Assignment 3 (27 09 2010)

MASTER OF ENGINEERING STUDIES
Assignment-3
Page 1
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND

APPLICATIONS
PROFESSOR DR HAMID GHOLAM HOSSEINI
ASSIGNMENT-3
SUBMITTED BY:
FARHAJ AHSAN
STUDENT ID: 1093459
A3.1 PROBLEMS
Assignment-3
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Q 4.6) A continuous-time signal xa(t) is composed of a linear combination of sinusoidal

signals of frequencies 300Hz, 500Hz, 1.2kHz, 2.15kHz, and 3.5kHz. The signal x a(t) is
sampled at a 2.0-kHz rate, and the sampled sequence is passed through an ideal lowpass
filter with a cutoff frequency of 900Hz, generating a continuous-time signal y a(t). What are
the frequency components present in the reconstructed signal y a(t) ?
Solution:
The sampling frequency (fs) of the continuous-time signal xa(t) is given as 2.0kHz.
The given signal xa(t) is composed of a linear combination of sinusoidal signals of
frequencies 300Hz, 500Hz, 1.2kHz, 2.15kHz, and 3.5kHz.
Therefore, the sinusoidal sequence generated after being sampled have the
frequency components of the form fk2000n, - < n < , k= 1, 2, 3..
f1= 300Hz,
f1s= 300, 1700, 2300, 3700, 4300Hz
f2= 500Hz,
f2s= 500, 1500, 2500, 3500, 4500....Hz
f3= 1200Hz, f3s= 1200, 800, 3200, 2800, 5200.Hz

f4= 2150Hz, f4s= 2150, 150, 4150, 1850, 6150.Hz
f5= 3500Hz, f5s= 3500, 1500, 5500, 500, 7500.Hz
Then the sampled signal is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff
frequency of 900Hz i.e., the signal with frequency above 900Hz is removed and
frequency below 900Hz is passed.
Therefore, the reconstructed signal ya(t) has the following frequencies:
150Hz, 300Hz, 500Hz, 800Hz
Q 4.7) A continuous-time signal xa(t) is composed of a linear combination of sinusoidal

signals of frequencies F1Hz, F2Hz, F3Hz, and F4Hz. The signal xa(t) is sampled at a 10-kHz
rate, and the sampled sequence is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff
frequency of 4kHz, generating a continuous-time signal y a(t) composed of three sinusoidal
signals of frequencies 350Hz, 575Hz, and 815Hz, respectively. What are the possible values
of F1, F2, F3, and F4? Is your answer unique? If not, indicate another set of possible values
of these frequencies.
Solution:
The sampling frequency (fs) of the continuous-time signal xa(t) is given as 10kHz.
The generated continuous time signal ya(t) after sampling at 10kHz and passing
through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 4kHz has the frequencies
350Hz, 575Hz, and 815Hz.
Assignment-3
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F1s= 350Hz,
F1= 35010,000n Hz, - < n <

F1= 350, 10350, 9650.Hz
F2s= 575Hz,
F2= 575, 10575, 9425.Hz
F3s= 815Hz,
F3= 815, 10815, 9125.Hz
Hence, the frequencies of the continuous-time signal x a(t) composed of a linear

combination of sinusoidal signals are as follows:
F1= 350 Hz, F2= 575Hz, F3=815Hz, and F4=9650Hz
and the other set of frequencies are
or
From the above, we can say that the answer is not Unique.
Q 4.8) The continuous-time signal xa(t)=4sin(20t)-5cos(24t)+3sin(120t)+2cos(176t) is

sampled at 50Hz rate, generating the sequence x[n]. Determine the exact expression of
x[n].
Solution:
g[n]=ga(nT)..from the equation (4.1) of sk mitra
T - Sampling period; 1/T = FT = sampling frequency
and t = nT,
t = n/FT = n/50
n
n
n
x[n] = 4sin(20** 50 )-5cos(24** 50 )+3sin(120** 50 )+2cos(176**
n
50 )
= 4sin(
2 n
12 n
12 n
88 n
)
-5cos
(
)
+3sin
(
)
+2cos
(
5
25
5
25 )
= 4sin(
2 n
12 n
(10+2)n
(10012)n
)
-5cos
(
)
+3sin
(
)
+2cos
(
)
5
25
5
25
= 4sin(
2 n
12 n
2 n
5 )-5cos( 25 )+3sin(2n+ 5 )+2cos(4n-
2 n
12 n
2 n
12 n
x[n] = 4sin( 5 ) - 5cos( 25 ) + 3sin( 5 ) + 2cos( 25 )
Assignment-3
Page 4
12 n
25 )
Q 4.22) Using eq.(4.35), determine the lowest order of a lowpass butterworth filter with a
0.25-dB cutoff frequency at 1.5 kHz and a minimum attenuation of 25 dB at 6 kHz. Verify
your result using buttord.
Solution:
We first determine and A from eq(4.34a)
10log10
( 1+1 )
2
= -0.25
2= 100.025-1
2 = 0.0593
from eq (4.34b),
1
10log10( A 2 ) = -25
A2= 102.5
A2 = 316.2278
The transition ratio or selectivity parameter k can be determined as:
k=
p
s
=
1
k
1.5
6
1
4
..from eq(4.31)
=4
The discrimination parameter can be determined as:

k1 =
A2 1
.from eq(4.32)
1
k1
1
k1
= 72.9381
A2 1
2
316.22781
0.0593
The order of the filter can be determined from the eq(4.35)

