Renewable Energy and Smart Grid for Region IV

F.L.L. Caguyong1, T.C.A Cruz2, J.C.D. Simon3, R.C. Velarde4

Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite Campus
General Trias City, Cavite, Philippines
fcaguyong@yahoo.com1
talithacruzzz@gmail.com 2
joshuasimon21@yahoo.com3
Velardereymart28@gmail.com4

Abstract: In the past few years until now, Philippines is facing a

serious energy crisis a general concern for electricity supply.
This paper deals with the possible solution in this problem which
is the usage and development of Smart grid that uses renewable
energy. It is composed with inevitable integrations and
innovations with the effectiveness of the renewable energies that
can be in the form of solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric and
geothermal power. In this paper, there is a solution to the crisis or
at least minimize the problem which the country is facing that
can lead to possible future effect, a country with uninterrupted
and sufficient energy supply.

I. INTRODUCTION
In the history of Philippine power distribution, only 20 % of its
population was given service in 1950s and almost 70 % for today.
The major problem of the Philippines now is how to deal with the
problem with power shortage. The usage and development of smart
grid with the abundant renewable energies appears to be a primary
solution to this dilemma. These energies can be found in the
environment like bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, solar and wind
energy. Smart grid can help the countrys sustainability of production
and distribution of power and to the ever changing demand of the
consumers. In the first chapter of this paper, the different kinds of
renewable energy will be discussed. Next, is the advantages and
disadvantages of these renewable energies. After that, the proposed
Smart grid with its connection to renewable energies will be tackled.
Also, the proposal for the establishment of smart grid and the
utilization of the renewable energies is included in the latter part of
the paper.

Solar panels
It is composed of semiconductor materials, including two sheets
of silicon (Si) parted by electric field which are designed to capture
photons of energy thats in the sunlight. The N-layer is made of
silicon atoms that have spare electrons, the P-layer is made out of
silicon atoms that are lost electrons. Sunlight leads electrons from the
P to the N-layer, and by making a circuit towards the P-layer, energy
is generated. [11]
This solar panel is applicable to any establishments like malls,
companies, factories that needs electricity to operate, including our
homes. Now, this solar panels were vastly used. As an additional
information, 1MW can supply 650 residential homes equivalent to 1
barangay. With this information, we can say that in Rosario, Cavite
the solar project awarded with declaration of commerciality (can be
accessed by the public) can supply 40MW power that is capable of
supplying the whole Rosario with its 20 barangays. It has its
remaining 20MW that can supply power to other abutting places.
Other projects are still in its own use.

II. DIFFERENT KINDS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

A. Solar Power
Solar power is energy that comes from the sun. The sun's rays,
known as solar radiation, that reaches the Earth which can be
converted into other energy forms, like heat and electricity. Solar
power can be used to generate electricity for homes, businesses and
industrial structures.

Table1. List of existing Solar Power projects in Region IV-A [12]

B. Wind Power
For practical use, wind power has been created through
conversion of wind energy for electricity use. It has been one of the
cleanest source of energy, because it is from nature and also an
abundant energy. As of now it can supply as much as 1% of electric
usage worldwide, but it could possibly supply as much as 20% of
global electricity.
Wind Turbines
Wind turbines are used to produce electricity from the kinetic
power of the wind. When wind blows past the turbine, its blades
capture the kinetic energy and rotate. The rotation triggers an internal
shaft to spin, which is connected to a machine that is increasing the
speed of rotation, which is connected to a generator that ultimately
produces electricity. Commonly, wind turbines are made out of a
steel tubular tower, up to 325 feet, which supports both a "hub"
securing wind turbines blades and the one which contains the
turbine's shaft, gearbox, generator and controls. A wind turbine is
armed with wind assessment equipment and will mechanically rotate
into the face of the wind, and an angle to its blades to optimize
energy capture.
Mabitac, Laguna has a total of 15 barangays that will surely be
supplied by the Phase 2: Mabitac Wind Power Project supplying
72MW when it is finally closed for commerciality. Other wind power
projects are still under development.

