Abstracts provided by Dr.

/ Ahmed Abd El-Daim

Mohamed Hussein A Lecture of Modern and
Contemporary History, Institute of African
.Research and Studies, Cairo University
ahmedabdeldaim210@hotmail.com

-:First: Researches
Egyptian Education in The Sudan from 1943 to - 1
1952
(Documentary Study)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research Published in Aubda khouhela (editor): - "Egypt and

The Arab World ... Communicate or Break" , Annual
Symposium of the Egyptian Society for Historical Studies for
2006, Publications The Center of Research Social Studies -
Faculty of Arts - Cairo University, Cairo, 2008.

The Sudan did not know - Trespassing - before the era of

Muhammad Ali and His Family nothing about Modern Education
Systems. As a result, The Political Form of The Sudan, in the
period, that The Egyptian Educational System prevailed to the
beginning of Bilateral Governance, In that moment Education
Resources seemed to be in The Sudan different for different
quality of Teachers who Reception is on their hands. As Britain -
one of the parties Bilateral Governance - is The Dominant State,
Hence it took Vision and Educational Policy in the Form of
Education. On the other hand Egyptian Educators emerged as one
of The Most Important Intellectual tools in The Formulation of
Mental Sudan until they were rid of them after The Incidents in
1924. As The Egyptian Educational System - Through the
Teachers - is The Most Important Artery for the flow of science
,Arabic Language and Islam in The Sudan Flesh, It can not be
excluded from the Circuit Sudanese knockout, So The Process of
Establishing The Egyptian Educational System in The Sudan in
1943 is the clearest evidence of excellence in The Egyptian War
with Education Britain, and The Process of Cultural Conflict
imposed by the 1936 Treaty, And The Circumstances of World

1
 War II, has produced a big Egyptian Force, Cultural and
Educational, Has become scare Britain. So no choice than restore
An Atmosphere of Political Conflict within The Sudan as a natural
consequence for failing in Cultural Conflict. The Study revolves
around Three Main Axes: The First Axis, The Conditions that led to
The Founding of The Egyptian Educational System in Sudan. The
Second Axis, The Education Policy in the Sudan, Egypt and The
Attitude of Political Forces and Social it. The Third Axis, The
Structure of Egyptian Education in the Sudan. The Study
concluded that the objectives of The Egyptian Educational System
in Sudan has emerged in three main Features: The First Feature,
Tutorial, The increase in numbers of both types of Egyptian
Schools, AL-Amiri and The Private, And increase the number of
Teachers and Sudanese Students, And contributed to The
Process of Educational Reform and Development held in Sudan in
the period, The Second Feature, Social and Cultural; The Role of
The Egyptian Education in events Social and Cultural Change
across the areas settled by. The Third Feature, A Political,
Egyptian Education was an important role in increasing Political
Awareness through Sudan, Where The Union Issue infiltrated - as
in an intellectual-Led Egyptian Schools to retain The Identity --
inside The Sudanese society, Which led to the Egyptian-Sudanese
.for Greater Convergence in The Period

Egypt and The Project of African Defense Pact, - 2

1951-1958

(Documentary Study)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Search under publication in Assem El-Dessouky (editor): -

Gamal Abdel Nasser and His Era ... Ninety-year Anniversary of
The Birth of Abdel Nasser, The Egyptian Society for Historical
Studies in cooperation with The Egyptian National Library,
.January 2008

The Project of African Defense Pact is one of The Projects

presented by The Colonial Powers to defend Africa after World
War II. It was born in The Defense Project for The Middle East
since 1947. Although it is formally presented to Egypt in July 12,