Assignment-3
Page 5
log10 ( 1/k 1)
N=
log 10 ( 1/k )
= 3.0934
Since the order of a filter must be an integer, we round the above up as N = 4

In MATLAB we can determine the order of lowpass butterworth filter as:
[N,wn] = buttord (wp,ws,rp,rs,s)
Where, wp=2**1500; ws=2**6000; rp=0.25; rs=25
MATLAB program for Q4.22
%program to find order of a lowpass butterworth filter
wp=2*pi*1500; ws=2*pi*6000; rp=0.25; rs=25;
[N,wn] = buttord (wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
display(N)
result:
N=4
Q 5.4) Determine the discrete fourier series coefficients, defined in eq.(5.185b), of the
following periodic sequences:
(a) xx 1[n]=cos(n/4)
Solution:
0 N=2 r
From Eq(2.47a)
Where 0= Angular frequency;
N = period of the sequence and is positive integer;
r = any integer
from the given equation, 0 = /4
* N = 2**r
N = 8*r
The lowest value of N can be 8 when r = 1
Therefore, period is N=8
From the eq(5.185b)
N 1
~
X [k ]= ~x [n ]e j 2 kn/ N
n=0
Assignment-3
Page 6
xx 1[n] = cos(n/4) =
~
X
~
X
[k] =
1
2
[k] =
1
2
1 jn/ 4 jn/ 4
( e +e
)
2
2 jn/8 j 2 kn/ 8
n=0
+ e2 jn/ 8 e j 2 kn / 8
n=0
n=0
n =0
e jn2 (k1)/8 + e jn2 (k +1)/8
From the equation (5.11),

1
N
N 1
e j 2 ( kl) n / N
n=0
ejn 2 (k1)/8
n=0
8, for k=1
{0,otherwise
8, for k=7
{0,otherwise
ejn 2 (k+ 1)/ 8
And
n=0
~
X
Hence,
rN
{1, for0, fork =l+
kl
[k] =
k=1,7
{4,0, forotherwise
(b) xx 2[n]= sin(n/3) + 3cos(n/4)

Solution:
0 N=2 r
From Eq(2.47a)
Where 0= Angular frequency;

N = period of the sequence and is positive integer;
r = any integer
From the given equation, 01 = /3
* N1 =2**r
N1 = 6*r
The value of N1 can be 6 when r = 1
Assignment-3
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Therefore, period is N1=6

When 02 = /4
* N2 =2**r
N2 = 8*r
The value of N2 can be 8 when r = 1
Therefore, period is N2 = 8
The period of the entire sequence is the GCM of(6,8) = 24
From the eq(5.185b)
N 1
~
X [k ]= ~x [n ]e j 2 kn/ N
n=0
1 jn/3 jn/ 3
( e e
)
2j
xx 2[n] = sin(n/3)+3cos(n/4) =
~
X
3
2
[k] =
23
23
n=0
n=0
23
n=0
n=0
e6 jn/24 e j 2 kn /24 + e6 jn/24 e j 2 kn/ 24
[k] =
{
23
1
2j
{
23
n=0
j 2 n(k3)/24
n=0
j 2 n(k4 )/ 24
23
e j 2 n(k+3 )/ 24
n=0
23
+ e j 2 n(k +4)/24
n=0

1
N
N 1
e j 2 ( kl) n / N
n=0
23
ejn 2 (k3)/24
n=0
Assignment-3
ejn 2 (k+ 3)/ 24

n=0
rN
{1, for0, fork =l+
kl
for k=3
{0,j12,otherwise
for k=21
{ j12,
0, otherwise
23
And
3 jn/ 4 jn/ 4
( e +e
)
2
e8 jn/24 e j 2 kn /24 e8 jn/24 e j 8 kn /24
23
~
X
3
2
1
2j
Page 8
23
ejn 2 (k4 )/ 24
And
n=0
36, for k =4
{0,otherwise
for k =20
{36,0, otherwise
23
ejn 2 (k+ 4)/24
And
n=0
~
X
Hence,
j12, for k=3

j12, for k=21 and 0 otherwise
36, for k =4,20
[k] =
Q 5.8) Determine the N-point DFTs of the following length-N sequences defined for
n N-1:
(a) xa[n]=sin(2n/N)
Solution:
xa[n]=sin(2n/N) =
1 j 2 n/ N j 2 n / N
(e
e
)
2j
From the eq(5.7)

N1
X [k ]= x [n]e
j 2 kn /N
n=0
Xa[k] =
1
2j
1
2j
, 0 k N-1
N1
N 1
n=0
n=0
e 2 jn/ N e j 2 kn / N e j 2 kn/ N e j 2 n/ N
N 1
e2 j (k1)n / N
n=0
N1
1
e j 2 (k +1)n/ N
2 j n=0

1
N
N 1
e j 2 ( kl) n / N
n=0
N 1
e2 j(k1)n / N
n=0
Assignment-3
Page 9
rN
{1, for0, fork =l+
kl
N , for k =1
{0,otherwise
N 1
e j 2 (k+1)n / N
n=0
Hence,
k =N 1
{N0,, forotherwise
N /2 j , for k=1
N /2 j , for k=N 1
0, otherwise
Xa[k] =
(b) xb[n] = cos2(2n/N)

Solution:
xb[n] = cos2(2n/N) =
1
2
1
2
cos(
4 n
N )=
1
2
1 j 4 n/ N j 4 n / N
(e
+e
)
4
From the eq(5.7)

