A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The farmer has 84 feet of fence in
which to enclose the pasture. What dimensions should be used so that the enclosed area will be a
maximum? What is the maximum Area?
P = 2y + x
A = xy
84 = 2y + x
A = ( 84 2y ) y
x = 84 2y
A = 84y 2y 2
A = 84 4y = 0
y = 21
A = 42 21
A = 882 ft
RIVER
2
x = 84 2 21
x = 42
EX#3 : A farmer plans to fence two equal rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The farmer has 120 feet of
fence in which to enclose the pastures. What dimensions should be used so that the enclosed area will
be a maximum? What is the maximum Area?
120 = 2x + 3y
A = 2x y
A = 120 6y = 0
A = 2 30 20
RIVER
120 3y = 2x
A = 2 60 y y
3
60 y = x
2
A = 120y 3y 2
y = 20
3
x = 60 20
2
x = 30
13
A = 1200 ft 2
Y
X
Y
X
EX#4 : A crate, open at the top, has vertical sides, a square bottom and a volume of 500 ft 3 . What dimensions
give us minimum surface area? What is the surface area?
V = x2 y
A = x2 + 4 x y
500 = x 2 y
A = x2 + 4 x
500
=y
x2
A = x2 +
2000
x
500
x2
2000
=0
x2
2x 3 2000
A =
=0
x2
A = 2x
A = 10 2 + 4 10 5
A = 300 ft 2
2x 3 2000 = 0
x = 10
500
y= 2
y=5
10
EX#5 : A rectangle is bounded by the x-axis and the semicircle y = 18 x 2 . What length and width
should the rectangle have so that its area is a maximum?
1
1
1
y = 18 x 2
A = 2xy
A = 2 18 x 2 2 + 18 x 2 2 ( 2x ) 2x
2
1
2x 2
2
2
2
A = 2 x 18 x
A = 2 18 x
1
18 x 2 2
A =
A =
y=
18 32
y=3
(
)
(18 x )
2 18 x 2 2x 2
2
36 4x 2
(18 x )
2
A = 2 3 3
A = 18
( Bowtie)
Y= 18-X 2
=0
36 4x 2 = 0
x=3
-5
X
-2
14
Integration Formulas
*Integral of a constant a dx = ax + C
*Polynomials
n
x dx =
x n+1
n +1
EX#1 :
+ C
EX#1 :
5 dx
= 5x + C
dx
EX#2 :
3
2
x + 5x 8x dx =
=x+C
x 4 5x 3
+
4x 2 + C
4
3
EX#1 :
x
a dx =
*Constant Variable
EX#1 :
EX#3 :
x
e dx =
4
x dx
ax
+C
1 ln a
x 3
+C
3
5x
+C
ln 5
5 x dx =
ex
+C =
ln e
1
+C
3x 3
EX#2 :
ex + C
EX#4 :
32 x
+C
2 ln 3
32 x dx =
2x
e dx =
e2 x
+C =
2 ln e
e2 x
+C
2
sin x dx =
csc x dx =
cos x + C
ln csc x + cot x + C
cos x dx =
sec x dx =
sin x + C
ln sec x + tan x + C
tan x dx =
cot x dx =
ln cos x + C
ln sin x + C
cos 6x
sin 2x
+C
EX#2 : sin 6x dx =
+C
2
6
1
1
EX#3 : tan 3x dx = ln cos 3x + C
EX#4 : sec 7x dx =
ln sec 7x + tan 7x + C
3
7
1
1
EX#5 : csc 4x dx = ln csc 4x + cot 4x + C
EX#6 : cot 9x dx =
ln sin 9x + C
4
9
f ( x)
*Natural Log :
dx = ln f ( x ) + C
top is the derivative of the bottom
f ( x)
EX#1 :
EX#1 :
EX#3 :
cos 2x dx =
1
x dx = ln x + C
sin x
cos x dx = ln cos x + C
3x 2
3
x 3 5 dx = ln x 5 + C
x3
1 4x 3
1
4
x 4 + 1 dx = 4 x 4 + 1 dx = 4 ln x + 1 + C
EX#2 :
EX#4 :
EX#1 :
x2 + 2
x 2 2x + 4 dx
Long Division
= 1+
EX#2 :
x 2 + 3x 5
dx
x
= x + 3 dx
2x 2
dx
x 2x + 4
2
x2
+ 3x 5 ln x + C
2
15
= x + ln x 2 2x + 4 + C
x
= arcsin + C
a
dx
1
dx
+ x2
1
x
arctan + C
a
a
a x
x a
Find variable v and constant a. The top MUST be the derivative of the variable v.