2
1951, i.e. Before Three Months The Draft to lead The Middle East
Project, But it proceeded with The Defense of The Middle East
(Baghdad Pact later) Up and Down. Even when The Baghdad Pact
fell, There is no longer an excuse to be put forward again, It was
The Liberalization Sweeps any possibility of The Pact again. And
Research is divided into Four Main Axes: The First Axis explore
The Idea of The Project of African Defense Pact since its inception
and prior to submission to the Egyptian Government. While The
Second Axis claimed discusses The Situation of The Egyptian
Nairobi Conference in 1951. The Third Axis talks about The July
Revolution and Awareness of The Project of African Defense Pact.
In The Fourth Axis, And The Last, Shows of The Egyptian Position
of The Project after it became his goal to Isolate and Marginalize
and The Siege of The Egyptian Role in Africa. The Study
Concluded A New Vision around The Entrance of Egypt to The
African Continent in The Fifties of The Twentieth Century. It was
the follow-up Egyptian Administration and good analysis of The
African Defense Pact throughout the period 1951 -1958 has
provided its Expertise and Experience that The Contradictions
between International Forces and Regional driving Events, And
therefore it was natural to take advantage of vulnerabilities that
have emerged, which was of The West Concern in The
Communism, And Competition between Local Forces and The
West, And The Financial Difficulties of both France and Britain,
And Disagreement about The Autonomy and Interests of
Europeans. All The Papers that was in the hands of the Egyptian
Administration exploited in Maintaining Regional Security, And in
Identifying the true gateway to The Continent, And It found
centered around The Need for However, African Liberation
Movements, Which explains The Great Success Achieved in this
port let Specifically since The Late Fifties.

Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in North - 3

Africa From 1956 To 1958

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in Middle East Research Journal, Middle

East Research Center, Ain Shams University, No. 24, March
.2009

Westerns Attempts seemed to appear to enter The North African

3
 Region in the issue of Military Alliances haunting, Highly
dangerous to the Security of Egypt's Regional and Arab World. In
this context, The Study focused on understanding and analysis of
Local, Regional and International stakeholders in the
establishment of these Projects, And the role played by Egypt in
the Foil. Especially after it is confirmed that the goal of these
projects is meant to stifle and siege from The West. In this context,
The projects of "North Africa Pact" and The "Coalition of The
Western Mediterranean" are the model of the seriousness of those
projects which have horrified The Egyptian Administration. If the
data on Arab environment in the area helped Egypt in
implementing its plan for the failure of these Projects, The
performance of Egypt and appreciation for the good things have
been created to move the actual rules, And it moves to neutralize
The Western Move in the region during that period. The Study is
divided into Four Main Themes: First, Revolves around Egypt and
Defense Projects in North Africa before the year 1956. Second,
Egypt and The Draft of North Africa Pact. Third, Egypt and The
linkage between Africa Saharan Draft and North Africa Pact. And
The Last, Is about Egypt and The Coalition of The Western
Mediterranean. The Study provided new additions in some of the
issues: First, Changed the angle of Consideration to the issue of
Egyptian support for The Algerian Revolution. Who wrote about
this issue, Some of them were between the amounts in the
estimation of this support and its impact, And the other scrimped
because they would have studied it in the framework of Egypt's
help to the Arab Liberation Movement. As presented by The New
Study, As that this support came in the context of maintaining the
strategic interests of Egyptian From the west. Their efforts to
frustrate The North Africa Project confirms that Egyptian Support
continued for the Algerian Revolution was carrying in a form
attached to this Project. Second, The Study added a new
dimension in the relationship the United States of America in the
region. It said that U.S.A stood behind The North Africa Project
was aimed at replacement of Britain and France in the region
extending to the Independence Movement, When It realized that
France could no longer keep it, This is on the side. On the other
side of its numerous commitments to mitigate against Europe.
Third, The Study proved that The Projects of Alliances in the area
were not initially tied to Projects proposed for the Mediterranean
Sea, But more associated with The Middle East (Baghdad Pact),
And the provision of Military Facilities only through the existing
rules. Did not show special Defense Projects in the region only at

4
 the beginning of 1956. And that Egypt had proposed to enter the
Turkish part of the strategy of the Mediterranean Sea, As is the
case in a bid incorporated in The Middle East Draft. The
Concentration of The Egyptian Administration not to be led Libya
to Western Alliances, The important objectives that The
Administration has succeeded in achieving them, But have tried to
replicate that experience with Tunisia and Morocco, But that
Bourguiba's Political Ambitions and Vision to Morocco for its
relationship with the West have opposed these attempts. Fourth, It
said that the lack of balance in the benefits and in power bills
within the Two Pacts are indirect cause in Failing. There is
disagreement between The Ruling Regimes of Local and Non-
Military balance and promise, Not to mention the possibility of
establishing a project between The Weak States in terms of
military and other Western Countries is strong. Fifth, The Study
demonstrated that the portal was used by The Egyptian
Administration to non-completion of these projects demonstrate
the proper assessment of the strengths and weaknesses within it.
And can be summed up in The Four Entrances: The First Entry, A
Formal Entrance, And The Role was played by Administration and
The Egyptian Embassies in the region to attract The Leaders of its
own. For this, Reports of Documents reported on the growth of
relations between Egypt and these Countries. Second Entrance,
Religious Entrance, When used The Islamic Conference to play a
role in pushing The Tunisian relations with Egypt, And attract the
region Students to study in Al-Azhar. Third Entrance, Entrance to
the people, At the invitation of representatives of sectors and
people to attend the conference to be held in Cairo, Where they
found in the North African public good supportive of the plans to
the failure of The Alliance. The best proof of this Documents talk
on the growth of the degree of trust in Egyptian Policy by the public
opinion. Fourth Entrance, Culture Entrance, The deployment of the
Arabic Language, Send Teachers and Receive Students from that
.region

Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964 - 4

5
 Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

A Book published in 2009, And A Search under publication in

The work of The International Symposium of The Department
of History about "Egyptian-Sudanese Relations Through The
Ages, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo
.University,18-19 May 2009

While Egypt's Relations in Higher Education in The Sudan

remained before the year 1955 only to accept The Sudanese in
The Egyptian Universities, And supply University College in
Khartoum, With some Egyptian Professors, And thus remained
trip Sudanese University Students - In most cases - Unilateral,
From Sudan to Egypt, But that The Conciliator Decision witch
taken by the Egyptian Administration in establishing A Branch of
Cairo University in Khartoum in late that year, A Shift is the
opposite of the previous methods, And response with different
political reality, And a new tool enabling them to communicate with
the Sudan. The Study reveals dark corners in The History of
Relations between Egypt and Sudan, And conclude that Egypt
Higher Education in Sudan has played a leading role in enriching
the cultural life, Political, And social development there. The Study
is organized around Six Main Themes: First, Egypt and Higher
Education in The Sudan before 1955. Second, Establishing the
Khartoum Branch of Cairo University. Third, Branch Administration
and Educational System. Fourth, The Teaching Staff. Fifth, The
Branch Student. Sixth, Branch and Politics. The Study found that
The Cairo University Branch in Sudan worked in Education than
Policy, And detected by Six Things: First, Increase the turnout of
Students in The Branch violated the expectations of the Egyptian
Administration itself in 1956, The more intensified Branch increase
number of Students. Second, The high number of Graduates of the
Branch at the end of The Study, Including more than three times
the number of The First Batch of Graduates. Third, The high
number and percentage of Sudanese Students compared to
Egyptian Students and Students of other nationalities, Including
nearly Four-Fifths of the students Branch. Fourth, Branch had
conducted a qualitative leap in the Education of Sudanese, So that
was educated in Egypt, The most educated male-dominated,
Branch Opened have made a leap in the quality of Education of
Sudanese Women. Fifth, The Branch was able to attract the

6
 Middle Classes and lower, So it got on popular unrivaled. Sixthly,
The Branch contributed to the scientific training of Sudanese
Graduates, Gave a distinct social status for its graduates, And the
labor market in The Sudan become compete of them. The Study
revealed that the political and cultural context, Which revealed A
Branch of Cairo University in the Sudan was conducive to the
achievement of five benefits: First, Create a new tool and distinct
for the continuation The Egyptian of Cultural Influence and
Civilization to preserve the Arab identity of Sudan. Second, It could
be toast Sudanese defend the issues of Egypt and Arabism, And
the best example of this is what happened during The Tripartite
Aggression, And what happened in support of The Egyptian-Syrian
Unity. Third, The Branch contributed to Approach distances and
relations between Egypt and Sudan, And helped achieve continuity
of intellectual, political, and cultural cooperation between the two
Countries. Fourth, The Branch has proved to Cairo University to
the leading role on a global role, No longer like The American and
British Universities, Universities of States in other Countries, But
was Branch is part of the Egyptian University in another Country.
Fifth, The Egyptian Administration benefited from Branch in order
to mobilize The Students themselves with the interaction of
political events and national issues, which employed the two
countries, So that Branch did not show an instrument of policy or a
tendency Egyptian fancy, But was the mouthpiece of what is
happening in Sudan interactions. This explains the unprecedented
Popular embrace of The Branch and professors and Alumni,
.Which will be mounting later

5 - Egypt and The African Belt Project, 1954-1958

(Documentary Study)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research Published in The Journal of the Egyptian Historians
"Studies and Researches In History and Civilization", No. 33,
Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, July
2008.

