TUTORIAL SHEET I

Conditional Probability

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

A die is rolled. If the outcome is an even number, what is the probability that it is a
number greater than 2?
(2/3)
Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting two heads if it is known that at
least one head comes up?
(1/3)
A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 8. What is
the conditional probability that the umber 5 has appeared at least once?
(2/5)
The probability that a student selected at random from a class will pass in Mathematics is
4/5 and the probability that he passes in Mathematics and Statistics is 1/2. What is the
probability that he will pass in Statistics if it is known that he passed in Mathematics?
(5/8)
The probability that a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2, the probability that he will
buy a coat is 0.3 and the probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a coat is
0.4. Find the probability that he will buy both a shirt and a coat.
(0.12)
Two integers are selected at random from integers 1 through 11. If the sum is even, find
the probability that both the numbers selected are odd.
(3/5)
Two dice were thrown and it is known that the numbers which come up were different.
Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers was 5.
(2/15)

Bayes Theorem

8.

9.

10.

The contents of three urns are as follows:

Urn I:
1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls
Urn II:
2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls
Urn III:
4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls
One urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn. These happen to be white and red.
What is the probability that they come from urn I?
(33/118)
A car manufacturing factory has two plants X and Y. plant X manufactures 70% of cars
and plant Y manufactures 30%. At plant X80% of the cars are rated of standard quality
and at plant Y 90% of the cars are rated of standard quality. A car is picked up at random
and is found to be standard quality. What is the probability that it has come from plant X?
(56/83)
By examining the chest X-ray the probability that T.B. is detected when a person is
actually suffering is 0.99. The probability of incorrect diagnosis is 0.001. In a certain city
1 in 1000 persons suffers from T.B. a person is selected at random and is diagnosed to
have T.B. What is the chance that he actually has T.B.?
(110/221)

11.

12.

13.

14.

Two groups are computing for the position on the Board of Directors of a company
(Corporation). The probability that the first and second group will win are 0.6 and 0.4
respectively. Further if the first group wins the probability of introducing a new product
is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3. If the second group wins, find the
probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
(2/9)
In a certain recruitment test there are multiple choice questions. There are four possible
answers to each question of which one is correct. The probability that a student knows the
answer to a question is 90%. If he gets the correct answer to a question, what is the
probability that he was guessing?
(1/37)
In a class 5% of the boys and 10% of girls have an I.Q. of more than 150. In this class
60% of the students are boys. If a student is selected at random and found to have an I.Q.
more than 150, find the probability that the student is a boy.
(3/7)
A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a dice and reports that it is a
six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
(3/8)

Expectation of a Random Variable

15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.

(i)
21.

A pair of coins is tossed, what is the expected value?

(1)
A pair of dice is thrown together, find the expected value.
(7)
A bag contains 8 items of which 2 are defective. A man selects 3 items are random. Find
the expected number of defective items he has drawn.
(3/4)
A player tossed two coins. If two heads show he wins Rs. 4. If one head shows he wins
Rs. 2, but if two tails show he pays Rs. 3 as penalty. Calculate the expected value of the
game to him.
(1.25)
Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a pack of well-shuffled deck of
52 cards. Find the mean and variance of the number of kings.
(2/13; 24/169)
A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
2
P(X):
0
K
2K
2K
3K
K
2K
7K2 + K
Determine:
(1/10, 3/10, 17/100, 3/10)
K
(ii)
P(X < 3)
(iii)
P(X > 6)
(iv)
P(0 < X < 3)
An industrial salesman wants to know the average number of units he sells per sales call.
He checks his past sales records and comes up with the following probabilities:
Sales:
0
1
2
3
4
5
Probability: 0.15
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.20
What is the average number of units he sells per sales call?
(2.75)

TUTORIAL SHEET 2

Binomial Distribution

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

If on an average, one ship out of 10 is wrecked, find the probability that out of 5 ships
expected to arrive the port, at least four will arrive safely.
(0.91854)
The probability that a man-aged 60 will live to be 70 is 0.65. What is the probability that
out of 10 men aged 60 now; at least 7 would live to be 70?
(0.514)
Six dice are thrown together at a time, the process is repeated 729 times. How many
times do you expect at least three dice to have 4 or 6?
(233)
Assuming that half the population are consumers of rice so that the chance of an
individual being a rice consumer is 1/2 and assuming that 100 investigations each take 10
individuals to see whether they are rice consumers. How many investigations would you
expect to report that three people or less consumers?
(17)
Out of 800 families with 4 children each, how many families would be expected to have
(i) 2 boys and 2 girls (ii) at least one boy, (iii) no girl, (iv) at most two girls? Assume
equal probabilities for boys and girls.
(300, 750, 50, 550)
Four coins are tossed 160 times. The number of times r heads occur (r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) is
given below:
r:
0
1
2
3
4
No. of times:
8
34
69
43
6
Fit a Binomial distribution to this data on the hypothesis that coins are unbiased.