2
EX#1 :
1
9x
dx =
v=x a=3
1
EX#2 :
dx =
16 + x 2
v=x
EX#3 :
x
v=x
x
arcsin + C
3
1
x
arctan + C
4
4
EX#4 :
x 2 25
a=5
dx =
1
4 9x
dx
dx
1
3
dx
3
4 9x 2
v = 3x a = 2
1
1
3
EX#5 : 2
dx = 2
dx =
9x + 16
3 9x + 16
a=4
1
x
1
arcsec + C EX#6 :
5
5
v = 3x
a=4
6
49x 2 25
v = 7x
16
a=5
dx =
=
1
x
arcsec + C
a
a
1
3x
arcsin + C
3
2
1 1
3x
arctan + C
3 4
4
1
3x
=
arctan + C
12
4
7
6
dx
7x 49x 2 25
7x
6
arcsec
+C
5
5
*Substitution
EX#1 :
When integrating we usually let u = the part in the parenthesis, the part under the
radical, the denominator, the exponent, or the angle of the trig. function.
x 2 + 1 dx
1
2x x 2 + 1
1
1
(u ) 2 du
dx
1 2 32
u +C
2 3
3
1 2
(x + 1) 2 + C
3
u = x2 + 1
du = 2xdx
EX#2 :
( 2x
x2
3
+5
dx = x 2 2x 3 + 5
u = 2x 3 + 5
EX#3 :
x + 1 dx
u = x +1
dx
1
6x 2 2x 3 + 5
6
(u 1) u
du
(u
u 2 )du
=
=
1
2x cos x 2 dx
dx
1
u 4 du
6
=
=
x = u 1
x cos x
dx
du = 6x 2 dx
du = dx
EX#4 :
1
cosu du
2
1 u 3
+C
6 3
18 2x 3 + 5
+C
2 5 2 2 32
u u +C
5
3
5
3
2
2
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 + C
5
3
1
sin u + C
2
1
sin x 2 + C
2
u = x2
du = 2x dx
1
EX#5 :
2x 2x + 1 dx
2
1 4
u du =
3 1
1 u5
3 5
=
1
35 1
15 15
242
15
du = 6x 2 dx
u = 2 (0) + 1 = 1
3
u = 2 (1) + 1 = 3
3
Properties of Logarithms
logarithmic form exponential form : y = ln x
Log Laws :
ey = x
y = ln x 3 y = 3ln x
ln x + ln y = ln xy
x
ln x ln y = ln
y
ln 8 = ln 2 3 = 3ln 2
ln 2 + ln 5 = ln10
7
ln 7 ln 2 = ln
2
ln x
Memorize : ln e = 1 ln1 = 0 log10 = 1 log1 = 0
ln a
Fact :
You cant take a ln/log of a negative # or zero.
We use logarithms to solve any problem that has a variable in the exponent.