Africa Belt Project is A Western Project led by United States of

America to extend Belt Defense cross stretches from Ethiopia in
The East to The Atlantic Coast in The West to lay siege to Egypt

7
and Soviet influence in The South. The Project has a close link
between The Egyptian Rejection for Northern Belt, And The U.S.A
Insistence on the use of the Belt as a pressure on it to change its
position. And to identify features of the project requires an
understanding of Local Power dynamics in two parts; East
(Ethiopia and Sudan) and Western (West Africa), And then provide
The Egyptian Position as a model example of Local Forces that
reject the idea, And even induced it. The Study revolves around
Five Axes: The First Axis deals with Egypt's Attitude towards the
U.S.A defense arrangements with Ethiopia before 1955. And Axis
II discusses the launch of the project and the Egyptian position of
this approach. While The Third Axis being claimed for The Draft of
African Regional Bloc and try to drag Egypt to enter into. The
Fourth Axis is studying the issue of return of the Belt project and
try to complete the link. In the latter dealing with The End of the
Project and The Egyptian role in arranging this End. The Study
proved that the Egyptian Security Interests and the strategic and
economic was impose the Egyptian Trend since the mid-fifties to
Africa, And that The African Belt Project dimensions of Ideological,
Cultural and Military consistent with the vision of The Western
Powers, was one of the main drivers of this Trend. And that
interest which led Egypt to follow-up, When The Western Powers
failed to persuade Egypt to give it the possibility of Sudan in
exchange for agreeing to The Middle East Draft , Sudan began to
employ himself against Egypt dragging of The Africa Belt, In this
context, The Study provided us with a new understanding of the
rising tide of independence in the Sudan. The Survey should be to
reconsider the role of Ethiopia and Ghana in providing policy
guidance in Africa with the blessing of Western Powers, And it
should re-read The Common Projects with these two countries and
their impact on the course of Egyptian-African relations since the
end of the Fifties. Indeed, The Study did not see nothing wrong in
saying that The Ethiopian role associated with the Western
Strategic has not changed so far, represented in its ongoing quest
to make trouble between Egypt and Sudan, And the success of its
policy on the issue of southern Sudan and Somalia.

8
 6 - Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of The
Twentieth Century

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Search under publication in Aubda khouhela (editor): - Jews

in The Arab World ... Isolation or Affiliation, Annual
Symposium of The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies for
2009.

The Theme of "Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of

The Twentieth Century" is a virgin of topics in Arabic Studies.
Indeed, Studies that tackled the issue of the relationship between
Israel and the Sudan, did not discuss the role of the Jews of the
Sudan in this relationship, either because of ignorance of their
presence at all, or the lack of such Studies to obtain documents
that recognize the existence. Have seen The Forties and Fifties of
The Twentieth Century a rise in Political Power, Economic and
Religious, for Jews of the Sudan, And therefore it was natural that
the study seeks to discover the reasons for this increase and its
relationship to multiple Problems raised by that period, As
Problems Independence, And the relationship with The West and
Israel, and the specificity of The Egyptian-Sudanese relations. The
study is based on Four Main Elements: First, The Modern
Presence of Jewish in The Sudan. Second, The Practice of
Religion for The Jews of The Sudan. Third, The Economic Activity
of The Jews of Sudan. Fourth, The Jews of Sudan's Political
Activity. The Study concluded that the majority of Jews of the
Sudan are Israeli Jewish Community, Most of them came from
Egypt, So explained how the Egyptian origin to play to live in
Sudan as part of the social structure of Egypt. The Rabbi Sudan
was a follower of the Chief Rabbinate of Egypt, As well as the way
of life and rituals and temple and the formation of their community,
It was all along the lines of what is going on in Egypt. Approval
with two issues: First, They settled in the Sudan and lived with
there family and established relationships at various levels
(Political, Economic and Social). Second, Their interaction with
British culture as a result ties to Power English and Foreign
Education. The Particularity and then The Jews Sudan relations
wide circle even Egyptian Jews therefore have had the opportunity
to have a distinct role in the service of the Zionist Project. The
Study revealed that their role in the escalation of The

9
 Independence Movement in The Sudan was not exculpatory of
political goals, It was been made clear to the process employed to
help this trend to serve the interests of the West and Israel, And in
spite of Egypt, Which refused to cooperate with Western Projects
in the region. The Study revealed the role played by the Jews of
the Sudan on behalf of Israel as well Zionism, And revealed their
location in the project and the extent of The Israeli Association with
it, And The Suez War was a watershed in the sense tighten their
controls, And the situation could lead to more extremism in the
treatment, Making the most of them decide to leave The Sudan,
When they discharged from The Sudan was not because of
political positions taken against them, But because they feel that
the Israeli aggression on the Arabs will make them A Class
.Undesirable