N1
X [k ]= x [n]e j 2 kn /N , 0 k N-1
n=0
N 1
Xb[k] =
N 1
12
j 2 kn / N
n=0
12 ( e jn/ 4 +e jn/ 4 ) e j 2 kn / N
n=0

1
N
N 1
e j 2 ( kl) n / N
n=0
N 1
e2 jn/ N
n=0
rN
{1, for0, fork =l+
kl
N , for k =0
{0,otherwise
N 1
( e jn/ 4 +e jn/ 4 ) e j 2 kn / N =
n=0
Hence, Xb[k] =
Assignment-3
N
, for k =2, N 2
2
0, otherwise
N
, for k =0
2
N
, for k =2, N 2
4
0, otherwise
Page 10
(c) xc[n] = cos3(2n/N)

Solution:
1
6 n
cos
4
N
( )
xc[n] = cos3(2n/N) =
3
2 n
cos
4
N
( )
From the eq(5.7)

N1
X [k ]= x [n]e
j 2 kn /N
n=0
Xc[k] =
3
4
1
4
N1
N1
N1
n=0
n=0
, 0 k N-1
e j 6 n/ N e j 6 kn / N + e j 6 n/ N e j 6 kn / N
j 2 n / N
j 2 kn / N
n=0
N 1
+ e j 2 n /N e j 2 kn/ N
n=0

1
N
N 1
e j 2 ( kl) n / N
n=0
N 1
6 j (k 1 )n/ N
n=0
N 1
and
6 j (k +1)n / N
n=0
N 1
2 j(k1)n / N
n=0
N 1
And
Assignment-3
e
n=0
2 j(k +1)n/ N
rN
{1, for0, fork =l+
kl
Page 11
N
, for k =3,
2
0, otherwise
N
, for k =N3
2
0, otherwise
N
, for k=1
2
0,otherwise
N
, for k =N1
2
0, otherwise
Hence,
Xc[k]=
N
, for k=3, N 3
8
3N
, for k=1, N 1
8
0, otherwise
Q 5.15) Let x[n], 0nN-1, be a length-N sequence with an N-point DFT given by X[k],
0kN-1. Determine the 2N-point DFT of each of the following length-2N sequences:
(a) g[n] =
1,
{x0,[ nN] ,0 nn 2 NN 1
Solution:
Given that ,
1,
{x0,[ nN] ,0 nn 2 NN 1
g[n] =
N 1
x [n ]W nk2 N
G[k] =
n=0
When k is even, i.e., k=2p

N 1
G[2p] =
x [n ]W 22 pnN
n=0
N 1
x [n ]2pnN
n=0
= X[p],
(b) h[n] =
0 p N-1
{x [n],0, 0N n nN1,
2 N 1
Solution:
Given that,
h[n] =
Assignment-3
{x [n],0, 0N n nN1,
2 N 1
Page 12
2 N 1
H[k] =
Let
n=N
x [nN ]W nk
2N
m = n N => n = m+N
N 1
N)k
x [m]W (m+
2N
Then, H[k] =
m=0
N 1
= (-1)
x [m]W mk2 N
m=0
For k even, i.e., k = 2

N 1
H[2 ] =
x [n ]W 2l2 Nn
n=0
N 1
x [n ]W lNn
n=0
= X[],
0 N-1
Q 6.3) Determine the z-transforms of the following sequences and their respective ROCs:
(a) x1[n]=n[n-2]
Solution:
For a sequence g[n], its z-transform G(z) is defined as
G(z)= g [ n ] zn ,
n=
(6.1)
Where z = Re(z) + jIm(z) is a continuous complex variable.

Since the sequence is right sided sequence the ROC of its z-transform is
exterior to unit circle.
From the eq(6.1)
X1(z) =
n=
Assignment-3
x 1 [n] zn
n [n2] zn
n=
Page 13
n z n
n=2
n zn
1 z-1
1
1
1 z
1 z-1
11+ z z + z
1
1 z
n=0
2 2
2 z2
= 1 z1 ,
|z| > ||
The ROC of the z-transform X1(z) is given as |z| > ||

(b) x2[n] = -n[-n - 3]
Solution:
x2[n] is a left sided sequence, so ROC of its z-transform is interior to the circle.
X2(z) =
n=
x 2 [n] z
n [n3]z n
n=
n n
n =
m z m
3 z 3
1 1 z
m=3
|z| < ||
Hence, the ROC of X2(z) is given as |z| < ||

(c) x3[n] = n[n + 4]
Solution:
Assignment-3
Page 14
x3[n] is a right sided sequence, hence ROC of its z-transform is exterior to the
unit circle.
X3(z) =
n=
x 3 [n] zn
n [n+4 ] zn
n=
n n
n=4
4 z 4
1 1 z
( /z )
1
z
|z| > ||
Hence, the ROC of X3(z) is given as |z| > ||

(d) x4[n] = n[-n]
Solution:
x4[n] is a left sided sequence, hence ROC of its Z-transform is interior to the
unit circle.
X4(z) =
n=
x 4 [n] z
n=
[n] z
n n
n=
n z n
n=0
1
=
Assignment-3
z
a
Page 15
|z| < ||
Hence, the ROC of X4(z) is given as |z| < ||
Q 6.20) Each one of the following Z-transforms

3z
2
z +0.3 z0.18
(a) Xa(z) =
(b) Xb(z) =
3 z +0.1 z +0.87
2
( z+0.6)(z0.3)
has three ROCs. Evaluate their respective inverse z-transforms corresponding to each
ROC.
Solution:
(a)
Xa(z) =
3z
z +0.3 z0.18
2
The given z-transform can be written as :

