INTRODUCTION

Corrosion can be defined as the degradation of a material due to

a reaction with its environment. Degradation implies deterioration of
physical properties of the material. This can be a weakening of the
material due to a loss of cross-sectional area, it can be the shattering of a
metal due to hydrogen embrittlement, or it can be the cracking of a
polymer due to sunlight exposure.

Metals corrode because we use them in environments where they

are chemically unstable. Only copper and the precious metals (gold, silver,
platinum, etc.) are found in nature in their metallic state. All other metals,
to include iron-the metal most commonly used-are processed from
minerals or ores into metals which are inherently unstable in their
environments.

Atmospheric corrosion is surely the most visible of all corrosion

processes, e.g. rusty bridges, flag poles, buildings and outdoor
monuments. Atmospheric corrosion is the deterioration and destruction of
a material and its vital properties due to electrochemical as well as the
other reactions of its surface with the constituents of the atmosphere
surrounding the material.

a) LOCATION

PANTAI KEMASIK
b) GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION

Recreational park at pantai kemasik near the beach and road.

c) EVIDENCE
JOINT

STRUCTURE

e) Elaborate how can the corrosion can be repair and prevent.

Repair
1) Using Electric Drill
Fit a wire-brush attachment to an electric drill and wearing safety goggles,
then abrade the metal at high speed to dislodge rust and loose paint.
Continue until the surface is smooth. Use cup or spindle shaped wire brush
attachments for cleaning inside curves and other intricate metalwork.
Once the metal is smooth, if you want it even smoother you can sand it
with silicon-carbide sandpaper, grits 40 (coarse) to 320 (extra fine). Wipe
the surface clean with a soft cloth dipped in rubbing alcohol, then apply
the coating of your choice.

PAINTING
Paints provide easily applied and versatile organic coatings, which can be
adapted to a wide range of requirements. They do not act by excluding water and
oxygen; their action depends partly on excluding strong electrolytes and partly
on the fact that paint materials usually contain corrosion inhibitors, often in the
form of heavy-metal organic salts. Paint films are porous, and they are liable to
mechanical damage. Even if corrosive salts penetrate breaches in the paint,
however, the inhibitive species will often suffice to previous serious attack on the
underlying metal. If the damaged area is too large, or the contamination too
heavy, and corrosion proceeds, the cathodic alkali may soften and detach the
paint film, leading to the formation of a blister which remains wet long after the
rest of the surface has dried.

2) Using Rust Doctor

Some rust simply cant be sanded or scraped without damaging the
fixture. When dealing with this kind of rust, use a chemical rust remover or
dissolver. These products contain ingredients that will chemically break
down rust.
Rust Doctor is a non-toxic, water based latex paint that allows you to paint
over rusty metal and then topcoat with any kind of paint without the need
to sand or grind to bare metal. Unlike other products on the market, Rust
Doctor contains no solvents, acids, or harsh chemicals. It is completely
non-toxic.
Be sure to wear rubber gloves and safety goggles, and have plenty of fresh
ventilation when youre working with chemical rust removers.

Prevent
Material selection
I.

Carbon steel
Most large metal structures are made from carbon steel-the world's most
useful structural material. Carbon steel is inexpensive, readily available in
a variety of forms, and can be machined, welded, and formed into many
shapes.

II.

Stainless steel
Stainless steels are a common alternative to carbon steels. There are many
kinds of stainless steels, but the most common austenitic stainless steels
are based on the general formula of iron with approximately 18%
chromium and 8% nickel. These austenitic stainless steels are frequently
immune to general corrosion, but they may experience pitting and crevice
corrosion and undergo stress corrosion cracking in some environments.

III.

Aluminium
widely used in aerospace applications where their favorable strength-toweight ratios make them the structural metal of choice. They can have
excellent atmospheric corrosion capabilities. Unfortunately, the protective
properties of the aluminum oxide films that form on these alloys can break
down locally and allow extensive corrosion. This is discussed further in the
section on intergranular corrosion.

Design of structure
Engineering design is a complicated process that includes design for
purpose, manufacturability, inspection, and maintenance.
All of the other methods of designing structure should be considered in the
design process.

Avoid sharp corners

Avoid excessive mechanical stress
Avoid sudden changes in section
Avoid contact between dissimilar metals
Installing a more flexible surface under and around play equipment

Coatings
Protective coatings are the most commonly used method of corrosion control.
They are the subject of several sections of this web site. Protective coatings

can be metallic, such as the galvanized steel shown below, or they can be
applied as a liquid "paint." Most of the research and testing of protective
coatings at the Kennedy Space Center is related to paint-like protective
coatings. Example method of coating is Electro deposition, Flame spraying,
Diffusion and Vapour deposition

COATINGS
If oxygen, water and strong electrolytes are required to produce rapid corrosion,
one or more of these agents may be excluded by a variety of coatings, ranging
from noble metals and vitreous enamels through thick polymeric coatings (e.g.
polyethylene, nylon and PVC) and paint films to paper wrappings and thin
coatings of polymer or greases.

POWDER COATING
Powder coating is an advanced method of applying a decorative and
protective finish to a wide range of materials and products that are used
by both industries and consumers. Proper pre-treatment and powder coat
finish selection results in corrosion resistance which can far surpass traditional
spray paint. Published decorative powder coat test results show salt spray tests
of 1000 hours and longer without failure, and functional coatings are even more
corrosion resistant. Thats not to say powder coat cannot be scratched, because
if you work hard enough you can scratch anything. With traditional spray paint
the rust at a scratch exposed to the elements will spread and lift the surrounding
paint until the finish is ruined. With an appropriate powder coat finish, a deep
scratch left in the elements long enough to ruin spray paint will still be a rusty
scratch.

CONCLUSION

Corrosion is a natural degenerative process affecting metals,

nonmetals and even biological systems like the human body
Corrosion of engineering materials lead to significant losses An
understanding of the basic principles of corrosion and their
application in the design and maintenance of engineering systems
result in reducing losses considerably

It is probably true to say that satisfactory means are available

for preventing all forms of atmospheric corrosion so long as the
conditions of exposure are specified and considered at the design
stage. It is far easier and cheaper to select materials and protective
systems in advance than to clean up corroded components and
apply protection after corrosion has set in. If this does become
necessary, thorough cleaning is essential, and this involves
removing the corroded material down to the base of the pits. It is

difficult and expensive to recondition corroded components, and it is

better to take precautions in advance.

REFERENCES
Schweitzer Philip A.; 2007; Fundamental of Metallic Corrosion Atmospheric
and media Corrosion of Metals. 2nd Edition;
http://www.slideshare.net/tkgn/corrosive-damage-in-metals-and-itsprevention?related=2
http://www.corrosionpedia.com/2/1429/environments/above-ground/the-5factors-of-atmospheric-corrosion