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Piled-raft systems
Pile modeling & embedded piles
Single pile calibration
Parametric analysis
Case studies
Piled-rafts
Piled
Rafts (PR)
Economical
foundation
option
for
circumstances where the performance of
the raft alone does not satisfy the design
requirements.
The addition of a limited number of piles
may improve the ultimate load capacity,
the settlement and differential settlement
performance, and the required thickness
of the raft. (H.G. Poulos, 2001)
www.geomarc.it
Piled-raft
Piled
Raftssystem
SSI of piled-rafts
Interaction influences:
Pile-Soil interaction
Pile-Pile interaction
Raft-Soil interaction
Pile-Raft interaction
4
Design
issues
Piled
Rafts
Ensure that the foundation does not undergo excessive displacements
Serviceability limit state (SLS) => rmax < r allowable & qmax < q allowable
Key questions:
3D Nonlinear FE Analysis
Analysis
Piled
Raftscharacteristics
Desirable characteristics for the analysis of piled rafts
Pile groups subjected to vertical load and
moments in both horizontal directions
Realistic (nonlinear) soil behavior
Non-linear soil-pile interface behavior
Different pile types within group
Geotechnical report
Soil profiles
Lab (e.g. Triaxial tests)
Field (e.g. CPT, SPT,..)
Pile Tests
SLT, DLT, RLT, PDA
Numerical Model
Model Simulation
Parametric Study
Load Combinations
Foundation Design
Serviceability Limit State
Ultimate Limit State
Determine the required structural parameters
Structural Design
Calibration
Pilemodeling
modelingin
concepts
Pile
DIANA
Three pile modeling approaches are available:
Solid Element Model
Beam-Solid Connectivity Model
Line-to-Solid Interface Model (embedded pile)
Solidelement
elementmodel
model
Solid
Model =
Soil (solid)
Pile (solid)
Interface (surface)
Solidelement
elementmodel
model
Solid
Surface interface elements for solid-to-solid connection:
Model definition and mesh-generation could be elaborative for large number of piles
Interface behavior: elastic, nonlinear elastic, coulomb friction, and user-supplied material
10
Beam-solid
model
Beam
solid connectivity
model
Model
Soil (solid)
Pile (beam)
Interface (line)
Beam-solid
model
Beam
solid connectivity
model
Line interface elements for beam-to-solid connection:
For piled rafts with large number of piles, this technique produces
large models large computation times
12
Line-to-solidinterface
(Embedded
pile) model
Line-to-soild
model
Line-to-solidinterface
(Embedded
pile) model
Line-to-soild
model
Line-to-solid interface elements for beam-to-solid connection:
z
Elementary
Coordinate
14
Point-to-solidinterface
(Embedded
pile) model
Point-to-soild
model
x
z
Model
Input parameters:
Ultimate shear force, qu [kN/m]
per unit length of the pile, at reference depth
Ultimate shear force,
qu
Ks
1
Relative Slip
displacement
Pile bearing capacity is input in pile elements and not a result of the calculation!
=> Deformation behavior
16
tt = qt/length = kt * (Du)
Tau
Relative
displacement
Displacement
17
Calibration analysis
Verification
Single pile analysis of the Alzey Bridge pile loading test
The pile load test was conducted by Sommer & Hammabach in 1974 to optimize the foundation
design of Alzey Highway Bridge in Germany (El-Mossallamy 1999)
18
Calibration analysis
Verification
Single pile analysis of the Alzey Bridge pile loading test
O. Elkadi (2011):
M.Sc. Thesis Performance of Piled Raft Systems
19
Parametric study
D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
L/D = 5 & 20
20
Parametric study
15MM
29MM
30MM
D = 1.3m
21
S/D = 2
L/D = 5
Parametric study
D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
22
Parametric study
Piled-raft L/D=20
Piled-raft L/D=5
D = 1.3m
S/D = 2, 3 & 4
23
Parametric study
24
Pile behavior
Single
pile vs pile group vs piled raft
Group behavior and pile-raft interaction reduce on the one hand the stiffness
of the piles and increase on the other hand their bearing capacity
25
Pile behavior
Single
pile vs pile group vs piled raft
26
Lab
cyclic undrained triaxial
cyclic simple shear
stress path triaxial testing
resonant column
constant normal stiffness testing
Kamiran et. al., Proceedings ICE, Civil Engineering, 162, Nov. 2009
28
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jeddah_tower.jpg#/media/File:Jeddah_tower.jpg
Langan International
32
33
Q&A
Shams Tower, 2006