Xa(z) =
3z
z +0.3 z0.18
2
3z
(z+ 0.6)(z0.3)
3 z1
(1+0.6 z1)(10.3 z 1 )
a
1
1+0.6 z
a=
3
z0.3
b=
b
1
10.3 z
|z=0.6
3
z +0.6
3
= 0.9
|z=0.3 =
Therefore, Xa(z) =
by method of partial fractions
3
0.9
10/3
1+0.6 z 1
10
3
10
3
10 /3
10.3 z1
The three ROCs of Xa(z) are R1: |z| < 0.3; R2: |z| > 0.6; R3: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6
The inverse z-transform for R1: |z| < 0.3 is a left sided sequence
-1
Z {Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
10
3
{(0.6)n (0.3)n }
[-n-1]
The inverse z-transform for R2: |z| > 0.6 is a right sided sequence
Assignment-3
Page 16
Z-1{Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
10
3
{(0.6)n(0.3)n }
[n]
The inverse z-transform for R3: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6 is a two sided sequence
10
Z {Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
3
(0.6)
-1
[-n-1] +
10
n
(0.3)
3
(b)
Xb(z) =
3 z +0.1 z +0.87
2
( z+ 0.6)( z0.3)
The given z-transform can be written as
Xb(z) =
3 z2 +0.1 z +0.87
( z+ 0.6)( z0.3)2
a
= k + 1+0.6 z 1
b
10.3 z1
c
(10.3 z1)2
By solving the above equation by the method of partial fractions

We get the following resolved equation
Xb(z) =
2.333
3.666
1
1+0.6 z
10.3 z1
4.333
+ (10.3 z1)2
The three ROCs are R1: |z| < 0.3; R2: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6; R3: |z| > 0.6
The inverse z-transform for R1: |z| < 0.3 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[-n-1] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[-n-1]
The inverse z-transform for R2: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[-n-1] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[n]
The inverse z-transform for R3: |z| > 0.6 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[n] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[n]
Q 6.43) A causal LTI discrete-time system is described by the difference equation

y[n] = 0.2y[n-1] + 0.08y[n-2] + 2x[n],
where x[n] and y[n] are, respectively, the input and the output sequences of the system.
(a) Determine the transfer function H(z) of the system.
(b) Determine the impulse response h[n] of the system.
(c) Determine the step response s[n] of the system.
Assignment-3
Page 17
Solution:
(a)
y[n] = 0.2y[n-1] + 0.08y[n-2] + 2x[n]
applying z-transform to the above difference equation on both sides

Y(z) = 0.2z-1Y(z) + 0.08z-2Y(z) + 2X(z)
Y(z) - 0.2z-1Y(z) - 0.08z-2Y(z) = 2X(z)
Y(z){1 0.2z-1 0.08z-2} = 2X(z)
H (z)=
(b)
Y (z )
2
=
1
X (z) 10.2 z 0.08 z2
The above transfer function can be written as

H(z) =
a
1
10.4 z
b
1
10.2 z
by the method of partial
fractions
By solving the above equation, we get the following resolved equation
H(z) =
4/3
10.4 z1
2/3
10.2 z 1
Hence from the table 6.1

0.2 n [n]
2
0.4 n [ n ] +
3
4
h [n]=
3
(c)
The step response can be obtained by

S(z) = Z(s[n]) = H(z).Z([n]) =
2
2
1
(10.2 z 0.08 z )(1z )
1
By applying partial fractions to the above equation, we get
S(z) =
10.4 z
a
b
+
1
(1z )
By solving the above equation for a, b, c values

Assignment-3
Page 18
S(z) =
1
10.4 z
2.7778 0.8889

(1z1)
Hence from the table 6.1
0.2 n [n]
0.4 n [n ]+ 0.1111
S [n]=2.7778 [n] 0.8889
A3.2 MATLAB EXERCISE

M 5.1) using MATLAB, compute the N-point DFTs of the length-N sequences of problem
3.19 for N = 4, 6, 8, and 10. Compare your results with that obtained by evaluating the
DTFTs computed in problem 3.19 at = 2k/N, k = 0, 1, 2 N-1.
Solution:
(a)
% program M5.1
N = input('Enter the value of N=');% length of sequence
k = -N:N;
y = ones(1,2*N+1);
w = 0:2*pi/255:2*pi;
Y = freqz(y,1,w);
Ydft = fft(y);%fast fourier transform
n = 0:1:2*N;
plot(w/pi,abs(Y),n*2/(2*N+1),abs(Ydft),'o');
xlabel('\omega/\pi/'),ylabel('Amplitude');
Assignment-3
Page 19
for N = 4
For N = 6
Assignment-3
Page 20
For N = 8
For n = 10
Assignment-3
Page 21
(b)
% program M5.1b
N = input('Enter the value of N=');% lenghth of sequence
k = 0:N;
y = ones(1,N+1);
w = 0:2*pi/255:2*pi;
Y = freqz(y,1,w);
n = 0:N;
plot(w/pi,abs(Y),n*2/(N+1),abs(Ydft),'o');
for N = 4
Assignment-3
Page 22
For N = 6
Assignment-3
Page 23
For N = 8
For N = 10
Assignment-3
Page 24
(c)
% program M5.1c
k = -N:N;
y = ones(1,2*N+1);
y = y-abs(k)/N;
w = 0:2*pi/255:2*pi;
Y = freqz(y,1,w);
n = 0:1:2*N;
for N = 4
Assignment-3
Page 25
For N = 6
For N = 8
Assignment-3
Page 26
For N = 10
Assignment-3
Page 27
(d)
% program M5.1d
N = input('Enter the value of N=');% length of sequence
k = -N:N;
y = N+ones(1,2*N+1)-abs(k);
w = 0:2*pi/255:2*pi;
Y = freqz(y,1,w);
n = 0:1:2*N;
for N = 4
For N = 6
Assignment-3
Page 28
For N = 8
For N = 10
Assignment-3
Page 29
(e)
% program M5.1e
k = -N:N;
y = cos(pi*k/(2*N));
w = 0:2*pi/255:2*pi;
Y = freqz(y,1,w);
n = 0:1:2*N;
for N = 4
Assignment-3
Page 30
For N = 6
For N = 8
Assignment-3
Page 31
For N = 10
Assignment-3
Page 32
M 5.2) write a MATLAB program to compute the circular convolution of two length-N
sequences via the DFT-based approach. Using this program, determine the circular
convolution of the following pairs of sequences:
(a) g[n] = {5, -2, 2, 0, 4, 3},
h[n]= {3, 1, -2, 2, -4, 4},
(b) x[n] = {2-j, -1-j3, 4-j3, 1+j2, 3+j2},