7.

(10, 40, 60, 40, 10)

The probability that a pen manufactured by a company will be defective is 1/10. If 12
such pens are manufactured, find the probability that (i) exactly 2 will be defective, (ii)
none will be defective, (iii) at least two will be defective
(0.2301, 0.2823, 0.3412)

Poission Distribution

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.

Show that Poisson distribution is a limiting case of binomial distribution.

Find the mean and variance of Poisson distribution.
(m, m)
The average number of suicides per week in a city s 1.5. Find the probability that there
will be 5 or more suicides in one month (4 weeks)
(0.77)
If the variance of the Poisson distribution is 2, find the probabilities for r = 1,2,3,4 from
recurrence formula of the Poisson distribution. (0.2706, 0.2706, 0.1804, 0.0902)
An insurance company has discovered that only 0.1% of the population is involved in a
certain type of accident every year. If its 1000 policy-holders are selected at random from
the population, what is the probability that not more than 5 of its clients are involved in
such accidents next year? [Use e1 = 0.368]
(0.9995)
Fit a Poisson distribution to the following:
x:
0
1
2
3
4

f:

14.

109

65

22

1
(109, 66, 20, 4, 1)
A car-hire firm has two cars, which it hires out day by day. The number of demands for a
car on each day is distributed as a Poisson distribution with mean 1.5. Calculate the
proportion of days on which neither car is used and the proportion of days on which some
demand is refused. (Use e1.5 = 0.2231)
(0.2231, 0.191262)

Normal Distribution

15.
16.

17.

18.

19.

In a normal distribution 31% of items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the mean
and standard deviation of the distribution
(50, 10)
The customer accounts of a certain department store have an average balance of Rs. 120
and a standard deviation of Rs. 40. Assuming that the account balances are normally
distributed:
(i) What proportion of the account is over Rs. 150?
(22.66%)
(ii) What proportion of account is between Rs. 100 and Rs. 150?
(46.49%)
(iii) What proportion of account is between Rs. 60 and Rs. 90?
(15.98%)
The average height of soldiers of a country is given as 68.22 inches with variance 10.8
sq. inch. How many soldiers out of 1000 would you expect to be over 72 inches tall?
Given that the area under the normal curve between t = 0 to t = 0.35 is 0.1368 and
between t = 0 and t = 1.15 is 0.3746.
(125)
In a sample of 1000 cases, the mean of a certain test is 14 and standard deviation is 2.5.
Assuming the distribution to be normal, find:
(i) how many students score between 12 and 15 ?
(ii) how many score above 18 ?
(iii) how many score below 8 ?
(444, 55, 8)
In a test on 2000 electric bulbs, it was found that the life time of a particular make was
normally distributed with an average life of 2040 hours and standard deviation of 60
hours. Find the number of bulbs likely to burn for (i) more than 2150 hours (ii) less than
1950 hours (iii) and more than 1920 hours but less than 2160 hours.
(68, 184, 1908)

TUTORIAL SHEET 3

1. Calculate the mean deviation from the median of the following data:
Wages per week (in Rs):
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Number of workers:
4
6
10
20
10
6
4
2. For the date given below, find the quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile deviation:
x:
351 500
501 650
651 800
801950
9511100
f:
48
189
88
4
28
3. Mean and standard deviation of 100 items are found by a student are 50 and 0.1. if at the
time of calculation, two items are wrongly taken as 40 and 50 instead of 60 and 30. Find
the correct mean and standard deviation.
4. The first four moments of a distribution about x = 5 are 2, 20, 40 and 50. Discuss the
skewness and kurtosis of the distribution
5. Calculate Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness from the data given below:
Income (Rs.)
400500600700800500
600
700
800
900
Number
of 8
16
20
17
3
employees
6. From the following data, calculate first four moments about:
(i)
assumed mean 25 and
(ii)
actual mean
Variable

0-10

1020
3

2030
4

3040
2

Frequenc
1
y
7. Fit a second degree curve of y on x to the following data:
x:
1
2
3
4
y:
6
11
28
27
y ae bx

8. Fit a curve of the best fit of the type

squares:
x:
1
5
7
y:
10
15
12
9. Fit a straight line to the following data:
x:
71
68
73
69
67
y:

69

72

70

70

68

to the following data by the method of least

9
15
65
67

66
68

12
21
67
6

TUTORIAL SHEET 4
1. Calculate the median, quartiles and quartile coefficients of skewness from the following
data:
Wages per week (in Rs): 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140
Number of workers:
12
18
35
42
50
45
20
2. The scores obtained by two batsmen A and B in 10 matches are given below:
A:
30
44 66
62 60
34
80
46
20
38
B:
34
46 70
38 55
48
60
34
45
30
Calculate mean, SD and coefficient of variation for each batsman, determine who is more
efficient and who is more consistent.
3. A distribution consists of three components with frequencies 200, 250 and 300 having
means 25, 10 and 15 and standard deviations 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Show that the mean
of the combined distribution is 16 and SD is 7.2 respectively.
4. In a certain distribution, the first four moments about a point are -1.5, 17, -30 and 108.
Calculate the moments about the mean and & . State whether the distribution
1

is leptokurtic or platykurtic?
5. The daily expenditure of 100 families is given below:
Daily expenditure
0-20
20-40
40-60
Number
of
13
?
27
employees

60-80
?