EX#1 : e5 x = 24
EX#2 : ln x = 3
y = log a x
ln e5 x = ln 24
eln x = e3
y=
5x ln e = ln 24
x = e3
17
x=
ln 24
5
f (c)
f (c)
f (x) = 3x 2 + 1
1
Plug in x1 to find x2
f (1) 3
=
or 0.75 = x2 Plug in x2 to find x3
f (1) 4
3 f ( 3 / 4 ) 59
=
or 0.686 = x3
4 f ( 3 / 4 ) 86
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ( Separating Variables ) (used when you are given the derivative
and you need to find the original equation. We separate the x's and y's and take the integral).
dy x 2
EX#1 : Find the general solution given
=
dx
y
dy x 2
=
dx
y
y dy = x dx
2
y dy = x
dx
y2 x 3
=
+C
2
3
2x 3
y =
+ C1
3
2
25 = 18 + C1
7 = C1
2x 3
y =
+7
3
2x 3
y=
+7
3
dy
= 6xy and ( 0, 5 )
dx
2
2
2
dy
= 6x dx ln y = 3x 2 + C y = e3x +C y = C1 e3x 5 = C1 (1) y = 5e3x
y
If the rate of growth of something is proportional to itself ( y = ky ) , then it is the growth formula.
Proof : y = ky
dy
dy
= ky
= k dt
dt
y
dy
= k dt ln y = kt + C
y
*Average Value (use this when you are asked to find the average of anything)
b
1
f (x) dx
b a a
EX#1 : Find the average value of f (x) = x 3 4x from [1, 4]
4
4
1
1
1 x4
1
1 127 127
3
2
= ( 64 32 ) 2 =
Avg. value =
x
4x
dx
=
2x
=
4
3 4
4 1 1
3 4
3
12
18
f ( x) = 2
x
, x<3
6x 9 , x 3
At 3 lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x )
x3
x3
f ( x) =
( 3)2
= 9
6 ( 3) 9 = 9
= f ( 3) = 9. Therefore f (x) is continuous.
At 3
f (x) is continuous iff both halves of the function have the same answer at the breaking point.
f ( x) =
2x , x < 3
6 , x 3
At 3 both halves of the derivative = 6.
At 3 f (x) =
2 ( 3) = 6
6
= 6
f (x) is differentiable if and only if the derivative
-A particle is moving to the right or up when v ( t ) > 0 and to the left or down when v ( t ) < 0.
b
1
v(t)dt
b a a
If v ( t ) and a ( t ) agree +
+ speed is increasing.
v (t ) a (t )
If v ( t ) and a ( t ) disagree +
speed is decreasing.
-Distance traveled is
v (t ) dt
a
19
f(a)
f (b) f (a)
ba
5
b
According to the Mean Value Theorem, there must be a number c between a and b that the
slope of the tangent line at c is the same as the slope between points (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)).
The slope of secant line from a and b is the
f(b)
4
f(a)
5
b
*When given the graph of f (x), it is like you are looking at a # line.
This is the graph of f (x). Where f (x) = 0 (x-int) is where the possible max. and min. are.
Signs are based on if the graph is above ( increasing ) or below the x - axis (decreasing).
EX : Graph of f ( x ) from 6 x 6
4
4
3
22
1
-5
-4
-5
-6
-3
-2 -1
0
-1
5
5
-2
-2
-3
Graph of f '(x)
-4
-4
f'(x)
-4
-6
rel.min
rel. max
increasing
x = 4, 3
x = 0
( 4, 0) (3, 6]
+
decreasing
[ 6, 4) (0, 3)
0
0 - 0+
f''(x)
-6
inf. pts.
