Department of Management Sciences

Rangers Campus
Submitted To:
Dr. Saleem Ahmad
Submitted Date:
18/05/2016
Class:
BBA Hons 8th (R2)
SESSION:
2012-2016

Topic:
Demographics and Geographics of Pakistan.

Demographics of Pakistan:
The Demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley Civilization to
modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic
groups

in

modern

region

of Pakistan from Central

Asia, Middle

Eastand Europe.Pakistan's estimated population in 2015 is over 191.71

million, making it the world's sixth-most-populous country, behind Brazil and
ahead of Nigeria. During 19502011, Pakistan's urban population expanded over
sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold. In the past, the
country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has been changed by
moderate birth rates. In 2014, the population growth rate stands at
1.49%.Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the
largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.

1. Total population & Gender:

Table: Selected Demographic Indicators
2013

2014

2015

Total Population (Million)

184.35

188.02

191.71

Urban Population (Million)

69.87

72.50

75.19

Rural Population (Million)

114.48

115.52

116.52

3.3

3.2

3.2

26.8

26.4

26.1

7.0

6.90

6.80

1.97

1.95

1.92

- Females

66.5

66.9

67.3

- Males

64.6

64.9

65.2

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Crude Birth Rate (Per thousand)
Crude Death Rate (Per
thousand)
Population Growth Rate
(Percent)
Life Expectancy (Year)

Source: Ministry of Planning, Development and Reforms (Population Projections for the Year
2007-2030)

Urban Population
Rural Population

Fig-3: Urban and Rural Population

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Ministry of Planning, Development & Reforms

2. Age:
Table: Population by Age Groups

(Millions)

Age Group
1998
2014
2015
2020
2025
2030
00-04
19.59
22.59
22.76
23.28
22.44
20.35
05-09
20.72
21.10
21.33
22.35
22.95
22.18
10-14
17.14
19.82
20.07
21.24
22.98
22.88
15-19
13.73
20.42
20.12
20.01
21.19
22.24
20-24
11.88
19.31
19.8
20.05
19.95
21.14
25-29
9.76
16.64
17.13
19.71
19.98
19.89
30-34
8.24
14.28
14.72
17.04
19.62
19.91
35-39
6.32
11.97
12.4
14.62
16.94
19.53
40-44
5.89
10.03
10.36
12.27
14.49
16.81
45-49
4.68
8.16
8.49
10.2
12.01
14.31
50-54
4.26
6.65
6.88
8.26
9.95
11.84
55-59
2.86
5.34
5.53
6.57
7.93
9.60
60-64
2.72
4.17
4.31
5.13
6.14
7.45
65+
4.64
7.54
7.82
9.39
11.39
13.93
Total
132.43
188.02
191.72
210.12
227.26
242.06
Source: National Institute of Population Studies, Planning & Development Division, June 2010

Mortality Rate
Mortality
2010
2011
Rate
Maternal
190
mortality
Infant
73
72
mortality
Child
92
90
mortality rate
Source: World Bank Indicator 2013

2012

2013

170

71

69

88

86

Stages of Life
Pre-birth:

Potential The child who has not yet been born could become

Birth:

The day when a child is born.

Birth rate in Pakistan is 26.1 per thousand

Infancy (Ages 0-3):

17.07 Million in 2015
Early Childhood
(Ages 4-6):

13.51 Million in 2015

School going age

(Ages 7-11)

20.826 Million in 2015

Teen Age (Ages 1219)

32.162 Million in 2015
Early Adulthood
(Ages 20-25):

23.226 Million in 2015

Early maturity(Ages
26-35):
30.904 Million in 2015
Mature Adulthood
(Ages 36-50):
Late maturity:
(51-60)
Old age:
60& above

30.146 Million in 2015

11.896 Million in 2015
11.268 Million in 2015 ( Total population = 191.008 Million)

Population growth rate:

In Pakistan population growth rate has shown improvement and it
decreased from 1.95 percent in 2014 to 1.92 percent in 2015.

