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Knowledge
Representation
and Reasoning
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Department of Computer Science
Fall 2015
Adina Magda Florea
Lecture 1
Lecture outline
Course goals
Grading
Textbooks and readings
Syllabus
Why KR?
KR&R Challenges
What is KR&R?
Logical knowledge representation formalisms
FOPL
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Course goals
Provide an overview of existing representational
frameworks developed within AI, their key
concepts and inference methods.
Acquiring skills in representing knowledge
Understanding the principles behind different
knowledge representation techniques
Being able to read and understand research
literature in the area of KR&R
Being able to complete a project in this research
area
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Grading
Course grades
Mid-term exam
Final exam
Projects
Laboratory
20%
30%
25%
25%
Class participation
Bonus points
Readings
Syllabus
1. General knowledge representation issues
2. Logical agents Logical knowledge representation and
reasoning
Syllabus
3. Rule based agents
Rete: Efficient unification
The Soar model, universal subgoaling and chunking
Modern rule based systems
4. Probabilistic agents
Markov decision processes
Bayesian networks
Hidden Markov models
Dynamic Bayesian networks
Syllabus
5. Reasoning with actions
Automatic planning
6. Knowledge representation in learning
Inductive logic programming
7. Intelligence without representation and reasoning
vs. Strong AI
Class Debate
Academic publishing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing
Lecture 1
Readings for Lecture 1
AI Grand challenges cs.curs.pub.ro
AIMA Chapter 7
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap07.pdf
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1. Why KR?
What is knowledge?
We understand by "knowledge" all kinds of
facts about the world.
Knowledge is necessary for intelligent
behavior (human beings, robots).
In this course we consider representation of
knowledge and how we can use it in making
intelligent artifacts (based on software,
hardware or both).
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2. KR&R Challenges
Challenges of KR&R:
representation of
commonsense knowledge
3. What is KR?
Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, Peter Szolovits, MIT
What is KR?
It is a theory of intelligent reasoning
comprising:
the representation's fundamental
conception of intelligent reasoning;
the set of inferences the representation
supports
It is a medium of human
expression, i.e., a language in which
we say things about the world.
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What is KR?
If A represents B, then A stands for B and
is usually more easily accessible than B.
Symbolic representations
Non-symbolic representations
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4. What is Reasoning?
Reasoning is the use of symbolic
representations of some statements in
order to derive new ones.
Inference a form of reasoning
Use of inferences (rules of inference)
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5. Models of KRR
Symbolic logic models
Rule based models
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Models of KRR
Object oriented (Structured) models
Probability theory
Probabilistic graphical models
Baysian networks directed graphs
Markov networks undirected graphs
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PrL, FOPL
Linear model
Extend PrL, PL
Situation calculus
Adds states, actions
Modal logic
Modal operators
Structured models
Description Logics
Subsumption relationships
Not directly based on PL
Logics of knowledge
and belief
Modal operators B and K
Temporal logic
Modal operators for time
Linear time
Branching time
CTL logic
Branching time
and action
Dynamic logic
Modal operators
for actions
BDI logic
Adds agents, B, D, I
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Examples
PL, FOPL
P(a)
( x)(P(x) Q(x))
Q(a)
Examples
Description logics
Woman Person
Mother Woman
Female
hasChild.Person
MotherWithManyChildren Mother
3 hasChild
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Examples
Modal logic
- possibly true; - necessarily true
a a = robots will be able to cry
b b = sun will rise tomorrow
P ~ ~P
It is possible that it will rain today if and only if it
is not necessary that it will not rain today
Temporal logic
Xp - p is true in the next moment next
p U q - p is true until q becomes true until
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Examples
Logics of knowledge and belief
FOPL augmented with two modal operators K
and B
K(a,T) - a knows T
B(a,T) - a believes T
Distribution axiom:
K(a, T) K(a, T V) K(a, V)
"The agent ought to be able to reason with its
knowledge"
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6. Formal logic
Formal logic is the field of study of entailment
relations, formal languages, truth conditions,
semantics, and inference.
All propositions/statements are represented as
formulae which have a semantics according to
the logic in question.
Logical system = Formal language +
semantics
Formal logics gives us a framework to discuss
different kinds of reasoning.
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25
S =< A , F , A , >
R
R
R F n F , y = y1 ,..., y n x, x, y i F , i = 1, n
Premise set
= {y1 , ... , yn }
E1 = E 0 U {x| y E 0n , y x}
n 1
E0 = A
E 2 = E1 U {x| y E1n , y x}
n 1
E i ( i 0)
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E 0 = A ( = )
| R x, x is provable
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knowledge
propositional first-order
Paul is a man
man(Paul)
Bill is a man
man(Bill)
(x) (man(x)
mortal(x))
First order logic
c
knowledge
first-order
second-order
smaller is
transitive
( x) (( y) (( z)
((<(x,y) <(y,z)
<(x,z)))))
( x) (( y) (( z)
((part-of(x,y)
part-of(y,z)
part-of(x,z)))))
transitive(<)
part-of is
transitive
R is transitive iff
not expressible
transitive(part-of)
( R) ((transitive(R)
( x) (( y) (( z)
((R(x,y) R(y,z)
R(x,z)))))))
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