-2
concave up
x = 2, 2, 4, 5
( 6, 2) (2, 4) (5, 6)
20
concave down
( 2, 2) (4, 5)
1
*Half - Life Formula y = C
2
( Comes from y = ky )
y = ending amount, C= intial amount, t = time, d = double-life time , h = half-life time , k = growth constant
*Trigonometric Identities
*Reciprocal Identities
Identities
1
= sec
cos
1
= csc
sin
*Pythagorean Identities
sin
= tan
cos
cos
= cot
sin
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x
21
*Area
f(x)
f(x)
g(x)
g(x)
h(x)
a
Area from a to c
A=
Area from a to c
A =
*Volume
Area = sin x dx +
V = A( x ) dx
sin x dx =
2
2
V = ( top function ) ( bottom function ) dx
a
radius
radius
the line y = k
the line x = c
the line x = d
the line y = m
2
2
( m g(x)) ( m f (x)) dx
f(x)
g(x)
2 ( x + c )[ f (x) g(x)] dx
y=m
2
2
( f (x) + k ) ( g(x) + k ) dx
a
height
2
2
( f (x)) ( g(x)) dx
a
2+2 = 4
the x - axis
cos x 0 + cos x =
x=-c
y=-k
2 ( d x )[ f (x) g(x)] dx
a
22
b
x=d
the y - axis
( )
( 4 ) x 2
dx
2 x 4 x 2 dx
0
128
80.425
5
the line y = 2
=
416
15
2
( 5 4 ) dx
y = x2
2 ( x + 3) 4 x dx
2
704
=
147.445
15
the line y = 5
2
25.133
the line x = 3
2
2
( 4 + 2 ) x 2 + 2 dx
5 x2
y=5
40 125.664
x = 3
x=6
y = 2
the line x = 6
2
2 ( 6 x ) 4 x 2 dx
0
56 175.929
87.127
the y - axis
2 y y 0 dy
0
128
80.425
5
the line y = 2
=
2 ( y + 2 ) y 0 dy
0
704
=
147.445
15
the line y = 5
4
2 ( 5 y ) y 0 dy
0
416
15
87.127
0
=
( y)
2
( 0 ) dy
25.133
the line x = 3
4
40 125.664
2
2
y + 3 ( 0 + 3) dy
the line x = 6
4
2
2
( 6 0 ) 6 y dy
56 175.929
23
y
0 to 2
0 to 4
y=x
x= y
V = A ( x ) dx
- Sometimes we will find the volume of regions that have different cross sections (not a circle or a cylinder).
- These regions are not rotated but come out at us.
- We must first find the Area of the cross section, then take it's integral.
EX#1 : Let R be the region in the first quadrant below f ( x ) and above g ( x ) from x = a to x = b.
Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region R and whose cross sections cut by planes
perpendicular to the x-axis are :
Squares A = s 2
f(x)
)
b
f ( x) g( x)
( f ( x ) g ( x ))
V =
dx
g(x)
f ( x) g( x)
s2
Equilateral 's A =
4
a
2 3
( f ( x ) g ( x )) 4 dx
a
b
V =
f ( x) g( x)
3
4
( f ( x ) g ( x ))
dx
r2
Semicircle A =
2
V =
2
a
f ( x ) g( x )
f ( x ) g ( x ) = diameter
f ( x ) g( x )
2
) dx
2
=
8
2
( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx
a
= radius
( f ( x ) g ( x ))
V =
5 ( f ( x ) g ( x ))( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx
f ( x) g( x)
= 5
( f ( x ) g ( x ))2 dx
Regular Hexagon A = ap
1 tan 60
2 2 f ( x ) g ( x ) 6 ( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx
a
b
V =
f ( x) g( x)
tan 60
f ( x ) g ( x ) = apothem
2
3 3
2
=
f ( x ) g ( x )) dx
(
2 a
6 ( f ( x ) g ( x )) = perimeter
24
EX#1 : Let R be the region in the first quadrant under the graph of y =
Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region R and whose
cross sections cut by planes perpendicular to the x-axis are :
Squares A = s 2
1
for 4 x 9.