3. Family Size:
Category

Average children

Women in Pakistan (Overall)

Women in urban areas
Women in rural areas
Women who have higher
education
Women who have no education
Fertility is lowest in ICT Islamabad
Fertility is highest in Baluchistan

3.8
3.2
4.2
2.5

Average Age at First Marriage

(Men)
Average Age at First Marriage
(Women)
Age at First Birth (Overall)
Age at First Birth (Women have no
education)
Age at First Birth (Women have
secondary education)
Median birth interval

24.7 Years

4.4
3.0
4.2

19.5 Years
22.2 Years
21.1 Years
24.2 Years
28 Months

Total Fertility Rate by Region (Births per woman for the 3 years)

4. Income Groups:
A supplement to the International LaborOrganization Global Wage
Report 2014/15 highlighted that Pakistani women, in particular, are less
likely to hold wage jobs and are paid less than their male counterparts.
Women earn 38.5% less than men.
Figures for income level of Rs4, 000 and less to as much as Rs20, 000
were quoted to be the cut off level for the lower class. For middle class,
cut off was Rs50, 000 to Rs100, 000 and less. People earning above
Rs200, 000 were categorized as belonging to the upper strata of the
society by different sets of interviewees.

Per capita income:

Average salary received by a
Rs 87,000 annually
government employee
The per capita income in Pakistan of Rs 58,000 annually
an average citizen

5. Education:
The majority (57%) of ever-married Pakistani women and 29% of evermarried men age 15-49 have no education. Only 16% of women and
21% of men have attended primary school. One in five women and one
in three men have attended secondary or higher education. Women
and men in urban areas are much more likely to achieve higher levels of
education.

16

10
7

18

16
17

Higher
Secondary
Middle

21
57
29
Women

Primary
Noeducation

Men

Percent distribution of ever-married women and men age 1549 by highest

level of education attended:

Table: Literacy Rate (10 Years and Above)-Pakistan and Provinces

(Percent)
Province/Area

2012-13
Male

2013-14

Female
Total
Male
Female
Pakistan
71
48
60
70
47
Rural
64
37
51
63
36
Urban
82
69
76
81
66
Punjab
71
54
62
71
52
Rural
66
45
55
65
43
Urban
82
72
77
82
71
Sindh
72
47
60
67
43
Rural
59
22
42
53
21
Urban
84
70
77
80
63
KPK
72
35
52
72
36
Rural
69
31
49
70
32
Urban
78
52
66
81
55
Balochistan
62
23
44
59
25
Rural
55
15
37
54
17
Urban
81
47
65
74
45
Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2013-14

Total
58
49
74
61
53
76
56
37
72
53
49
68
43
36
59

Table: Number of Mainstream Institutions, Enrolment and

Teachers by Level
Enrolment
Year

Institutions

Teachers

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2012- 2013- 2014- 2012- 201313

14
15 13
14
9284.3 9267.7 9220.2
18790.4 19441.1 19935.4 159.7 157.9 158.7 428.7 420.1
6188.0 6460.8 6772.6
42.1
42.8
43.2 362.6 364.8
2898.1 3109.0 3297.6
29.8
30.4
32.6 489.6 500.5
1400.0 1233.7 1249.6
5.0
5.2
6.0 132.0 124.3

Pre-Primary
Primary*
Middle
High
Higher Sec./
Inter
Degree Colleges
641.5 674.4
801.3
1.5
Technical &
302.2 308.6
318.7
3.3
Vocational
Institutes
Universities
1594.6 1594.6 1828.3 0.147
Total
41099.1 42089.9 43423.7 241.5
Source: Ministry of Professional & Technical Training,
AEPAM, Islamabad E: Estimated, P: Provisional, *:
Including Pre-Primary & Mosque Schools

1.1
3.3

0.161
240.9

1.0
3.4

23.5
16.6

- 77.6
77.6
244.9 1555.4 1529.7

83.2
1577

Muslim (official) 96.4%,

Other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2015 est.)

48.8
16.1

201415
413.6
375.7
518.0
146.4

26.0
16.4

6. Religions:

(Thousands)

7. Occupation:
Table: Civilian Labor Force, Employed and Unemployed in Pakistan
(Million)
Year
2012-13
2013-14
Labour Force

60.34

60.09

Employed

56.58

56.52

Unemployed

3.76

3.58

Unemployment rate (%)

6.24

6.0

Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (Labour Force Surveys)

Table: Distribution of Employed Persons by Major Industry

(Percentage)
Year Agriculture

Mining & Construction Electricity & Transport Trade Others

Manufacturing
Gas
Distribution

201243.71
14.20
13
201343.48
14.16
14
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

7.44

0.53

4.98 14.39

14.75

7.33

0.48

5.44 14.58

14.53

Fig - 4: Distribution of Employed Persons by Major Industries

2012 - 13

2013 - 14

Others,
14.53 %

Agriculture

Others,

43.71 %

14.75 %

Agriculture,
43.48 %

Trade,
14.58 %
Trade,
14.39 %

Transport,
5.44 %

Transport,
4.98 %

Electricity &
Gas
Distribution,
0.48 %

Mining &

Electricty&Gas
Distribution,
0.53 %

Construction,

Construction,
7.33 %

Manufacturing
14.2 %

7.44 %

2013-14

Others
15%

Trade
15%

Agriculture
44%

Transport
5%
Electricity & gas
Construction
distribution
7%
0%
mining & manufacturing
14%

Mining &
Manufacturing
, 14.16%

Table: Number of Pakistani workers registered abroad.

