Pre - Report

Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Batterys Electrode

(Secondary Cell / Rechargeable Battery)

2016 / 03 / 07
Section 2 / Rahman Tony Nur
2015101109
1. Title

Manufacture of Lithium-Ion Batterys Electrode (Secondary Cell / Rechargeable Battery)

2. Purpose
Electrode (anode, cathode) is a component of lithium-ion battery (in addition to electrolyte and
separator) which influences battery capabilities. In this experiment we will learn about the most
essential parts which affect batterys characteristics - anode and cathode - that are used in lithium
ion battery & try to make them.

3. Theory
a.

Primary Cell & Secondary Cell

A primary cell is a battery that is
designed to be used once and
discarded, and not recharged with
electricity and reused like a secondary
cell (rechargeable battery). As a
primary cell is used, chemical
reactions in the battery use up the
chemicals that generate the power;
when they are gone, the battery stops
producing electricity and is useless. In
a secondary cell, the reaction can be
reversed by running a current into the
cell with a battery charger to recharge
it, regenerating the chemical reactants. Primary cells are made in a range of standard sizes to
power small household appliances.

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, secondary cell, or accumulator is a type of electrical

battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, while a nonrechargeable or primary battery is supplied fully charged, and discarded once discharged. It is
composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it
accumulates
and
stores
energy
through
a
reversible
electrochemical
reaction.
Rechargeable
batteries
are
produced in many
different
shapes
and sizes, ranging
from button cells to
megawatt systems
connected
to
stabilize
an
electrical
distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are
used, including leadacid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion
(Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
b. Lithium-Ion Battery
Lithium-ion batteries involve the migration of Li+ ions from the cathode to the anode,
where they intercalate (enter the interior) as the battery is charged. At the same time, chargebalancing electrons travel to the anode through the external circuit in the charger. On
discharge, the opposite process occurs. The cathode of the first successful lithium-ion batteries
originally contained LiCoO2 and a lithium-intercalated carbon (LiC6) anode. More recently
manufacturers have included transition metals such as nickel and manganese in the cathode in
addition to cobalt. The mixed-metal cathodes have greater charge capacity and power output
and shorter recharge times.
Some of the attractive performance advantages of Li-ion batteries as compared to aqueous
batteries (lead acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride) are:
3.6+ operating voltage. For example, it replaces three nickel-metal hydride cells.
No leakage. No free liquid in a cell.
High energy density, about 25% the weight of lead acid cells, makes it the choice for electric
vehicles.
Solid state chemistry allows for very small thin batteries, such as printed batteries.
High efficiency on charge and discharge; high rate charge; deep discharges of 80%.
Low self-discharge rate, allowing shelf life of 5-10 years is possible.
Cell conditioning is not required for Li-ion batteries.
Many chemistry variants, in different configurations, constructions and capacities of Li-ion
cells are available.
c. Electrode (Anode & Cathode)

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a

circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). The electrode compartment in

which oxidation occurs is called the anode; the electrode compartment in which reduction
occurs is called the cathode.
In a battery or galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode from which electrons flow
out towards the external part of the circuit. Internally the positively charged cations are
flowing away from the anode (even though it is negative and therefore would be expected to
attract them, this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different
for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems); but, external to the cell in the circuit,
electrons are being pushed out through the negative contact and thus through the circuit by the
voltage potential as would be expected. Note: in a galvanic cell, contrary to what occurs in an
electrolytic cell, no anions flow to the anode, the internal current being entirely accounted for
by the cations flowing away from it.
4. Experimental Method (Reagent & Apparatus)
a. Reagent & Apparatus
Anode & cathode materials, conductor, binder, current collector (Al, Cu), NMP (N-Methyl-2Pyrrolidone) solvent, disposable syringe, mortar, quartz plate, quartz rod
b. Experimental Methods

1. Measure the weight of cathode material, conductor, and binder precisely.

2. Put the measured materials into mortar and mix evenly. Be careful to not spill the
materials.
3. Add NMP until it reaches constant viscosity.
4. Attach conductor to quartz plate flatly and wipe it with acetone.
5. To control the thickness of electrode, tape the quart rod as much as you want.
6. Pour the cathode materials onto the conductor and spread evenly by using quartz rod.
* You can use Dr. blade instead of quartz rod.
7. Dry the coated materials at room temperature and then proceed with oven (120C for 5
hours).
8. After drying, fix the space between roll by using Roll Press to gain certain electrode
thickness and induce higher density of cathode materials.

5. Reference
1. Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Chemistry 9th Edition International Edition, Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning, 2014, p858 - 860
2. David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy, Handbook of Batteries 3 rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p2223.
3. John S. Newman, Karen E. Thomas-Alyea, Electrochemical Systems 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2004,
p167