80-100
16

If the mode is 44 of the distribution. Calculate the Karl Pearsons coefficient of skewness.

6. Find out the Kurtosis of the data from the following data:
Class
0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
Interval
Frequency
1
4
3
2
7. Fit a parabola to the following data:
x:
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
y:
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
y ae bx

8. Fit a curve of the best fit of the type

to the following data by the method of least
squares:
x:
2.3
3.1
4
4.92
5.91
7.2
y:
1.52
1.59
1.7
1.83
1.93
2.1
9. If p is the pull required to lift the weight by means of a pulley block, find a linear law of
the form p=a+bw by using data:
w:
50
70
100
120
p:
12
15
Compute p, when w = 150.

21

25

TUTORIAL SHEET 5
1
2
3

4
5

Following are the heights and weights of 10 students of B.com class

Height (inches) 62 72 68 58 65 70 66 63
60 72
Weight (Kg.) 50 65 63 50 54 60 61 55
54 65
Calculate Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation from the following data:
City
Population (in thousands)
Accident rate (per million)
A
10
32
B
20
20
C
30
24
D
40
36
E
50
40
F
60
18
G
70
49
H
80
44
Find the coefficient of correlation from the following data:
Wages (Rs.): 100
101
102
102
100
99
97 98
96
95
Cost of living : 98
99
99
97
95
92
95 94
90
91
The following table gives the distribution of the total population and those who are
wholly or partially blind among them. Find out if there is any relation between age and
blindness.
Age
No.of person
Blind
(in thousands)
0-10
100
55
10-20
60
40
20-30
40
40
30-40
36
40
40-50
24
36
50-60
11
22
60-70
6
18
70-80
3
15
Given :
Number of pairs of observations X and Y series = 8; X series Arithmetic Average = 74.5
X series assumed Average = 69.0; X series Standard Deviation = 13.07
Y series Arithmetic Average = 125.5; Y series assumed Average = 112
Y series Standard Deviation = 15.85
Summation of products of corresponding deviations of X and Y series = 2.176
Calculate the coefficient of correlation.

Calculate correlation coefficient from the following results:

2
2
x 140, y 150 x 10 180, y 15 215
N=100,
,
,
2
2
x 10 y 15 60

xy 60,

2.5, x 2 90

Given r = 0.8 ,
. Find the number of items ( x and y are
the deviations from arithmetic mean )
9 Obtain the rank correlation coefficient correlation between the Ranks given for X and Y
Variables.
X Ranks : 6 4
5
3
1 2
Y Ranks: 5 6
3
4
1 2
10 To study the relationship between Expenditure on accomdation, Rs. X and expenditure on
food and entertainment, Rs.Y, an enquiry into 50 families gave the following results :

X 8500, Y 9600

x 60, y 20, r 0.6

,
Estimate the expenditure on food and entertainment when expenditure on accomdation is
Rs. 200.
11 Given that
Regression equation of y on x is y=20+0.4x
Mean of x = 30
Correlation coefficient = 0.8
Find regression equation of x on y.
12 You are given below the following information about advertising and sales:
Adv. Exp (X)
Sales (Y)
(Rs. lakhs)
(Rs. lakhs)
Mean

10

S.D
3
Correlation coefficient = 0.8.

90
12

(i) Calculate the two regression lines.

(ii) Find the likely sales when advertisement expenditure is Rs. 20 lakhs.
(iii) What should be advertisement expenditure if the company wants to attain a sales
target of Rs. 12 lakhs?
13 By using the following data , find out the two lines of regression and from them compute
the Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation :
x 250, y 300, xy 7900 x 2 6,500, y 2 10, 000, N 10
14 For 50 students of a class, the regression equation of marks in statistics (x) on marks in
Accountancy (y) is 3y-5x+180. The mean marks of accountancy is 44 and variance of

marks in statistics is (9/16)th of variance of marks in accountancy, find the mean marks
of statistics and the coefficient of correlation between marks in two subjects.
15 For a set of bivariate data, the following results were obtained :
X 53.2, Y 27.9, byx 1.5, bxy 0.2
Find the most probable value of Y when X = 60
16 In a partially destroyed laboratory record of an analysis of correlation data, the following
results are legible:
Variance of x = 9
Regression equation 8X 10Y +66 = 0
40X 18Y = 214
Find on the basis of above information
(i)
The mean values of X and Y
(ii)
Coefficient of correlation between X and Y
(iii)
Standard deviation of Y