7 - Egypt and Islam in The Sudan

(Documentary Study for the period from 1936 to 1956)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in The International Conference "Islam

in Africa", The Anniversary of the passage of Fourteen
Centuries of Islam in Africa, Held in cooperation between The
International University of Africa, The World Islamic Call
Society and Sudan Ministry of Guidance and Awqaf, The
Seventh Book , 26-27 November 2006.

The Study of Islam in Egypt and Sudan in the period from 1936
to 1956 is a great importance, Especially after the emergence of
many studies and researches focused on political issues, As if
everything made by Egypt to Sudan came from the interest of
maintaining The Sudan under Egyptian Rule and the interests of
Egypt in The Nile Water. It does not address the religious
dimension and the contributions of Egypt in the service of Islam
and Muslims in Sudan, with the ties of religion is one of the most
important and closer ties between the two peoples, And to have
the agreement and care for all. The links serve up the mess of
religious politics, Deepen rapprochement and renewed
connections and protect individuals from falling into the trap of
foreign schemes. The Study is divided into Three Main Points: The
First Point talking about Egypt and Islam in The Sudan before the

10
 year 1936. The Second Point about the development of the
Egyptian Government Policies towards Islam in The Sudan and
the reasons underlying this interest; Attempts to break with the
religious, The fight and expose the methods of Missionaries, And
to use religion to support The Federal Idea, And the Sudanese
desire in Egyptian sponsorship of Sudan Religious Affairs, And to
preserve The Arabic Language. The Third Point talked about the
Egyptian efforts to serve Islam and Muslims in Sudan,
Represented by the efforts of The Ministry of Awqaf and Al-Azhar
in the care of Islamic Education, Establishment of Mosques, Send
Preachers, Expansion to increase the number of Sudanese in the
Al-Azhar and the efforts of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement and
Charities in service of Islam in Sudan, Finally, Egypt's efforts to
spread Islam in Southern Sudan. The Study concluded that the
Egyptian Religious Institutions have played an important role in the
recruitment policy for service of religion, Especially in the period
following the Treaty of 1936 directly. Whatever can be said since
the late forties the exploitation of religion to serve politics, But The
Study noted that The Government response to the religious
projects were not carried out only after studying the religious
situation in the Sudan by the envoys of Al-Azhar and Awqaf. Or by
some Egyptian Teaching Staff and Irrigation Employees with
Islamic interests. And that Egypt has played a significant role and
important role in the establishment of rules and castles for the
teaching of Islamic sciences in Sudan in three ways: First, The
reform of Sudanese Educational Institutions by providing them with
the Islamic Books, Islamist Sources and Azharites Teachers.
Second, Construction of several institutes of Religious Education
The Islam. Third, The and send highly educated to educate
Expansion in bringing Sudanese Students to study Islamic
Sciences at Al-Azhar. Where Preachers and Egypt Envoys do
effort evidenced by telling everyone in matters of religion and the
dissemination of science through public lectures, Tutorials
Mosques and Quranic Memorization, They have been selected
from among the finest Egyptian Preachers, Some of them were
working Assignment system and Loan, and some of them was
working through Ramadan Month only, With some of them chosen
for his popularity in mobilizing The Sudanese to adopt Union Idea.
And The Study terminated saying that Egypt participated - through
the efforts of its organizations and members - a major effort to
keep the torch of Islam to the present are in The Southern Sudan,
despite Britain efforts through a policy of The South to evangelize
Muslims. These efforts can be produce a significant change in The

11
 South, But correlation The Creature of Missionary Schools With
External Forces, And their success in finally achieving what Britain
failed, By got the right to Self-Determination, However, A Problem
will remain with the list of Muslims in The South if the separation,
and the scenario of Wau Shift applicability return from Islamic City
.to Christian City to all Islamic areas of the South

Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes Region - 8

In The Second Half of The Nineteenth Century

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in the Journal of Faculty of Arts, Helwan