Table 2. List of existing and Awarded Wind projects in Rizal and

Quezon[12]
C. Biomass Power
A renewable energy available from biological sources. It is
attained through woods and plants. As long as there is a plant

growing it removes carbon dioxide along our environment. Biomass

is any organic thing which has sunlight stored in the form of chemical
energy.
Biomass Energy technology applications:
1.) Biofuels converts biomass into fluids that are used for
transportation purposes.
2.) Bio Power - burning biomass directly, and converts it into a gas
form fuel or oil, to generate electricity.
3.) Bio-products - converting biomass into some form of chemicals
for

making products that are made from petroleum

In Table 3, both Calaca and Batangas City can supply their
respective barangays enough power using biomass energy. And these
projects are both existing.

Table 3. List of existing and Awarded Biomass projects in

Batangas[12]

Table 5. List of existing Hydropower projects in Laguna[12]

In Table 4, the existing and awarded biomass projects in Batangas
and Cavite. Apparently, only in Nasugbu, Batangas is the project that
is already existing and its power capacity is 25.52MW. Other projects
are noted with TBD or to be decided.

Real, Quezon has 17 barangays and all of the pre-developing

hydro projects are enough to supply these barangays.

Table 4. List of existing and Awarded Biomass projects in Cavite and

in Batangas[12]

D. Hydro Power
Hydro Power is electricity generated using the energy of moving
water. Rain or melted snow, it comes from hills or mountains, create
streams and rivers that eventually run to the ocean. The energy of that
moving water can be significant.
A typical hydro plant is a system with three parts: (1) an electrical
plant where the electricity is made; (2) a dam that can be opened or
closed to control water flow; (3) and a reservoir where water can be
stored. The water behind the dam goes through a pipe and pushes
against blades in turbine, causing them to rotate. It spins a generator
to produce energy. The amount of electricity that can be generated
depends on how far the water flows and how much water travels
through the system. The electricity can be transported over longdistance electric lines to homes, factories, and businesses
Hydropower plants are classified based on their capacities, as
follows: (i) micro-hydro plants 1-100 kW; (ii) mini-hydro plants 101 kW-10 MW; and (iii) large hydro plants - more than 10 MW. The
total untapped hydropower reserve potential of the Philippines is
estimated at 13,097 MW, of which 85 % are considered large and
small hydros (11,223 MW), 14 % (1,847 MW) are classified as minihydros while less than 1 % (27 MW) are considered micro-hydros.

The Region 4 (CALABARZON) has vast Hydropower potential.

As of June 2014, there are 1 Hydropower plants existing, 9 in
process, and 30 companies that will start operating soon. In Table 5,
only Kalayaan Hydro Power Plant contains the largest power capacity
(709MW) capable of supplying the whole Laguna province with 674
barangays. The other projects can substantially supply Laguna.

Table 6. List of existing Hydropower projects in Quezon [12]

E. Geothermal Power
Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It is the energy
that determines the temperature of matter. The energy of the
Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and
from radioactive decay of materials.

The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal

power in the world. Historically, among the country's resources, it is
the largest distributor of electricity and as contained in Philippines
Energy Policy (PEP) 2003-2012, it will continue to be a substantial
source of energy for the Philippines.

Incentives
Current incentives for geothermal service contractors are
enumerated under Presidential Decree or P.D. No. 1442, known as
"An Act to Promote the Exploration and Development of Geothermal
Resources". These are:[28]

Recovery of operating expenses not exceeding 90 % of the

gross value in any year with carry -forward of unrecovered
cost
Service fee of up to 40 % of the net proceeds
Exemption from all taxes except income tax
Exemption from payment of tariff duties and compensating
tax on the importation of machinery, equipment, spare parts
and all materials for geothermal operations
Depreciation of capital equipment over a ten (10) year
period
Easy repatriation of capital investments and remittance of
earnings
Entry of alien technical and specialized personnel
(including members of immediate family

Even if Philippines is blessed with active geothermal sources,

many of its potential geothermal energy remains unmoved. At least,
there are two private sectors who invests in steam field development,
namely Philippine National Oil Company Energy Development
Corp. (PNOC-EDC) & Philippine Geothermal Inc. (PGI). With the
passage of laws for the protection of the environment such as R. A.
7586, or the National Integrated Project Areas System (NIPAS) Act,
and the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA, 1997) which aims to
protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities,
environmental and socio-cultural disquiets are now considered
critical factors in developing geothermal resources. There is a need
for the harmonization of the NIPAS to IPRA, as these pose problems
to renewable energy investors in prospect areas that are both
protected and ancestral properties. The country has yet to take off in
terms of development of applications of geothermal power properties.
Mainly resulting from a lack of funding and public awareness, the
progress of resorts and crop drying utilities using geothermal energy
is still in the early stages.

III. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY
Renewable energies can have advantages and disadvantages.
These are several advantages of renewable energy: [10]

Economic Benefits - Renewable energy is cheaper than any

energy source. It will also provide thousands of jobs
especially in our country where unemployment rate is one
big problem as well.
Environmental Benefits - Renewable energy does not
produce any waste product or chemicals. That implements
that it has a minimal effect on the environment.
Reliable Energy Sources - Renewable energies can be
found everywhere. Solar and wind power for example,
distributed on a large part of a country will not be affected
by the interrupting and disruptive weather.

Disadvantages also occur in contrast with the advantages of

renewable energy. Here are some of the disadvantages of renewable
energy: [10]

There are only 2 existing and 5 awarded but not yet started
Geothermal Plant as of June 2014 as shown in Table 7.

From the word itself renewable meaning it will be

sustainable and will not run out.
Abundant energy resources can be used for environmental
projects.

Difficult to Generate in Large Quantity - Supplying in a

large scale is difficult. We may not be able to generate the
energy needed to supply one area, than coal powered
plants. We will be needing additional facilities to be able to
supply on a large scale of area.
Reliability of Supply - We have known that the weather is
not that stable at all, it is very unpredictable. Depending on
our sources such as rain, sunshine and wind, if we will lack
on the ability to produce energy we should reduce energy
usage.
Large Capital Cost - In putting up renewable energy
facilities is not easy, we need to have a large capital. We
have to maintain high performance that also requires a deep
thought.
Large Tracts of Land Required - Establishing a renewable
energy facility, large tracts of land is required. We have to
plan the construction carefully and to ask permission on the
government upon construction.

IV. RESOLUTION OF ENERGY SHORTAGE (SMART GRID)

Table 7. List of existing Geothermal projects in Laguna [12]

Truly, renewable energies are big discoveries that can help us to at

least lessen the power outages here in the Philippines, specifically in
Region IV (A & B). Population growth is one of the major reasons
behind energy shortage. But we are blessed because there are
abundant sources of renewable energy in this region, some are being
developed and some are already in use for producing and supplying
electricity throughout the area. The Smart Grid, a modernized
electrical grid that receives and at the same time responds to the
behaviors of suppliers and consumers is the only way to address the
problem. This grid will help to improve the efficiency and the

sustainability of the distribution of electricity. This project will

achieve a future with reliable supply of energy. Through Smart Grid,
end users can now monitor their own energy consumption. It helps
them to minimize energy waste and maximize the use of clean
energy. Future energy will be like postpaid plans which you can pick
whatever bundles you want. Imagine if consumers can buy things like
how to buy future energy, they will able to have ideas on something
worth buying ahead of time, they will also know how to be efficient
and not waste money on something. Building Smart grid will
empower end-users to manage their energy usage and will contribute
to a healthier environment.
Pulau Ubin, an island north east of Singapore where Energy
Market Authority has embarked on a micro-grid test-bed. This testbed aims to test the reliability of energy supply within a micro-grid
infrastructure using renewable energy sources. The test-bed also
provides companies and research organizations with a platform to
develop energy-related technologies within Singapore, and which
could eventually be applied to grid systems and micro-grid systems in
Singapore. A Singapore-based company comprising Daily Life
Renewable Energy Pte Ltd and OKH Holdings Pte Ltd has been
chosen to design, build, own and operate the micro-grid
infrastructure. The project consists of two phases, the Phase 1 is the
application of photovoltaic modules. This system provides domestic
and commercial establishments with single-phase 230V AC and 3phase 400V AC electricity at 50 Hz respectively. The latest peak load
demand per day is estimated to be within the range of 50 100kW.
The Phase 2 supports the test-bedding of technologies such as
management of energy systems, energy storage technologies and
condition monitoring systems using the Phase 1 micro-grid
infrastructure. [17]

c.

Battery bank This charger will contain 960 kWh

lead acid battery located at Vision Centre.

d.

Bi-directional inverter Electricity supply to endusers is converted through the bi- directional
inverter, it then maintains the quality of power
and manages the energy flow among generators
within then micro-grid.

e.

