Transformers

 Power Transformers
 Regulating transformers
 Measurement transformers
 Very Efficient ( ~ 100%)

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Transformers

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Transformers

Coils linked by the

same magnetic
flux.

How linked?

How many coils?

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Ideal Transformer
i1(t) i2(t)
V1 E1 N1 I1 N2 +
= = + + +
=
V2 E2 N2 I2 N1 v2
Z’2 e1 Z2
v1 e2
V2 N1 N2 V1 _ _ _
_
Z2 = =
I2 N1 N2 I1 N1 N2

2 More realistic
Z’2 = N2 - Inductances are finite
Z2
N1 - Not all flux links all windings
- Windings have a resistance
- Core has some losses

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 Real Transformers

*Add leakages i1(t) R1 Ll1 i’2(t) R2 Ll2 i2(t)

*Core loss + + +
+
- hysteresis im
- eddy currents
v1 Lm v2
e1 Rhe e2
*Winding resistances
_
*Laminations to
_ Real
_ N1 N2 _
reduce eddy current Transformer
Ideal transformer
loss

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Transformer Losses
Exciting = Magnetizing + Core losses
Current Current Current

Hysteresis
Loss
Core (material)
Losses
Eddy – Current
Loss
(lamination)

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 Determining Transformer Model
Parameters

 Open Circuit Test

 Coreloss, Rhe
 Magnetizing inductance, Lm
 Short Circuit Test
 Windingresistance, R1,R2
 Leakage inductance, Ll1, Ll2

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Transformer Equivalent Circuit
I1 r 1 x1 a2x2 a2r2 I2

+ +
V1 Gc Bm I2/a V2
aV2
_ _

Ideal: N1/N2 = a

Neglect exciting current R1 X1

+ +
Add r1 + a2r2
x1+ a2x2 V1 V2
_ _

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Three-Phase Transformers
The three-phase transformer can be built by:
– the interconnection of three single-phase transformers.
– using an iron core with three limbs.
 The usual connections for three-phase transformers are:
– wye / wye rarely used.
– wye / delta frequently used step down.(345 kV/69 kV).
– delta / delta used medium voltage (15 kV) (open delta).
– delta / wye step up transformer in a generation station.
 For most cases the neutral point is grounded.
 Turn ratio measured line-line voltage primary vs line-line voltage
secondary.
 Power rating is three-phase rating.

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Three-phase Transformer

 Each leg has a

A B C primary and a
secondary winding.
VAN  The voltages and
currents are in phase
VB N VC N N in the windings
Vab located on the same
leg.
Vbc Vca
 The primary phase-to-
line voltage generates
the secondary line-to-
line voltage. These
voltages are in phase.
a b c

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Three-phase Transformers

A ?
B ?

C ?

Vector group

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Autotransformer

Two types power in the autotransformer

1 . Electromagnetic conversion ( the same as
the conventional transformer )
2 . Electrical conduction.

Advantages :
1 . An autotransformer provides a higher power rating for the same cost
2 . It operates more efficiently since the loses remain the same.

Disadvantages :
Loss of electrical isolation between the high and low voltage sides . Ground
fault can flow easily from one side to the other .

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Tap-Changer

Designed for small

adjustment of voltages
(±10%)
1. For control of voltage
magnitude/reactive power
flow : LTC.
2. For control of phase
angle/real power flow: phase
shifter

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Regulating Transformers – Tap Changer

Ii Ij
1:t
+ + +
Y
Vi tVi Vj
_ _ _

Tap changing side

+ +
t(t-1)Y tY
Vi (1-t)Y Vj
_ _

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Three Winding Transformer

Zps
p s
Zpt Zst
t
Zp = ½ ( Zps + Zpt – Zst)
Zp Zs
Zs = ½ ( Zps + Zst – Zpt)
Zt
Zt = ½ ( Zst + Zpt – Zps)

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Transformer Plate

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