.University, No. 21, Year 11, January 2007

Study is based mainly on Western Sources as noted on The

Arab Presence and there effects in those areas, And this
contradiction that occurred between those Sources, European
Travelers and Explorers need to The Arabs decoding African Great
Lakes Region and its environs, And The Fear of Missionaries,
Businessmen and Political Leaders of The European from Rise of
The Arab influence in The Region. The Study concluded that if The
Arabs had preferred in the developments that have been
introduced in the region, The Europeans preferred to prove this
Exist and recognize that The Arabs were The Engines of the
events there. The Study is divided into Three Main Themes: First,
The Motives of The Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes
Region. Second, Forms of The Arab Presence. Third, The Impact
of The Arab Presence. The Study concluded that The Arab
Presence in The African Great Lakes Region is The one who put
The First Seed of the advancement that has taken place in the
region, With evidence that The Three Colonial Regimes have been
Colonized at the end of The Nineteenth Century did not usher in a
break with The Past, But which embraces The Arab Administrative
Systems as Belgium, Including What used to that Class -
Wayngwana - Created by The Arabs in the Administrative organs
Such as The Germans and The British, Not to mention the fact that
these systems did not enter a new Economic Order but what is
even enter the railroad. The Study proved that The Arabs have
contributed greatly to the economic field, they are The First
discovered the potential of the region and entered there in

12
international trade. They are The First opened African markets and
participated in the profits. Reflected in their economic competition
between the policies they have created areas to each other. And
thus The Arabs who is The First made a real sense an economic
revolution across The Great Lakes Region. The Study confirmed
the sincerity of statements frequently cited in European Sources
for a link African Great Lakes Region in Zanzibar. At The same
time, The Study corrected some information provided by some
Europeans like Amin Pasha, 1877, that he found Christianity on
rise and Islam in the concession, which means good reception of
Christianity in Uganda. The Study proved that this is a mere
fabrication and lies echoed by missions, And that Christianity could
not find a forward in Uganda, But with the beginning of the
twentieth century. And also corrected the statement by Kitchener
in the last decade of the 19 th century about the danger of Islam,
And The Need to keep him Away to Central Africa. The Study
confirms that Islam is the oldest of Christianity in Central Africa in
five decades. Therefore, concluded, The Study found a legitimate
question to her: Is it possible for The Arabs to resume their role in
the African Great Lakes Region - now - depending on which
?Historic Credit

Eritrean Asaker in Confrontation of Resistance - 9

(Omar Mukhtar in Libya (1923-1931

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in Hussein Murad (Editor): -Al- Sheikh Al-

Mujahid Omar Al-Mukhtar, The work of The International
Symposium of The Department of History, Institute of African
Research and Studies,Cairo University, Cooperation with the
.Omar Al-Mukhtar University, 16-17 December 2008

Varied Perspectives of The Libyan Resistance Movement led by

Sheikh-Al-Mujahideen, Arabs and Muslims, Omar Mukhtar. The
Arab Library, therefore, Have received many of Studies focused
on this Resistance. However, The Role played by Asaker Eritreans
in ending this Resistance did not turn to anyone, Even though With
certificate Italians themselves representing Three-Quarters of The
Troops encountered Omar al-Mukhtar, And that they signed the
biggest burden of this confrontation. Therefore, The Study focused
on Five Main Themes: First, Asaker Eritreans in Libya before the

13
 Resistance Movement led by Omar Al-Mukhtar. Second, Asaker
Eritreans in The Confrontation of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar
(1923 to 1927). Third, Asaker Eritreans and encircle the
Resistance Omar Mukhtar in operations latitude 29° North.
Fourth,Asaker Eritreans and The Final Phase in the Confrontation
of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar. Fifth,The Extent of The
Resistance awareness of the Asaker Eritreans identity. The Study
concluded that in 1922 was the year of real-life emergence of
Asaker Eritreans in Libya, And observed that the 9 Eritrean
Battalions were operating in that year, And arrived at the Final
Stage to 16 Battalions. This indicates that the process of
continuing to bring Battalions from Eritrea remained open
according to the requirements of The War. The Study reviewed the
assignments and tasks that were thrown on the shoulders of
Asaker Eritreans, And monitored the process of deployment and
combat their efforts, Concluding that they were the main reason for
the decisive battles with the Movement of the Libyan Resistance,
Either through their tactics and their ability to withstand The
hardships of nature, Or through practices ugly and sordid and
violent, Which they exerted against The Libyan Society. Or through
the work and other works they have made; Road-Building and
Guarding The Camps and carry the food and water in various
fronts with The Libyan Resistance. If The Resistance had settled
its order on the identity of Asaker religious, National and
Mercenary on the issue, But The Study violated the awareness of
the Resistance on the issue of national identity for those Asaker,
And said they were Eritreans, But not Ethiopians. And violated by
the question they were not all of the mercenaries. However, As
.suggested Likely Resistance on their Christian Identity

Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956 - 10

Historical Experience or Ambition to build A)
(Scientific Institution sponsored Partnership

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

A Book published in 2009, And A Search under publication in

The International Conference" Egyptian--Libyan-Sudanese
Partnership for Development and Investment", Center for
Sudanese Studies, Institute of African Research and Studies
(Cairo University), Collaboration with The Libyan Universities

14
 .of Sabha and The Seventh of April, 14-15 December 2009

The Establishment of The Egyptian Administration of The

Institute of Sudan within The Fouad1 University (Cairo later)
complement the building remained underrepresented in the
Egyptian system concerns. Despite that The Sudan was officially
affiliated to Egypt since the end of The Nineteenth Century, And
Although The European Administrations in Africa - at least - It had
at the same time, Scientific institutes gives them a lot of effort in
The Management of Dependencies, But The Egyptian
Administration has delayed so much to catch up with The West in
The Establishment of Scientific Institutions assisted in The Study
The Sudan under its, And provide solutions to the problems facing
inside. The Study is divided into Eight Main Themes: First, The
Idea of An Institute for The Sudan before the year 1947. Second,
The Establishment of The Institute for Sudanese Studies. Third,
The Relationship of The Institute for Sudanese Studies with
Faculty of Arts - Fouad I University (Cairo later). Fourth,
Administration of The Institute. Fifth, The Educational System.
Sixth, The Teaching Staff. Seventh, Students. Eighth, The
Emergence of The Trend of Africa and The Controversial of
transferred to African Studies. A Review of Documents, Reports
and Decrees of The Institute, Study revealed that The Institute of
Sudan, The Egyptian Administration sought for its construction in
1947, Was soon to various problems: Administrative, Financing,
Finding A Separate Building, The Provision of Teaching Staff of its
own, Not being able to open many of the Departments which was
announced, That it seemed clear that the lack of proper
preparation for the opening has caused the inability of the Institute
hopes to achieve pregnancy, And inability to implement The
Egyptian Objectives in The Sudan. And then it should be noted
such things when we are establishing A Scientific Institution
sponsored Partnership between Egypt, Libya and Sudan. The
Study suggested that if the experience of The Institute of Sudan is
a purely Egyptian experiment, It is possible to share The Three
Countries (Egypt, Sudan and Libya) in The Establishment of An
Independent Institute for Egyptian, Sudan and Libya Studies. Or
turn The Center for Sudanese Studies in Institute of African
Research and Studies (Cairo University), To become A Center of
The Egyptian -Libyan- Sudan Research and Studies, To be his
care of this Partnership, And to provide Studies and Research
aimed at achieving Economic Integration among The Three
Countries and to achieve Permanent development and ongoing.

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 It's a confirm that The Research and Cultural Institutions is very
important in building of a rapprochement between the peoples of
The Three Countries, For their ability to create channels of
communication away from the political and ideological differences.
And Egypt, As the heart of Arabs and destination for science and
research and gain experience, It is The First to establish this
scientific Edifice, To be Libya is The Owner of the largest share of
funding, Followed by Egypt and Sudan, And to adopt Scientific
Cadres in the Egyptian Cadres in the first place, Followed by the
Libyan then the Sudan, And is heading in the research applied to
.The Sudan, With its great potential, Followed by Libya and Egypt

- :Second - Scientific Researches

African Women Confrontation The Problem of Food -1

in The Modern Era

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in the Second Book of the Assembly of
the African Forum, Institute of African Research and Studies,
.2009

Varied Views on the presence or absence of A Problem of Food

in Africa in The Pre-Colonial. However, All views, Agreed that
African Women were an original party to all Views; Charmingly
played a significant role in solving The Problem of Food, And at
other times contributed to the lack of visibility problem from the
ground up. The Study dealing with the merits of such a
confrontation, And how the role of women active in the Counter of
the challenges of Nature on the one hand, Or restrictions imposed
by The European Colonizer on the other. Therefore, The Study will
divide into Three Major Themes: First, Food and Its Problem in
The Pre-Colonial Times. Second, African Women Confrontation
the Problem of food in The Pre-Colonial Times. Third, African
Women Confrontation the Problem of Food in The Colonial Era.
The Study concluded that the Nature of the Food Problem in the
Pre-Colonial Times had been imposed on African women's
challenges mostly linked to the African environment, Natural and
Cultural rights. The Women have been able during that period to