(c) u[n] = cos(n/2),
w[n]= 3n,
v[n]= {-3, 2+j4, -1+j4, 4+j2, -3+j},

0 n 4.
Verify your result using the function cconv.

Solution:
MATLAB Program using DFT approach
%program M5.2 using DFT-based approach
%program M5.2a
g=[5 -2 2 0 4 3];
h=[3 1 -2 2 -4 4];
Y1=fft(g).*fft(h);
y1=ifft(Y1);
display(y1)
%program M5.2b
x=[2-j -1-j*3 4-j*3 1+j*2 3+j*2];
v=[-3 2+j*4 -1+j*4 4+j*2 -3+j];
Y2=fft(x).*fft(v);
y2=ifft(Y2);
display(y2)
%program M5.2C
n=0:4;
u=cos(pi*n/2);
w=3.^n;
Y3=fft(u).*fft(w);
y3=ifft(Y3);
display(y3)
The results are displayed as:
y1 =
-6
9 -16
20
-4
45
y2 =
Columns 1 through 4
Assignment-3
Page 33
11.0000 +25.0000i -9.0000 +48.0000i
3.0000 +17.0000i 29.0000 + 0.0000i
Column 5
-10.0000 +12.0000i
y3 =
-23.0000 -69.0000 35.0000 105.0000 73.0000
MATLAB program using circonv function

%program M5.2a
g=[5 -2 2 0 4 3];
h=[3 1 -2 2 -4 4];
y1=circonv(g,h);
display(y1)
%program M5.2b
x=[2-j -1-j*3 4-j*3 1+j*2 3+j*2];
v=[-3 2+j*4 -1+j*4 4+j*2 -3+j];
y2=circonv(x,v);
display(y2)
%program M5.2C
n=0:4;
u=cos(pi*n/2);
w=3.^n;
y3=circonv(u,w);
display(y3)
The result is displayed as:
3
-4
-2
-4
-2
-2
2
-4
4
-4
-2
2
-4
-2
2
Assignment-3
9 -16
20
-4
-4
-2
y1 =
-6
45
Page 34
Columns 1 through 4
-3.0000
-3.0000 + 1.0000i 4.0000 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i
Column 5
2.0000 + 4.0000i
Columns 1 through 4
2.0000 + 4.0000i -3.0000
-3.0000 + 1.0000i
4.0000 + 2.0000i
Column 5
-1.0000 + 4.0000i
Columns 1 through 4
-1.0000 + 4.0000i 2.0000 + 4.0000i
-3.0000
-3.0000 + 1.0000i
Column 5
4.0000 + 2.0000i
Columns 1 through 4
4.0000 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i 2.0000 + 4.0000i -3.0000
Column 5
-3.0000 + 1.0000i
Columns 1 through 4
-3.0000 + 1.0000i 4.0000 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i 2.0000 + 4.0000i
Column 5
-3.0000
y2 =
Columns 1 through 4
11.0000 +25.0000i -9.0000 +48.0000i 3.0000 +17.0000i 29.0000
Column 5
-10.0000 +12.0000i
Assignment-3
81
27
81
27
81
27
Page 35
27
81
81
27
y3 =
-23.0000 -69.0000 35.0000 105.0000 73.0000
Here, we make use of cconv function to determine the circular convolution as circonv
function is no longer being used.
%program M5.2 using circonv function
%circonv function is outdated. hence we use cconv function to
%determine the circular convolution
%program M5.2a
g=[5 -2 2 0 4 3];
h=[3 1 -2 2 -4 4];
y1=cconv(g,h,6);
display(y1)
%program M5.2b
x=[2-j -1-j*3 4-j*3 1+j*2 3+j*2];
v=[-3 2+j*4 -1+j*4 4+j*2 -3+j];
y2=cconv(x,v,5);
display(y2)
%program M5.2C
n=0:4;
u=cos(pi*n/2);
w=3.^n;
y3=cconv(u,w,5);
display(y3)
y1 =
-6
9 -16
20
-4
45
y2 =
Columns 1 through 4
11.0000 +25.0000i
-9.0000 +48.0000i
Column 5
-10.0000 +12.0000i
Assignment-3
Page 36
3.0000 +17.0000i
29.0000 + 0.0000i
y3 =
-23.0000
-69.0000
35.0000
105.0000
73.0000
The result obtained from both the programs is same. Hence, we can conclude that
the circular convolution can be obtained using DFT and also using cconv function.
M 6.1) using program 6_1, determine the factored form of the following z-transforms:
(a)
2 z 4 5 z 3 +13.48 z 27.78 z + 9
4
3
2
4 z +7.2 z +20 z 0.8 z+ 8
5 z 4 +3.5 z 3+ 21.5 z 24.6 z+18