x
1
2
2/3
1/3
V =
1
x dx =
4
x dx =
ln x 4 = ln 9 ln 4 = ln
5
5
10
9
3
= 2 ln 0.811
4
2
s2 3
Equilateral 's A =
4
2
1 3
x 4 dx =
4
9
V =
3
3
2 ln =
2
4
3 1
dx =
4 4 x
3 3
ln 0.351
2
2
r2
Semicircle A =
2
V =
= diameter
1
2 2 x dx =
4
3
3
8x dx = 8 x dx = 8 2 ln 2 = 4 ln 2 0.318
4
4
= radius
Rectangle with h = 5 b ( A = 5 b h )
5
V =
1 1
5 x x dx =
4
5
1
3
3
x dx = 5 x dx = 5 2 ln 2 = 10 ln 2 4.055
4
4
x
1
Regular Hexagon A = ap
2
1 3 6
2 2 x x dx =
4
9
V =
3
= apothem
2 x
1
2
3 3
2x dx =
4
3 3 1
dx =
2 4 x
3 3
3
3
2 ln 2 = 3 3 ln 2 2.107
2
6
= perimeter
x
30-60-90 ( SL ):
45-45-90 ( HYP ):
1
4
3
2
30-60-90 ( LL ):
1
2 3
30-60-90 ( HYP ) :
25
3
8
3
8
Approximating Area
We approximate Area using rectangles (left, right, and midpoint) and trapezoids.
*Riemann Sums
5
5
13
1 5
A = + 2 + + 5
2 4
4
46
Total Area =
5.750
8
c) Midpoint Rectangles f (x) = x 2 + 1 from [ 0, 2] using 4 subdivisions
(Find area of each rectangle and add together)
(x
0
+ 1 dx
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
-1
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
-1
5
5
1 17 25 41 65
A =
+
+ +
2 16 16 16 16
148
Total Area =
4.625
32
d) Actual Area =
5
13
1
A = 1+ + 2 +
2
4
4
30
Total Area=
3.750
8
b) Right edge Rectangles f (x) = x 2 + 1 from [ 0, 2] using 4 subdivisions
(Find area of each rectangle and add together)
3
3
2
2
1
1
x3
+x
3
2
0
14
=
3
4.667
-1
5
5
4
4
3
3
20
1
3
f (0) + 2 f + 2 f (1) + 2 f + f (2)
2
2
2(4)
2
2
1
1
0
-1
5
13
1 + 2 + 2(2) + 2 + 5
4
4
4
1 76
76
3
=
= 4
= 4.750
4 4
16
4
All you are doing is finding the area of the 4 trapezoids and adding them together!
=
26
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
58
63
72
60
62
69
61
74
67
15
[ 58 + 126 + 144 + 120 + 124 + 138 + 122 + 148 + 67 ]
2
A 7852.5
c) Estimate Avg. value using Trapezoidal Rule
1
Avg.Value
( 7852.5 ) 65.4375
120
e) Estimate using Left Endpoint
120 0
A
f ( 0 ) + f (15 ) + f ( 30 ) + ..... + f (105 )
8
A 15 [ 58 + 63 + 72 + 60 + 62 + 69 + 61 + 74 ]
A 30 [ 63 + 60 + 69 + 74 ]
A 7785
A 7980
d) What are you finding in part c?
The average distance across the land.
f) Estimate using Right Endpoint
120 0
A
f (15 ) + f ( 30 ) + f ( 45 ) ..... + f (120 )
8
A 15 [ 63 + 72 + 60 + 62 + 69 + 61 + 74 + 67 ]
A 7920
0
10
2
13
5
11
10
15
2
1
1
1
A (10 + 13) 2 + (13 + 11) 3 + (11 + 15 ) 5 124
2
2
2
b) Estimate using Left Endpoint ( A = width left height )
A 2 (10 ) + 3(13) +5 (11)
114
134
27
EX#1 :
x3
3
x dx =
2
=
0
8
0=
3
8
3
sin x dx =
EX#2 :
cos x 4 =
2
2
= 1+
2
2
f (t ) dt =
f ( x)
EX#1 :
EX#3 :
d
t 3 dt =
dx 0
x 1 0 =
3
d
dx
EX#2 :
dt =
0 x 6 2x =
2x 7
x2
x2
d
dx
t 5 + 2 dt =
x10 + 2 2x x 5 + 2 1 =
2x x10 + 2 x 5 + 2
Integral as an accumulator
A definite integral finds the change in the equation above it.