TUTORIAL SHEET 6
1. Explain the concept of sampling distribution and standard error. Discuss the role of
standard error in the large sample theory.
2. The mean life time of sample of 100 fluorescent light bulbs produced by a company is
computed to be 1570 hours with standard deviation of 120 hours. The company claims
that the average life of the bulbs produced by it is 1600 hours. Using the level of
significance of 0.05, is the claim acceptable?
3. Mean and standard deviation (S.D.) calculated from the weights in kg. of students of two
groups taken from two universities are given below:
Mean
S. D.
Size
University A

55

10

400

University B

57

15

100

Test the significance of the difference between the means at 5% level.

4. The following table shows the distribution of digits in numbers chosen at random from a
telephone directory:
Digits
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Frequency

1026

1107

997

966

1075

933

1107

972

964

Test whether the digits may be taken to occur equally frequently in the directory.
5. The theory predicts the proportion of beans in the four groups G 1, G2, G3 and G4 should
be in the ratio 9:3:3:1. In an experiment with 1600 beans the numbers in the four groups
were 882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the experimental result support the theory?
6. Two independent sample of sizes 7 and 9 have the following values:

853

Sample A

10

12

10

13

14

11

10

Sample B

10

13

15

12

10

14

11

12

11

Is there a significant difference between means of the two samples?

7. The following table gives a classification of a sample of 160 plants of their flower and
flatness of leaf.
Flat leaves
Coloured Leaves
Total
White flower

99

36

135

Red Flower

20

25

Total

119

41

160

Test whether the flower colour is independent of the flatness of leaves.

8. To test the effectiveness of inoculation against cholera, the following table was obtained:
Attached
Not attached
Inoculated

30

160

190

Not inoculated

140

460

600

Total

170

620

790

2
Use
-test to defend or refute the statement. The inoculation prevents attack from
cholera.
9. A chemical extraction plant processes sea water to collect sodium chloride and
magnesium. It is known that sea water contains sodium chloride, magnesium and other
elements in the ratio 62:4:34. A sample of 200 tonnes of sea water has resulted in 130
tonnes of sodium chloride and 6 tonnes of magnesium. Are these data consistent with the
known composition of sea water at 5% level of significance? (Given that tabular value of
2
is 5.991 for 2 degree of freedom.)
10. Two samples are drawn from two normal populations. From the following data test
whether the two samples have the same variance at 5% level of significance using F-test.
A
66 67 75 76 82 84 88 90 92
B

Total

64

66

74

78

82

85

87

92

93

95

97

11. The mean breaking strength of the cables supplied by a manufacturer is 1800 with a
standard deviation of 100. By a new technique in the manufacturing process it is claimed
that the breaking strength of the cables has increased. In order to test this claim, a sample
of 50 cables is tested. It is found that the mean breaking strength is 1850. Can we support
the claim at 0.01% level of significance?

12. A sales clerk in the departmental store claims that 60% of the customers entering the
store leave without making a purchase. A random sample of 50 customers showed that 35
of them left without buying anything. Are these sample results consistent with the claim
of the sales clerk? Use 5% level of significance.
13. A certain stimulus when administered to each of the 12 patients resulted in the following
increase of blood pressure:
5, 2, 8,- 1, 3, 0, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4 and 6
Can it be concluded that the stimulus when will, in general, be accompanied by an
increase in blood pressure?
14. It is known that the mean diameter of a steel pipe produced by two processes, A and B, is
practically the same but the standard deviation may differ. For a sample of 22 pipes
produced by A, the standard deviation is 3.8 m. Test whether the pipe produced by the
process A have the same variability as those of process B.
15. Under what conditions do we require to use one way Analysis of Variance? Give
examples and explain the method involved by taking a hypothetical example.
16. Records taken of the number of male and female births in 800 families having four
children are as follows:
No. of male births 0
1
2
3
4
No. of
births

female 4

No. of families

32

178

290

236

64

Test whether the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Binomial law holds and
the chance of male birth is equal to that of female birth, namely p=q=1/2.
17. Write short notes on :
a. ANOVA
b. One way classification
18. What do you mean by ANOVA and its uses? How ANOVA table is set and how is test
based on its performance?
19. A manufacturing company purchased three new machines of different makes and wishes
to determine whether one of them is faster than the others in producing a certain output.
Five hourly production figures are observed at random from each machine and results are
given below:
Observations
A1
A2
A3
1

25

31

24

30

39

30

36

38

28

38

42

25

31

35

28

Use ANOVA and determine whether the machines are significantly different in their
mean speed. (Given: at 5% level, F2,12=3.89)