GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4

BASIC STATISTICS HW1

1. INTERVAL SCALE - are numeric scales in which we know not only the order,
but also the exact differences between the values.
-

Example: Celsius temperature because the difference between each value

is the same. For example, the difference between 60 and 50 degrees is a
measurable 10 degrees, as is the difference between 80 and 70 degrees.
Time is another good example of an interval scale in which
the increments are known, consistent, and measurable.

2. NOMINAL SCALE - are used for labeling variables, without

quantitative value. Nominal scales could simply be called labels.
- Examples: Gender, handedness, favorite color, and religion

any

3. ORDINAL SCALE - refers to order in measurement. An ordinal scale indicates

direction, in addition to providing nominal information.
- Examples: Rank 1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place..
Level of agreement No, Maybe, Yes
Political orientation Left, center, right
4. RATIO SCALE - has an absolute zero (a point where none of the quality being
measured exists). Using a ratio scale permits comparisons such as being
twice as high, or one-half as much.
- Examples: RULER: inches or centimeters
INCOME: money earned last year
GPA: grade point average
5. RANDOM SAMPLING - is the basic sampling technique where we select a
group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population).
- Example: Assign a number to each of 100 people who have expressed
interest in attending a special event. Individual numbers are chosen from
the random number table. When a person's number is chosen, they are
approved
to
attend
the
event.
6. STRATIFIED SAMPLING - refers to a type of sampling method. With stratified
sampling, the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called
strata.
- Example: to determine the proportions of defective products being
assembled in a factory. In this case sampling may be stratified by
production lines, factory, etc.
7. CLUSTER SAMPLING - Use when the studied population is spread across a
wide area such that simple random sampling would be difficult to implement
in accessing the selected sample. Divide the population up into a set of
different coherent areas. Randomly select areas to assess. Access all subjects
in the selected areas. If you cannot do this, select a significant random
sample and use the same selection rules in each cluster.

GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4
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BASIC STATISTICS HW1

Example: In a study of the opinions of homeless across a country, rather

than study a few homeless people in all towns, a number of towns are
selected and a significant number of homeless people are interviewed in
each one.

8. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING- is a non-probability sampling technique where

subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity
to the researcher.
- Example:
o Using student volunteers as subjects for the research. Another
example is using subjects that are selected from a clinic
o A class or an institution that is easily accessible to the researcher
o Choosing five people from a class or choosing the first five names
from the list of
patients.
9. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING - referred to as judgment, selective or subjective
sampling is a non-probability sampling method that is characterized by a
deliberate effort to gain representative samples by including groups or typical
areas in a sample.
-

Example: A researcher wants to get opinions from non-working mothers.

They go around an area knocking on doors during the day when children
are likely to be at school. They ask to speak to the 'woman of the house.
Their first questions are then about whether there are children and
whether the woman has a day job.

10.FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION - : values and their frequency (how often each

value occurs).
- Example: Newspapers
These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the last 10
days:
22, 20, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 20
Let us count how many of each number there is:
Papers Sold

Frequency

18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0
4
0
2
1
0
1

GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4

BASIC STATISTICS HW1

It is also possible to group the values. Here they are grouped in 5s:
Papers Sold Frequency
15-19
2
20-24
7
25-29
1

11.GROUPED DATA - For grouped data, where data are grouped into categories
or intervals and presented as diagrams or tables, the definition of the mean is
unchanged. It is is data that has been organized into groups known as
classes. Grouped data has been 'classified' and thus some level of data
analysis has taken place, which means that the data is no longer raw.
-

Example: If you were collecting the ages of the people you met as you
walked down the street, you could group them into classes as those in
their teens, twenties, thirties, and forties and so on. Each of those groups
is called a class.

12.
HISTOGRAM - A graphical display where the data is grouped into
ranges (such as "40 to 49", "50 to 59", etc), and then plotted as bars.
- Example: This histogram represents the scores from the last geometry
test. They are graphed with a bin width of 7.

13.
FREQUENCY POLYGON - are a graphical device for understanding the
shapes of distributions. They serve the same purpose as histograms, but are
especially helpful for comparing sets of data.

14.OGIVES - Cumulative histograms, graphs that can be used to determine how

many data values lie above or below a particular value in a data set. The
cumulative frequency is calculated from a frequency table, by adding each
frequency to the total of the frequencies of all data values before it in the
data set. The last value for the cumulative frequency will always be equal to

GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4

BASIC STATISTICS HW1

the total number of data values, since all frequencies will already have been
added to the previous total.
- Example:

15.QUANTILE - are points in a distribution that relate to the rank order of values
in that distribution.
- Example: the median is a quantile
16.STANDARD DEVIATION - is a measure of how spread out numbers are. Its
x = individual scores
symbol
is (the greek
M = mean
letter sigma).
n = number of scores in
group

Example:
Scores: 4,5,5,4,4,2,2,6
x

(x-M)2

M = 4 S(x-M)2 = 14

SD = 1.32

GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4

BASIC STATISTICS HW1

17.COEFFICIENT VARIATION - is the percentage variation in mean, standard

deviation being considered as the total variation in the mean.
Formula: Coefficient of Variation CV = Standard Deviation / Mean
Example: if the mean is 80 and standard deviation is 12, the cv =
12/80 = .15 or 15%.
18.MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION - of a set of data is the average distance
between each data value and the mean.
Example: the Mean Deviation of 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16
Step 1: Find the mean:

Mean =

3 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 11 + 15 + 16

72

=9

Step 2: Find the distance of each value from that mean:

Value

Distance from 9

11

15

16

Step 3. Find the mean of those distances:

Mean Deviation =

6+3+3+2+1+2+6+7
8

30
8

= 3.75

So, the mean = 9, and the mean deviation = 3.75

19.WEIGHTED MEAN - Also called Weighted Average. A mean where some

values contribute more than others.

GARCIA, MARIANNE FAYE N.

BSOT-4

BASIC STATISTICS HW1

Example: Sam wants to buy a new camera, and decides on the

following rating system:

Image Quality 50%

Battery Life 30%

Zoom Range 20%

The Cony camera gets 8 (out of 10) for Image Quality, 6 for Battery Life and 7
for Zoom Range. The Sanon camera gets 9 for Image Quality, 4 for Battery Life
and 6 for Zoom Range. Which camera is best?
Cony: 0.5 8 + 0.3 6 + 0.2 7 = 4 + 1.8 + 1.4
= 7.2
Sanon: 0.5 9 + 0.3 4 + 0.2 6 = 4.5 + 1.2 + 1.2
= 6.9
Sam decides to buy the Cony.

20. COMBINED MEAN - The arithmetic mean of several sets of data may be
combined into a single arithmetic mean for the combined sets of data