16
 provide all their energy and effort to produce food and provide for
her family and worked in the best of its ability to maintain the
structures compatriots. The Study found that African Women
played a big role in the cultivation and the establishment of
national identity associated with the culture of Food. Encounter
and direct and indirect to the problem of Food has been produced
on the metal associated with the African Women's National Identity
and Environment of Food. Apportioned The majority of Women
accepted including The Nature of Foodstuffs, Which were able to
establish what may be called "A Local School in The Culinary
Arts." The Study concluded that the burden of the lives of Africans
and life in the Colonial era has signed on Women. And were able
to actually afford a period of War and Economic Depression, And
they have borne so ably worthy of consideration by the Colonists
to compel Men, Either on recruitment in the Colonial Armies or
work in their projects. So the life of African Women, Both in the
period before Colonialism or Colonial era, Was in a continuous
.series of Toil, Misery and The Ongoing Struggle

Bilateral Governance Issue of The Sudan 1899-1924 -2

Between Yunan Labib Rizk and Fabunmi
(Compared in Methodology)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Search under publication in The Yearbook of the Ottoman

History Seminar, The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies,
.2007

The Study was an attempt to read The Bilateral Governance

nature (Egyptian - British) for Sudan in the period from 1899 to
1924 through a critical reading of systematic approach Two
Studies of Dr. Younan Labib Rizk and Dr. Fabunmi. The difficulty
in comparing The Two Studies that the comparison does not
revolutions reveal methodological development that happened in
the visions and idea's Authors of The Studies. And hence the
launch of this subject is not easy, Especially since the two sides of
the comparison (Yunan Labib Rizk and Fabunmi) they offer The
First of scientific Study output, And The Both became noted in

17
 specialization later. The Study Axes spin about The Definition of
Two Studies being compared, And then exposed the problematic
methodology to The Authors of Studies, And addressing the
content of the Two Studies and their Sources, And then subjected
to The Two Studies position of some issues, And conclude with
.some observations on The Two Studies

Land Policies towards Africans in South Africa - 3

(Documentary Study for The Period from 1894 to 1910)

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Research published in Egyptian Historical Journal, Issued by

The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies, Volume 44, No. II,
.May 2006

The Study discusses the problem of land at the level of The Four
Colonies of South Africa!, And their findings formed against
pressure and The Africans in their respective areas on the one
hand, And add them in The White areas on the other hand,
Through the spread of Farming Systems and Squatters and
Leasing. The Study Containing The Land Policies before the year
1894,To the law of Glenn Gray in the Cape, And attempt to impose
Individual Property, And talk about The Motives for The
Development of Land Question after the law of Glenn Gray, And
finally The Formation of Committee dealing with national affairs,
And The Most Important Recommendations, And How Land Policy
.developed until The Union of South Africa

The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South - 4

Africa Republic

Dr. / Ahmed Abd El-Daim Mohamed Hussein

Search under publication in The Annual Symposium of

Department of Geography, On "Regional Integration in
Africa ... Development Community for Southern African
Countries - SADC Model, May 10, 2006, Institute of African
.Research and Studies -Cairo University

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 The Land Law of 1913 Has Continued to apply in South Africa
until the beginning of a peaceful transition period, So the problem
of land has been linked to this law until the present moment
(1906). The Small Areas of Land proposed by White Governments,
and Black Governments - after 1994 - For the benefit of Africans,
Did not led to real progress in solving the problem during that
period. The Study is divided into two main Axes: First, The
problem of Land development since the end of World War I until
the stage of Peaceful Transition. Second, The problem of Land
.since The Peaceful Transition until March 2006

-:Second:-The Scientific Books Published

African Women Confrontation The Problem of Food - 1

in The Modern Era, The African Forum Book (2),
.Association of African Forum, 2009

Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956 - 2

(reading documentary), Center Arabisc for Printing,
.Cairo, 2009
Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in Africa - 3
(1951 to 1958), Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo,
.2009
The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South - 4
Africa (1835-2006), Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo,
.2009
Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964, Center - 5
.Arabisc for Printing, Cairo, 2009

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