S.NO Countries 2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
1
UAE
113,312 156,353 182,630 273,234 350,522
2
Bahrain
5,877 10,641 10,530
9,600
9,226
3
Malaysia
3,287
2,092
1,309
2,031 20,577
4
Oman
37,878 53,525 69,407 47,794 39,793
5
Qatar
3,039
5,121
7,320
8,119 10,042
6
Saudi
189,888 222,247 358,560 270,502 312,489
Arabia
7
UK
430
308
183
158
250
Source: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment

Table: Workers Registered for Overseas Employment During the

period 2010-2014 Province Wise
Year

Punjab

Sindh

Khyber
Balochistan Azad N/Area Tribal
Pakhtunkhwa
Kashmir
Area

2010 1,90,547 31,814

98,222
3,130 22,535
458
2011 2,28,707 40,171
1,30,119
5,262 33,133
732
2012 3,41,874 46,607
1,76,349
5,122 38,833
780
2013 3,33,121 55,608
1,50,418
9,293 40,038 1,190
2014 3,92,476 89,703
1,67,424
7,258 52,120 2,073
Source: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment

Total

16,198 3,62,904
18,769 4,56,893
29,022 6,38,587
33,046 6,22,714
41,412 7,52,466

Doctors:
TOTAL NUMBER OF DOCTORS / DENTAL SURGEONS (G.P's
with basic degree only)
REGISTERED UP TO 1st MARCH, 2016
M.B.B.S.
Province
Male Female Total Male
Punjab/Federal 32162 30758 62920 2293
Area
29748 29509 59257 1798
Sindh
12377 6284 18661 1046
K.P.K
2600 1729 4329 213
Balochistan
1637 1336 2973 159
A.J.K.
2771 941
3712 347
Foreign
Nationals
81295 70557 151852 5856
Total
RMP

B.D.S.
Female Total Male
4244
6537 511

L.S.M.F.
Female Total
54
565

3921
1368
198
151
123

5719
2414
411
310
470

284
52
44
3
98

22
2
11
1
8

306
54
55
4
106

10005

15861 992
RDP

98

1090
LSMF/LDS

TOTAL=151852+15861+1090= 168803

TOTAL NUMBER OF DOCTORS/DENTAL SURGEONS

REGISTERED
Up to 1st MARCH, 2016 AS SPECIALISTS
M.B.B.S.
Province
Male Female Total Male
Punjab/Federal 12365 5440 17805 412
Area
6889 3298 10187 269
Sindh
3808 1087 4895 232
K.P.K
938 258
1196 36
Balochistan
620 203
823 26
A.J.K.
80
21
101 4
Foreign
Nationals
24700 10307 35007 979
Total
RMP

B.D.S.
Female Total
235
647
135
76
9
10
0

404
308
45
36
4

465

1444
RDP

TOTAL LSMF=1090
TOTAL RMPs (Basic & Specialists)=(151852+35007)=186859
TOTAL RDPs (Basic & Specialists)=(15861+1444)=17305
GRAND TOTAL=186859+17305+1090=205254
GRAND TOTAL=RMP+RDP+LSMF

8. Total no. of Government employees in

Pakistan:
Departments

No. of employees

Education

Almost 1,000,000

Health sector

More than 170,000

Wapda

147,139

Civilian armed forces

94,207

Police personnel in all the

provinces

310,082

Pakistan Railways

81,936

Pakistan Post

27,008

Federal Board of Revenue

24,943

Pakistan International Airlines

18,484

Northern Areas Secretariat

18,341

National Bank of Pakistan

13,067

Pakistan Steel

13,004

Capital Development Authority

11,300

Capital Development Authority

11,300

National Database and

Registration Authority (Nadra)

11,186

Islamabad Capital Territory

10,545

Uniformed military personnel

(thousands)

1,459

Executive branch civilians

(thousands)

2,663

Legislative & judicial branch

personnel (thousands)

63

Total Federal personnel

(thousands)

4,185

Pakistan Armed Force (Military)

1,451,000

Civilians

2,800,000

9.Employment:
Table-12.5:Civilian Labour Force, Employed and Unemployed in
Pakistan (Million)
Year
2012-13
2013-14
Labour Force
60.34
60.09
Employed
56.58
56.52
Unemployed
3.76
3.58
Unemployment rate (%)
6.24
6.0
Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (Labour Force Surveys)

10.