5 z 4 +15.5 z 3 +31.7 z2 +22.52 z+ 4.8
G1(z) =
(b) G2(z) =
And show their pole-zero plots. Determine all possible ROCs of each of the above ztransforms, and describe of their inverse z-transform (left-sided, right-sided sequences)
associated with each of ROCs.
Solution:
% Program M6.1
% Determination of the Factored Form
% of a Rational z-Transform
%
num = input('Type in the numerator coefficients = ');
den = input('Type in the denominator coefficients = ');
K = num(1)/den(1);
Numfactors = factorize(num)
Denfactors = factorize(den)
disp('Numerator factors');disp(Numfactors);
disp('Denominator factors');disp(Denfactors);
disp('Gain constant');disp(K);
zplane(num,den)
(a) G1(z) =
2 z 4 5 z 3 +13.48 z 27.78 z + 9
4 z 4 +7.2 z 3 +20 z 20.8 z+ 8

Type in the numerator coefficients = [2 -5 13.48 -7.78 9]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [4 7.2 20 -0.8 8]
Numfactors =
Assignment-3
Page 37
1.000000000000000 -2.100000000000001
5.000000000000003
1.000000000000000 -0.399999999999998
0.900000000000000
Denfactors =
1.000000000000000
2.000000000000000
4.999999999999996
1.000000000000000 -0.200000000000000
0.400000000000004
Numerator factors
1.000000000000000 -2.100000000000001
5.000000000000003
1.000000000000000 -0.399999999999998
0.900000000000000
Denominator factors
1.000000000000000
2.000000000000000
4.999999999999996
1.000000000000000 -0.200000000000000
0.400000000000004
Gain constant
0.500000000000000
0.5(12.1 z 1 +5 z2 )(10.399 z1+ 0.9 z 2 )
Hence, G1 ( z )= (1+2 z1+ 4.99 z 2 )(10.2 z1+0.4 z2 )
The pole-zero plot of
Assignment-3
G1 (z)
is given as:
Page 38
There are 3 region of convergence for
G 1 (z) . They are:
R1 :| z|< 0.4 , its inverse z-transform is left sided sequence.

R2 : 0.4 <|z|< 5 , its inverse z-transform is a two sided sequence.
R3 : |z|> 5 , its inverse z-transform is a right sided sequence.
(b) G2(z) =
5 z +3.5 z + 21.5 z 4.6 z+18

5 z 4 +15.5 z 3 +31.7 z2 +22.52 z+ 4.8

Type in the numerator coefficients = [5 3.5 21.5 -4.6 18]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [5 15.5 31.7 22.5 4.8]
Numfactors =
1.000000000000000
1.200000000000002
4.000000000000005
1.000000000000000 -0.500000000000001
0.899999999999997
Assignment-3
Page 39
Denfactors =
1.000000000000000 2.101461104467252 4.001712027439878
1.000000000000000 0.596081942686077
1.000000000000000 0.402456952846671
Numerator factors
1.000000000000000
1.200000000000002
4.000000000000005
1.000000000000000 -0.500000000000001
0.899999999999997
Denominator factors
1.000000000000000 2.101461104467252 4.001712027439878
1.000000000000000 0.596081942686077
1.000000000000000 0.402456952846671
Gain constant
1
(1+1.2 z1+ 4 z2)(10.5 z1 +0.899 z2)
Hence, G2 ( z )= (1+2.101 z1+ 4 z2)(1+0.596 z 1)(1+ 0.402 z1)
The pole-zero plot of
There are 4 ROCs for
Assignment-3
G2 (z)
is given as:
G2 ( z) . They are:
Page 40
R1 :| z|< 0.4 , its inverse z-transform is left-sided sequence.

R2 : 0.4<|z|<0.6 , its inverse z-transform is a two sided sequence.
R3 : 0.6<|z|<2 , its inverse z-transform is a two sided sequence.
R4 :|z|>2 , its inverse z-transform is right sided sequence.
M 6.2) Using program 6_3, determine the partial-fraction expansions of the z-transforms
listed in problem 6.2 then determine their inverse z-transform.
Solution:
%program M6.2
% Partial-Fraction Expansion of Rational z-Transform
%
num = input('Type in numerator coefficients = ');
den = input('Type in denominator coefficients = ');
[r,p,k] = residuez(num,den);%gives the partal fractions
disp('Residues');disp(r')%numerator coefficients of partial
fractions
disp('Poles');disp(p')%gives the poles
disp('Constants');disp(k)%gives the constants
(a)
Xa(z) =
3z
z +0.3 z0.18
2
Type in numerator coefficients = [0 3]

Type in denominator coefficients = [1 0.3 -0.18]
Residues
-3.3333
3.3333
-0.6000
0.3000
Poles
Constants
0
Therefore, Xa(z) =
Assignment-3
3.33
1
1+0.6 z
Page 41
3.33
1
10.3 z
The poles for the z-transform are at z = -0.6 and z = 0.3

