Nov 2013

Third Semester B-Tech. Degree Examination

THIRD SEMESTER B-TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2013

NETWORK THEORY (EC 010 303)

SOLUTION KEY
Part A
1. According to Source Transformation , a current source in series with a resistor is
equivalent to a voltage source in parallel with the same resistor.
Vs= Is R.

A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source vs in series with

a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
It is easy to show that they are indeed equivalent. If the sources are turned off, the
equivalent resistance at terminals a-b in both circuits is R.
Also, when terminals a-bare short circuited, the short-circuit current flowing from a
to b is isc =vs/R, the circuit on the left-hand side and isc =is for the circuit on the right
hand side. Thus, vs/R = is in order for the two circuits to be equivalent. Hence,
source transformation requires that

1. A common goal in source transformation is to end up witheither all current

sources or all voltage sources in the circuit. This is especially true if it makes nodal
or mesh analysis easier.
2. Repeated source transformations can be used to simplify a circuit by allowing
resistors and sources to eventually be combined.
3. The resistor value does not change during a source transformation, but it is not
the same resistor. This means that currents or voltages associated with the original
resistor are irretrievably lost when we perform a source transformation
2. The property of self-inductance is a particular form of electromagnetic induction.

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Self inductance is defined as the induction of a voltage in a current-carrying wire

when the current in the wire itself is changing. In the case of self-inductance, the
magnetic field created by a changing current in the circuit itself induces a voltage in
the same circuit. Therefore, the voltage is self-induced.

Where:
VL = induced voltage in volts
N = number of turns in the coil
d/dt = rate of change of magnetic flux
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H)

Consider two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 that are in close proximity with
each other. Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2 turns. The magnetic flux
1emanating from coil 1has two components: one component 11 links only coil 1,
and another component 12 links both coils. Hence,

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M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1.

The degree to which M approaches its maximum value is described by the

coefficient of coupling, defined as
=
Since
,0k1
3. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that, Maximum power is transferred to
the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen from the
load (RL = RTh)

Power delivered to load is

Differentiating with respect to RL

Significance:
If the load is sized such that its Thevenin resistance is equal to the load
resistance of the network to which it is connected, it will receive maximum power

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from that network. Any change to the load resistance will reduce the power delivered
to the load.
4. The transfer function provides a basis for determining important system response
characteristics without solving the complete differential equation. The transfer
function is a rational function in the complex variable s=+j, that is

It is often convenient to factor the polynomials in the numerator and denominator,

and to write the transfer function in terms of those factors:

where the numerator and denominator polynomials, N(s) and D(s), have real
coefficients defined by the systems differential equation and K=bm/an. The zis are
the roots of the equation

and are defined to be the system zeros, and the

pis are the roots of the equation

and are defined to be the system poles.
The factors in the numerator and denominator are written so that when s=zi the
numerator N(s) = 0 and the transfer function vanishes, that is

and similarly when s=pi, the denominator polynomial D(s) = 0 and the value of the
transfer function becomes unbounded,
5. Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum of a
system or device in response to a stimulus, and is used to characterize the dynamics
of the system. It is a measure of magnitude and phase of The output as a function of
frequency, in comparison to the input.
A transfer function (also known as the system function or network function and,
when plotted as a graph, transfer curve) is a mathematical representation, in terms
of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a
linear time-invariant system with zero initial conditions and zero-point equilibrium.

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Part B

6. The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property.

The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than
one independent source by calculating the contribution of each independent source
separately. To apply the superposition principle, we must keep two things in mind:
1. Consider one independent source at a time while all other independent
sources are turned off. i.e. Replace every voltage source by a short circuit,
and every current source by an open circuit.
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit
variables.
Steps to Apply Superposition Principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output
(voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions
due to the independent sources.
7. In electrical circuit theory, the zero state response (ZSR), also known as the forced
response is the behavior or response of a circuit with initial state of zero. The ZSR
results only from the external inputs or driving functions of the circuit and not from
the initial state. The ZSR is also called the forced or driven response of the circuit.
The ZIR results only from the initial state of the circuit and not from any external
drive. The ZIR is also called the natural response, and the resonant frequencies of
the ZIR are called the natural frequencies.
The total response of the circuit is the superposition of the ZSR and the ZIR, or Zero
Input Response
8. (Question ,not expected from the prescribed syllabus)
Reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the
fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that
they actually do dissipate power. This phantom power is called reactive power, and
it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than watts. The
mathematical symbol for reactive power is Q. The actual amount of power being
used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power (Real power), and it is measured
in watts (P). The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent
power, and it is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to
phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is
symbolized by S.
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True power, P = I2R ; P = E2/R

(Measured in watts)

Reactive power, Q = I2X ; Q = E2/X

(Measured in Volts-Amps-Reactive)

Apparent power, S = I2Z ; S = E2/Z

(Measured in Volt Amps)
9. Initial value theorem states that, if a function f(t) and its derivative f(t) are Laplace
transformable, then