Ethnic groups:

Punjabi 44.68%,
Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%,
Sindhi 14.1%,
Sariaki 8.38%,
Muhajirs 7.57%,
Balochi 3.57%,
Other 6.28%

11.

Languages:

Punjabi 48%,
Sindhi 12%,
Saraiki 10%,
Pashto 8%,
Urdu (official) 8%,
Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%,
Brahui 1%,

12.

Poverty:

It is estimated that 17.2% of the total population of Pakistan lived

below the poverty line.

13.

Social Classes:

Classes`

Percentage

Total
Population

Upper Upper

0.4

766840

Upper Lower

11502600

Middle Upper

4.3

8243530

Middle Middle

8.5

16295350

Middle lower

15.8

30290180

Lower Upper
Lower Lower

23
41.9

44093300
80326490

Total

100

19171000

Series 1
45
40
35
30
25
20

Series 1

15
10
5
0
Upper UpperUpper Lower

Middle
Upper

Middle
Middle

Middle
lower

Lower upper Lower lower

Different types of social classes:

Upper Upper
Upper lower
Middle Upper
Middle middle
Middle lower
Lower Upper
Lower lower

Following are the basis on which social classes are differentiated:

Life style by Social classes:

The lower class in Pakistan share the following:
The lack of a formal, completed education, if any at all.
Extremely high levels of illiteracy.
The lack of ownership over their land, reliance on either rent or bonded labour.
Highly rural.
The lack of any particular skill that would enable them to be employed in industry.
Examples of work they might engage in include; domestic help, cart ownership,
etc.
Even if they do carry a skill, it likely does not pay much. Artisans mainly fall into
this category, such as cobblers.

The middle-class in Pakistan share the following:

Some level of education, up until the 10th grade or prior. They may have the
resources, however, to send their children to university beyond the 10th and 12th
grades.
Highly urban.
Inconsistent levels of literacy across the board, dependent on how much
schooling was received. Most, however, are literate.
The possession of at least one parcel of land in their own name. Examples include
farmland in their own villages, plots allotted to them as civil servants of the
Government of Pakistan, or a small one-story purchased with their own funds.
The possession of 1-2 motor-powered vehicles, which is exclusively either a
motorcycle or a lower-end Suzuki sedan (similar to Maruti 800s in India). This is

perhaps the most tell-tale sign of socioeconomic circumstance in Pakistan.

Highly skilled, in either industry or service. Examples include technicians,
mechanics, clerks,accountants, etc. Their skills guarantee a basic salary.

The upper-class in Pakistan share the following:

A university/college education. Post-secondary education is very common among
the upper-class, whether it was obtained abroad or domestically.
Highly urban.
The possession of multiple pieces of land, such as ancestral property coupled with
new plots meant directly for investment purposes. In addition, the homes built by
the upper-class are on a contractual basis with an actual builder.
The possession of motor-powered vehicles that are not manufactured by Suzuki.
The most common ones include the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic.
Segments of the upper-class who find themselves in the 99th percentile of wealth
may drive large SUVs (Pajeros) or foreign luxury brands. However, most stick to
the either a Corolla or Civic.
Highly-skilled, white collar professionals. This includes doctors, engineers,
corporate executives, etc.hem according to their salary range?

Pakistan has 18th largest middle class in the world:

Pakistans middle class consists of over 6.27 million people, according
to Credit Suisse, a global financial services company. The study revealed
that 14% of world adults constituted the middle class in 2015 and held
32% of world wealth. The share of middle-class adults in Pakistans total
adult population of 111 million was 5.7% in 2015 as opposed to Indias
3% and Australias 66% in 2015.Middle-class Pakistani adults
constituted 0.9% of the worldwide middle-class population. The highest
concentration of middle-class population in 2015 was in China (108.7
million), followed by the United States (91.8 million) and Japan (62
million).
Being a lower per-capita country, Pakistan has lower prices and
consequently a reduced middle-class threshold. To be a member of the
middle class in 2015, according to Credit Suisse, a Pakistani adult must
have wealth of at least $14,413.
In terms of the local currency that buys one dollar for Rs104 these days,
a Pakistani adult should be considered part of the middle class if they
have wealth of between Rs1.5 million and Rs15 million.
With $14,413, Pakistan has the third lowest middle-class lower bound
wealth for 2015, followed by India ($13,662) and Ukraine ($11,258).
This suggests Pakistan has lower prices in general, which enables
people to join the middle class by crossing a relatively lower threshold
of wealth band.