Smart meters and Over-ground (OG) Boxes

Smart meters and over-ground (OG) boxes will
record energy consumption and will help
consumers as well and help them with their
usage.

f.

Transmission, Distribution The micro-grid will

use 4 XLPE core-armoured cables for both 400 V
(transmission) and (230V) distribution.

The operations of hybrid generators, storage. The operations of

hybrid generators, storage and bidirectional inverter can be
represented as:
Day Time Operation
a.
Scenario 1: Clear Sunny Sky
When the sun is shining brightly, the energy
demand in each micro-grid cluster will first be
met by grid-tied solar panels and if required, the
battery bank until it is 35% discharged. Beyond
this the hybrid generators will be started to meet
the energy demand of the clusters.
Figure 1. Diagram that illustrates the schematic of the Phase 1
micro-grid system on Pulau Ubin. [17]
The key components of the micro-grid include:
a.

Hybrid generators There will be six variablespeed generators rated at 40kVA. It will supply
energy to the micro-grid consumers.

b.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules (both grid- and nongrid tied) To add the energy created by
generators, the PV modules (90kWp) will be
used.

b.

Scenario 2: Heavy Cloud Cover

Heavy cloud cover can cause a sudden drop in
output from solar PV panels. In such case, the
battery bank will recompense for the loss in PV
energy generation from grid-tied solar PV panels
until the battery bank is discharged to 35%.
Additional hybrid generators will be started to
meet the energy demand of the micro-grid
clusters beyond this point.

Night Time Operation

c.

Scenario 3: After Sunset

The battery bank will be discharged up to 35%
before the generators are started to supply the
energy needed to meet the demand at all microgrid clusters.

bed is still under conceptualization. We will coordinate with the

government in regards to this project for a better implementation.

IV. PROPOSAL
2.

For both day and night time operations, once the battery
bank is depleted to 35%, it will be recharged fully by the
solar panel cluster at the Centre. Once fully charged, the
battery bank will discharge and supply energy to the microgrid until the battery bank is reduced to 35%, after which
the cycle of charging and discharging then repeats itself.

Figure 2. Solar panels installed as part of the Pulau Ubin micro-grid

test-bed provide clean and renewable energy to the jetty area of
Pulau Ubin. [16]

In totality, there are 5469 barangays in Region 4. Still, there are

isolated areas that hasnt been supplied by electricity yet specifically
in Quezon. The table (Table 8) shows the number of barangays in
every provinces and the total percentage of barangays thats already
reached by the supplication of the energy. This projects goal is to
supply the whole region 100%

Province

# of Barangay

% of area
covered/supplied

Cavite

829

100%

Laguna

674

100%

Batangas

1078

100%

Rizal

188

100%

Quezon

1242

99%

Oriental Mindoro

426

100%

Occidental Mindoro

162

100%

Marinduque

218

100%

Romblon

219

100%

Palawan

433

100%

Table 8. List
of barangays per province and the percentage covered by the
electricity. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Figure 3. Artist impression of Pulau Ubin Micro-Grid Test-bed [16]

The micro-grid test-bed in Pulau Ubin enables the people living
in there to install high power appliances like refrigerator and airconditioner. The use of biofuel in exchange to the normal fuel used in
generators is introduced. The project served as a cheaper alternative
for the consumers in buying electricity. It is very applicable in
Philippines. Imagine if these benefits can be experienced by the
Filipinos in Region IV who lives in remote areas who cant afford to
have electricity in their households. The Renewable Energy and
Smart Grid in Region IV project aims to adapt and apply Energy
Market Authoritys project in Singapore. Where to establish a test-

Almost all of the provinces in Region 4 has their unique resources

for the use of Renewable energy. Those can be used as an advantage
to produce energy through the resources and apply as well the
integration of the Smart grid into it. The figure below shows the
existing projects in the Region.

Figure 4. Representation of existing Renewable Energy projects in

Region 4a & b.

The old grid is a one way and limited interaction between the
consumer and the service providers. It makes the grid more difficult

to respond in the ever-changing demand of this century that is why

we encounter lingering problems. With Smart grid which is a twoway communication between the end-users and the utility and those
sensors along the transmission lines can help to at least lessen the
problems. Here is a proposal for the installation of available
renewable energy in selected areas in Region 4 and changing the old
grid into a smarter one. It aims to put an end into the problem that the
Philippines is encountering since a long time ago until now. It will
address the power interruption, rotating brownouts, and the instability
of the old grid.