The integral of velocity from a to b is the change in position (distance travelled) from a to b.
The integral of acceleration from 0 to 3 is the change in velocity from time 0 to time 3.
The integral of f (x) is the change in f (x).
Since
4
4
Since the area under f from 0 to 1 = 2 this will help find f (1) .
f'
f (1) =
2
2
f from 0 to 1 .
f ( 0 ) + f (x) dx = 5 + 2 = 7
0
1.5
-4
-3
-2
If f ( 0 ) = 10 then:
f ( 4 ) = 10 +
-4
-1
2-1
2
1
Graph of f'(x)
f ( 2 ) = 10 +
-2
f ( x ) dx =
10 + 2 = 12
f ( 4 ) = 10 + f ( x ) dx = 10 4 = 6
0
-2
f ( x ) dx = 10 + 2 1.5 = 10.5
f ( 8 ) = 10 + f ( x ) dx = 10 4 + 2 = 6 + 2
v ( 5 ) = v ( 2 ) + a ( t ) dt =
28
0
-1
5
5
9 10
10
-2
-1 0
-1
-2
-2
7
2
9 10
10
-2
Graph of f(x)
-3
The integral finds the total area between f(x) and the x - axis.
10
f ( 7 ) = DNE
f (8) = 2
f ( 3) = 0
f ( x ) dx = 17 2 + 3 = 18
f ( x ) dx =
10
10
f ( x ) dx =
f ( 9 ) = DNE
f (5) = 2
Graph of f(x)
-3
17 + 2 + 3 =
f ( x ) dx =
22
f ( 9.5 ) = 0
2 12 =
10
10
( f ( x ) + 5 ) dx =
10
f ( x ) dx =
68
10
10
10
10
70
15
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
10
-2
-2
EX#1 :
Find the velocity of the runner at t = 2 and t = 7 seconds.
EX#2 :
Given x(0) = 45 find x(3) and x(10).
10
20
2 =
v ( 7 ) = 10
3
3
Find the acceleration of the runner at t = 2 and t = 7 seconds
x(3) = 45 + v(t) dt =
v (2) =
Distance travelled =
10
v (t ) dt
v (t ) dt =
45 + 15 = 60
10
85
29
x(10) = 45 + v(t) dt =
0
45 + 85 = 130
*Integration by Parts
(used when taking an integral of a product and the products have nothing to do with each other)
Always pick the function whose derivative goes away to be u.
There are two special cases.
Case 1: When ln x is in the problem it must be u.
Case 2: When neither equation goes away, either equation can be u (the equation we pick as u must be u
both times) and we perform int. by parts twice and add to other side.
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx =
xe
EX#1 :
f ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) du
dx =
=
u=x
dv = e x dx
du = dx
v = ex
x e e dx
x
u dv =
more simply
Case 1:
xe x e x + C
uv v du
x3
x2
EX#2 : x ln x dx =
ln x
dx
3
3
x3
x3
=
ln x + C
3
9
2
u = ln x
dv = x dx
2
du =
1
x
v=
x3
3
*Tabular method
EX#1 :
Deriv.
x
2x
cos x dx =
Integral
EX#2 :
Deriv.
cos x
sin x
cos x
sin x
x
x 3 dx =
x 3x
3x
+C
ln 3 ( ln 3)2
Integral
3x
3x
ln 3
3x
( ln 3)2
*Special case 2
( neither function's derivative goes away so we use integration by parts twice and add integral to the other side )
1st time
u=e
dv = sin x
du = e dx
2nd time
x
u = ex
du = e x dx
v = cos x
dv = cos x
v = sin x
EX#1 :
sin x dx
= e x + e x cos x dx
= e x cos x + e x sin x e x sin x dx
2 e x sin x dx
x
e sin x dx
30
= e x cos x + e x sin x
=
e x cos x + e x sin x
+C
2