Wealth in Pakistan:
According to Credit Suisse, total wealth in Pakistan amounted to $495
billion in 2015. Given that the figure stood at $170 billion in 2000, total
wealth in Pakistan has increased at an annualised rate of 7.4% for the
last 15 years.
Total wealth of the world increased on average by 5.2% annually over
the same 15-year period, the report shows.
A little more than 90% Pakistani adults had wealth less than $10,000 in
2015. The share of Pakistani adults with wealth between $10,000 and
$100,000 in 2015 was 9.8% while only 0.1% adults owned wealth in the
range of $100,000 and $1 million, the report revealed.
(Published in The Express Tribune, October 16th, 2015.)

Table 3 presents the weights assigned to each of the sub-index and the
mean score achieved by the different classes on each index, and in
total. The Table presents an interesting trend with the Lifestyle Index,
based on a households possession of consumer durables carrying the
maximum weight, followed by indices of income, education, housing
and occupation. Is lifestyle the most distinctive factor in class
differentiation? The answer would probably be in the affirmative if we
look at the factors differentiating the UMC and UC, where the main
difference between the two is for the Lifestyle Index. In this regard, it is
also worth noting that housing and lifestyle indices are the ones that
carry scores even for the lowest of classes, even when they score
poorly on the income, occupation and education indices (see Table 3).
Expectedly, as we go up the classes, households begin to score on all

indices.6 The upper middle class is almost similar to the upper class, as
can be seen from the similar mean scores on the indices for income,
education and occupation. The differences in the lifestyle and housing
indices, however, separate the top two classes, as can be seen in Table
3. Class structure as calculated by the composite weighted index shows
that a large majority of the people in Pakistan falls in the lower classes,
be it lower lower class (LLC), middle lower class (MLC) or upper middle
class (ULC)
As can be seen from Table 4 This trend is mainly due to the rural areas
that are predominantly concentrated in the lower classes. A moderate
proportion (33 per cent)in the urban areas, however, can be
categorized as belonging to the middle class (LMC, MMC and UMC put
together). The biggest class, nevertheless, remains the LLC be it the
urban or the rural areas (Table 4), and because of the very low index
score it would not be inappropriate to label this category as
vulnerable. If we look at the index scores of the MLC, which is the
second.

Where is the Middle Class Present in Pakistan?

Region and Occupation Once the middle class has been identified, it is
of interest to see where those belonging to this class are present,
geographically and sectorally. The provinces of Punjab and Sindh,
having over 36 per cent middle class households, fare better than the
provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan that marginally
lag behind at 32 and 28 per cent, respectively (see Table 6). When we
look at the regional trends, we observe the national level pattern to be
replicated at the provincial level as well. The size of the middle class is
estimated to be much bigger in the urban areas as compared to the
rural areas in all four provinces (Table 6), strengthening the argument
that the middle class is more of an urban phenomenon. If we look at
the inter-provincial differences, we find the size of the middle class to
be positively associated with the proportion of the urban population in
that province. The province of Sindh has the highest proportion of
urban population and that of the middle class (56 per cent) in the urban
areas as well, as can be seen in Table 6. The provinces of Punjab,
Balochistan and KPK have progressively smaller share of the population
living in the urban areas and their size of the middle class reflects it
through the estimated measures for the class at 55 per cent, 50 per
cent and 49 per cent, respectively. Increasing urban concentration
seems to aid the increase in the size of the middle class. On the
contrary, the size of the middle class in the rural areas in all four
provinces, as shown in Table 6, is much smaller than their urban
counterparts.