Figure 6. Impression of proposed micro-grid.

Like what Energy Market Authority has done in Pulau Ubin, the
micro-grids will operate in day and night at the remote areas per
province. Solar panels and bio-fueled generators will be installed in
many houses to provide electrification of their shelters. They are also
connected to the new grid to be established.
Real and General Nakar in Quezon still both have 1 barangay that
has not supplied by electricity yet. It is Brgy. Cawayan (pop. 2,098)
and Brgy. Masikap (pop. 1,360) . To electrify the two barangays, we
assumed the usual appliances they can use to compute their average
power consumption in a month given the average household size (4.6
persons). [27]
Appliances Power Consumption
= ( wattage ) x ( usage (# of hours per day ) )x30days

Figure 5. The proposed Smart Grid per province in Region 4.

The key components of the proposed Smart Grid:

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Generators small generators that will supply power to the

end-users and to support those who are in the isolated
micro-grid end-users.
Solar Panels another source of energy for households and
even for big establishments.
Sensors- detects fluctuations and disturbances that may
occur around the grid.
Storage power produced will be stored in batteries for
later use.
Smart home installed with a smart meter and appliances
that enables the consumers to monitor their usage and adapt
to the fluctuations that may occur in the new grid.

The proposed Smart grid will be established per province. There

will be some isolated micro grids to be established. It is for the
remote areas for different provinces around the region. The provinces
are interconnected with each other by underground transmission lines
for them to share electricity from grid to grid. It is because in case
there is a minimal shortage in the production of electricity, the smart
grid can compensate the loss by giving produced electricity from a
nearby grid.

1000
Television: (180watts)x(4hrs)x(30) = 21.6 kWhr
1000
Electric Fan: (100watts)x(8hrs)x(30) = 24 kWhr
1000
Lightings: (2)(40watts)x(5hrs)x(30) = 12 kWhr
1000
Radio: (60watts)x(3hrs)x(30) = 5.4 kWhr
1000
Total Consumption per month (per household) = 63 kWhr
Total power to be supplied in Brgy. Cawayan with 2,098 persons and
an average household size of 4.6 = (63kWhr)x(2098/4.6)= 28.73
kWhr
Total power to be supplied in Brgy. Masikap with 1,360 persons and
an average household size of 4.6 = (63kWhr)x(1360/4.6)= 18.63
kWhr
So it will take 47.36 kWh (per month) more or less in order to
make the Region IV wholly supplied by electricity. Since both
barangays were in a rural area, micro-grids can be installed in the
place.

V. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

For the Philippines, energy crisis has been a major problem since
then. As a developing country this dilemma should be resolved, and
as a possible solution we have come up to an idea of proposing the
development of Smart grid which generally works as an electricity
supplier. It needs renewable energies that are very abundant in the
environment such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro-energy and
geothermal energies. We have gathered information according these
energies and existing projects in the Philippines especially in Region
IV-A (CALABARZON) and Mindoro provinces. 1 Megawatt of
power can supply up to 650 residential homes. We also gathered the
percentage of how provinces in Region 4 is being supplied by
electricity, and found out that almost all of these provinces are being
supplied 90-100%. A smart grid is hard to be established especially in
an area wherein there is a scattered and under development projects,

it needs to be precise and specific. Knowing that the whole Region 4

is supplied by electricity 90-100%, we are considering the concept of
Micro grids that will be established to the 10% population that is not
yet supplied by electricity. These micro grids will also serve as
energy retailers. This is one of the major advantages in establishing a
smart grid, it helps the people to have jobs and income which will
result to the minimization of unemployment rate in the Philippines.
Smart grid will be established based on the existing renewable energy
projects in Region 4. We also discussed the advantages and
disadvantages of renewable energies. Also, we included some
reference in comparison to the proposal of doing the Smart grid in the
Philippines such as the Micro grid established in Pulau Ubin in
Singapore. To end this, we are doing a paper about how renewable
energy can be used for Smart and micro-grids and how can this help
us resolve the energy crisis Philippines is facing.

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