Proof:
By differentiation property of Laplace transform

If we let s, the integrand in above equation vanishes due to the damping

exponential factor

Final value theorem states that, if a function f(t) and its derivative f(t) are Laplace
transformable, then

Proof:
By differentiation property of Laplace transform

s0; then

10. The equations for Y-parameters is

I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 (1)
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 (2)
The equations for T-parameters is
V1 = A V2 B I2
(3)
I1 = C V2 D I2
(4)
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From 3
=

(5)

Substituting I2 in 4
=

(6)

Comparing 6 and 1
y11 = D/B

y12 = -[AD-BC]/B

y21=-1/B

y22 = A/B

Part C
11. Applying KCL to node 1
2

=5

3v1 2v2 = 10
(1)
Node 2 and node 3 combines to form a super node

-6v1 + 9v2 + 6v3 = 20

(2)

v2 v3 = 20

(3)

10
+ =0
3
2

v1 = 13.03
v2 = 14.5
v3 = -5.5
Current through 3 resistor is
I = (10-(-5.5))/3 = 5.16 A
12. To Thevenize the network, 14 is to be removes making VX = 0
So 0.1VX also will be zero.
So VTh = 10 V
RTh = 5+8 = 13
So drawing the equivalent and connecting back 14

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Current through 14 = 10/(13+14) = 0.294 A

13. For t<0
i(0) = 12/12 = 1 A
For t>0
Applying KVL
( )
12 ( ) +
= 12
Homogeneous solution,
ih(t) = K e-12t
Particular solution
ip(t) =A
Substituting in the equation
12A + 0 = 12 ; A = 1
Total solution
i(t) = ih(t) + ip(t)
= K e-12t + 1
Applying initial conditions
i(0) = K +1
K=0
i(t) = 1 A
14. Applying KVL to mesh 1
j4 I1 + j3 I2 j15 (I1-I2) = 10
-j11 I1 + j18 I2 = 10
(1)
Applying KVL to mesh 2
-j15(I2-I1) +j2 I2 + j3 I1 + 10 I2 = 0
j18 I1 + (10-j13) I2 = 0
11 10
180
18
0
=
=
= 0.441 0.73
11
18
181 110
18 10 13
V10 = 10 I2 = 4.41-j7.3 V
15. Power factor
cos = 0.707
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So the phase angle between voltage and current is
= cos-1(0.707) = 450
Hence the current equation is
i(t) = Im sin(50t+450)
True power = Veff Ieff cos = 200 W
Ieff = 200/Veff cos = 200/[(100/2) X 0.707)] = 4 A
Im = 4 X 2 = 5.66 A
The current equation is
i(t) = 5.66 sin(50t+450)
The impedance of the circuit is
(100/2) 20
= =
= 17.67 45 = 12.5 + 12.5
(5.66/2) 25
Since Z = R + jXL
R = 12.5 and XL = 12.5
XL = 12.5 = wL
L = 12.5/50 = 250 mH
16. Given current through (3+j4) is zero. So V3 = V4
So KCL at node 3

+ +
=0
4
3 3+ 4
Solving by substituting V1 = 20 and V3 = V4
V3 = 0.34 j2.6 V
KCL at node 4

+
+
=0
5
5 3+ 4
Solving by taking V3 = V4 and substituting its value
V2 = -2.26-j2.94 V
17. (a)
Initial value theorem
lim ( ) = lim ( )

f(t) = e-t(sin 3t + cos 5t)

lim ( ) = 1

( )=
lim

3
+1
+
( + 1) + 9 ( + 1) + 9

( )=

3/
1+

1+
1+

1
+

=1

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Final value theorem
lim ( ) = lim

( )

lim ( ) = 0

lim

( )=

3
( + 1)
+
=0
( + 1) + 9 ( + 1) + 9

(b)Z = [(4/s)||s] + 3 =

+3 =

+3=

18. Finding each parameter

( )
= 2 =
( ) 5 +
2
( )
( )=
=
( )
( )
1
( )=
=
=
( ) 5 + /2
( )=

19.

The z-parameter equations are given by

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
(1)
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
(2)
The y-parameter equations are given by
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2
(3)
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2
(4)

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Given z11 = 6, z12 = 3, z21 = 3, z22 = 4

z = z11z22 - z12z21=15
y11 = 4/15 = 0.267
y12 = y21 = -3/15 = 0.2
y22 = 6/15 = 0.4
The ABCD parameters are given by

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A = 6/3 = 2
B = 15/3 = 5
C = 1/3 = 0.33
D = 4/3 = 1.33
20. Substituting s=jw
(

( )=

+ 5)
( + 2)

Converting to general form

2.5(1 +

5)

( )=
(

)(1 +

2)

Magnitude response
|C(w)|dB = 20 log(2.5) + 20 log

1+

- 20 log(jw) 20 log

1+

Phase response
(w) = tan-1(w/5) 90 tan-1(w/2)

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