Discussion on class is incomplete without investigating the relationship

between class and occupation, as also stressed by Banerjee and Duflo
(2007), Go ldthorpe and McKnight (2006), Wright (1997), Erikson and
Goldthorpe (1992). If we look at the nature of occupations within each
of the estimated classes, we see that the LLC comprises mostly
occupations like agriculture and fishery workers, crafts and related
trade workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers and the
elementary occupations, as can be seen in Table 7. From the ULC
onwards the occupational distribution exhibits a larger spread that
tapers again for the highest two classes, the UMC and UC, which are
confined to occupation like: armed forces; legislators, senior officials
and managers; professionals; technicians and associate professionals;
clerks; and service workers and sales workers (Table 7). Thus, as we go
up the class ladder the occupational share shifts from manual to nonmanual jobs, which to some is the very essence of the middle class.8

Net migration rate:-1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Definition: This entry includes the figure for the difference between the
number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per
1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons
entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56
migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as
net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net
migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall
level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems
such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people
are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key
sectors (if people are leaving).

Source:CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on June 30,
2015

Geography and Climate of Pakistan:

Pakistan has a varied topography that consists of the flat, Indus plain in
the east and the Balochistan plateau in the west. In addition, the
Karakoram Range, one of the world's highest mountain ranges, is in the
north and northwest part of the country. The world's second highest
mountain, K2, is also within Pakistan's borders, as is the famous 38 mile
(62 km) Baltoro Glacier. This glacier is considered one of the longest
glaciers outside of the Earth's polar regions.
Punjab is the most populous province with the population density of
333.5pesons per sq. Km followed by KPK 253.6 persons per sq. Km and

Sindh 212.8 person per sq. Km. Baluchistan has the least population
density where only 18.8 persons live in a sq. Km.

More Facts about Pakistan

Pakistan's largest cities are Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi

and Gujranwala.
Urdu is the official language of Pakistan but English, Punjabi, Sindhi,
Pashto, Baloch, Hindko, Barhui and Saraiki are also spoken.
World Bank Indicators - Pakistan - DENSITY & URBANIZATION:
1990

2000

2010

2014

Population density (people per sq. km) in Pakistan 140.1

187.5

225.2

240.0

Population in largest city in Pakistan

7147064, 10021188, 13124793, 16125936,

Population in the largest city (% of urban

population) in Pakistan

21.6

20.9

20.4

22.7

Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1

17243560, 23905296, 31455858, 40234014,
million in Pakistan

Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1

16.0
million (% of total population) in Pakistan

16.5

18.1

21.7

Rural population in Pakistan

74934691, 96540824, 109363831, 114166773,

Rural population growth (annual %) in Pakistan

2.2

1.9

1.1

1.4

Rural population (% of total population) in Pakistan 69.4

66.8

63.0

61.7

Urban population growth (annual %) in Pakistan

3.4

3.1

2.9

3.3

Urban population in Pakistan

33040368, 47981367, 64229551, 70877513,

Climate:
The climate of Pakistan varies with its topography, but most of it
consists of hot, dry desert, while the northwest is temperate. In the
mountainous north though the climate is harsh and considered Arctic.
Pakistan has recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world
53.5 C (128.3 F) on 26 May 2010. It is not only the hottest
temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably
measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia.[1][2] As
Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the tropic of cancer
(between latitudes 25 and 35 N), it has a continental type of climate
characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally
and daily. Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snowcovered northern mountains; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau
are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified
by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great
heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 C
(100 F) in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed 47 C
(117 F). In the summer, hot winds called Loo blow across the plains
during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. The
dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and
thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are
cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to
17C. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of
about 4 C (39 F) in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far
north and Balochistan.
The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors
which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air
prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that
influence the weather over Pakistan.

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months

and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the
country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in
the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are
robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in
upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June
till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western
Balochistan, FATA, Chitral and GilgitBaltistan. Monsoon rains
bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat.
These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause
significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with
westerly waves in the upper parts of the country.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from
late April till June and then from late September till November.
They affect the coastal localities of the country.
Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and
June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storms are
quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicates the
arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate
the arrival of winter.
Heat waves occur during May and June, especially in southern
Punjab, central Balochistan and interior Sindh.
Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no
precipitation in the country.

Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through
February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy
season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September;
and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset

and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.

The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average
daily low of 2 C in January to an average daily high of 38 C in June.
Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about
255 millimeters in each of those two months. The remainder of the year
has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimeters per
month. Hailstorms are common in the spring.
Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial
center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. Only July and
August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the
Karachi area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The
temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging
from an average daily low of 13 C during winter evenings to an
average daily high of 34 C on summer days. Although the summer
temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab, the high humidity
causes the residents a great deal of discomfort.