The three ROCs of Xa(z) are R1: |z| < 0.3; R2: |z| > 0.6; R3: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6
The inverse z-transform for R1: |z| < 0.3 is a left sided sequence
Z-1{Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
10
3
{(0.6)n (0.3)n }
[-n-1]
The inverse z-transform for R2: |z| > 0.6 is a right sided sequence
Z-1{Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
10
3
{(0.6)n(0.3)n }
[n]
The inverse z-transform for R3: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6 is a two sided sequence
Z-1{Xa(z)} = xa[n] =
10
3
(0.6)n
[-n-1] +
10
n
(0.3)
3
(b)
Xb(z) =
3 z +0.1 z +0.87
( z+ 0.6)( z0.3)2
Type in numerator coefficients = [3 0.1 0.87]
Type in denominator coefficients = [1 0 -0.27 0.054]
Residues
Columns 1 through 2
2.333333333333335
-3.666666666666670 + 0.000000087665732i
Column 3
4.333333333333334 - 0.000000087665732i
Poles
Columns 1 through 2
-0.600000000000000
0.300000000000000 - 0.000000007172651i
Column 3
0.300000000000000 + 0.000000007172651i
Constants
0
Assignment-3
Page 42
We get the following resolved equation

Xb(z) =
2.333
3.666
1
1
1+0.6 z
10.3 z
4.333
+ (10.3 z1)2
The three ROCs are R1: |z| < 0.3; R2: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6; R3: |z| > 0.6
The inverse z-transform for R1: |z| < 0.3 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[-n-1] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[-n-1]
The inverse z-transform for R2: 0.3 < |z| < 0.6 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[-n-1] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[n]
The inverse z-transform for R3: |z| > 0.6 is given as:
Z-1{Xb(z)} = xb[n] =2.333(-0.6)n[n] + (-3.666 + 4.333(n+1))(0.3)n[n]
M 6.3) Using program 6_4, determine the z-transform as a ratio of two polynomials in z -1
from each of the partial fraction expansions listed below:
Solution:
% program M6.3
% Partial-Fraction Expansion to Rational z-Transform
%
r = input('Type in the residues = ');
p = input('Type in the poles = ');
k = input('Type in the constants = ');
[num, den] = residuez(r,p,k);
disp('Numerator polynomial coefficients'); disp(num)
disp('Denominator polynomial coefficients'); disp(den)
(a) X1(z) = 3 -
4
7
1
1
5+ z
6z
, |z| > 0.2,
Results are displayed as:

Type in the residues = [-4/5 -7/6]
Type in the poles = [-1/5 1/6]
Type in the constants = 3
Numerator polynomial coefficients
Assignment-3
Page 43
1.0333
0.0000 -0.1000
Denominator polynomial coefficients

1.0000
0.0333 -0.0333
Hence, the equation can be expressed as

X 1 (z )=
1.03330.1 z2
1+ 0.0333 z10.0333 z2
(b) X2(z) =
2.5+
3
1.4 + z
1
2
1+0.4 z
1+ 0.6 z
|z| > 0.25,
Solution:
Type in the residues = [3 -0.7-0.6455*i -0.7+0.6455*i]
Type in the poles = [-0.4 -0.7746*i 0.7746*i]
Type in the constants = -2.5
-0.9000 -2.5600 -0.1000 -0.6000
1.0000
0.4000
0.6000
0.2400
Hence, the equation can be expressed as:

X 2 ( z) =
(c)
4+2 z1 2
4
X 3 ( z )=
0.92.56 z10.1 z20.6 z 3

1+ 0.4 z1 +0.6 z 2 +0.24 z3
|z| > 0.8
Solution:
Assignment-3
Page 44
Type in the residues = [1.5 2.5 2.5 -0.25]

Type in the poles = [-0.5 -0.8*i 0.8*i -0.5]
Type in the constants = 0
6.2500
5.7500
2.0500
0.4800

1.0000
1.0000
0.8900
0.6400
0.1600

X 3 ( z )=
6.25+5.75 z1+ 2.05 z 2 +0.48 z3

1
2
3
4
1+ z +0.89 z +0.64 z +0.16 z
(d)
X 4 ( z )=5+
2
z
+
1
1
2
4 +3 z
4+3 z + 0.9 z
|z| > 0.75
Solution:
Type in the residues = [0.5 0.4303*i -0.4303*i]
Type in the poles = [-0.75 -0.3750-0.2905*i -0.3750+0.2905*i]
Type in the constants = -5
-4.5000 -6.8750 -3.6376 -0.8438
1.0000
1.5000
0.7875
0.1688

X 4 ( z )=
Assignment-3
4.56.8750 z 13.6376 z20.8438 z3

1+1.5 z 1 +0.7875 z2+1.688 z3
Page 45
M 6.4) Using program 6_5, determine the first 30 samples of the inverse z-transforms of the
rational z-transform determined in problem M6.3. Show that these samples are identical to
those obtained by explicitly evaluating exact inverse z-transforms.
Solution:
% Program M6.4
% Power Series Expansion of a Rational z-Transform
% Read in the number of inverse z-transform coefficients to be computed
L = input('Type in the length of output vector = ');
% Read in the numerator and denominator coefficients of
% the z-transform
num = input('Type in the numerator coefficients = ');
den = input('Type in the denominator coefficients = ');
% Compute the desired number of inverse transform coefficients
[y,t] = impz(num,den,L);
disp('Coefficients of the power series expansion');
disp(y')
4
7
1
1
5+ z
6z
(a) X1(z) = 3 -
, |z| > 0.2,
Which can also be expressed as below :

X 1 (z )=
1.03330.1 z2
1+ 0.0333 z10.0333 z2

Type in the length of output vector = 30
Type in the numerator coefficients = [1.0333 0 -0.1]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [1 0.0333 -0.0333]
Coefficients of the power series expansion
Columns 1 through 9
1.0333 -0.0344 -0.0644
0.0010 -0.0022
0.0001 -0.0001
0.0000 -0.0000
Columns 10 through 18
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
Assignment-3
Page 46
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000
The inverse z-transform is given as:

1 n
[n]
6
X1[n] =
1 n
7
[n]
5
6
4
3 [ n]
5
For n = 0, x1[0] = 1.0333; for n = 1, x2[1] = -0.0344..

Hence, the samples are identical.
(b) X2(z) =
2.5+
3
1.4 + z1
1+0.4 z 1 1+ 0.6 z 2
|z| > 0.25,
The above equation can also be expressed as:

X 2 ( z) =
0.92.56 z10.1 z20.6 z 3

1+ 0.4 z1 +0.6 z 2 +0.24 z3

Type in the numerator coefficients = [-0.9 -2.5 -0.1 -0.6]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [1 0.4 0.6 0.24]
Columns 1 through 9
-0.9000 -2.1400
1.2960
0.3816 -0.4166 -0.3733
0.3077
0.2009 -0.1754
-0.1242
0.1067
0.0740 -0.0638 -0.0445
0.0383
0.0267 -0.0230 -0.0160
0.0138
0.0096 -0.0083 -0.0058
0.0050
0.0012 -0.0011 -0.0007
Assignment-3
Page 47
0.0035 -0.0030 -0.0021
0.0018
0.7746i [n]
0.7746i n [ n ] +(0.7+0.6455 i)
0.4 n +(0.70.6455 i)
x 2 [ n ] =2.5 [ n ] +3
From the above Inverse z-transform we can get,
x2[0] = -0.9; x2[1] = -2.14; x2[2] = 1.296.
Hence, the samples are identical
1 2
(c)
4+2 z
4
X 3 ( z )=
|z| > 0.8
The above equation can also be written as:

6.25+5.75 z1+ 2.05 z 2 +0.48 z3
(
)
X3 z =
1+ z 1 +0.89 z2 +0.64 z 3 +0.16 z4
Type in the numerator coefficients = [6.25 5.75 2.05 0.48]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [1 1 0.89 0.64 0.16]
Columns 1 through 9
6.2500 -0.5000 -3.0125 -0.0625
2.0636
0 -1.3146
0.0039
0.8359
0.0020 -0.5381
0.0007
0.3432
0.0002 -0.2200
0.0576
0.0000 -0.0369
0.0001
0.1407
0.0000
0.0236
0.0000 -0.0151
-0.0901
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0097
0.0000
The inverse z-transform is given as :

X3[n] = 1.5(-0.5)n[n] + 2.5(-0.8)n [n] + 2.5(0.8)n [n] 0.25(n+1)(-0.5)n [n]
From the above equation we can get the following values:
Assignment-3
Page 48
X3[0] = 6.25; X3[1] = -0.5; X3[2] = -3.0125

Hence, the samples are identical
(d)
X 4 ( z )=5+
2
z 1
+
4 +3 z1 4+3 z1+ 0.9 z 2
|z| > 0.75
The above equation can also be written as:

X 4 ( z )=
4.56.8750 z 13.6376 z20.8438 z3

1+1.5 z 1 +0.7875 z2+1.688 z3
The result is displayed as below:

Type in the numerator coefficients = [-4.5 -6.875 -3.6376 -0.8438]
Type in the denominator coefficients = [1 1.5 0.7875 0.1688]
Columns 1 through 9
-4.5000 -0.1250
0.0936 -0.1262
0.1367 -0.1215
0.0958 -0.0712
0.0518
-0.0378
0.0280 -0.0209
0.0157 -0.0118
0.0089 -0.0067
0.0050 -0.0038
0.0028 -0.0021
0.0016 -0.0012
0.0009 -0.0007
0.0005 -0.0004
0.0003
-0.0002
0.0002 -0.0001

X4[n] = -5[n] + 0.5(-0.75)n[n] + 0.4303i(-0.3750-0.2905i)n [n] -0.4303i(0.3750+0.2905i)n [n]
From the above equation we can get the sample values as below:
X4[0] = -4.5;
X4[1]= -0.125 ;
X4[2]= 0.0936....
Hence samples are identical.
Assignment-3
Page 49
Assignment-3
Page 50

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MASTER OF ENGINEERING STUDIES

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND

PROFESSOR DR HAMID GHOLAM HOSSEINI

Q 4.6) A continuous-time signal xa(t) is composed of a linear combination of sinusoidal

f1s= 300, 1700, 2300, 3700, 4300Hz

f2s= 500, 1500, 2500, 3500, 4500....Hz

f3= 1200Hz, f3s= 1200, 800, 3200, 2800, 5200.Hz

Q 4.7) A continuous-time signal xa(t) is composed of a linear combination of sinusoidal

F1= 35010,000n Hz, - < n <

F2= 575, 10575, 9425.Hz

F3= 815, 10815, 9125.Hz

Hence, the frequencies of the continuous-time signal x a(t) composed of a linear

Q 4.8) The continuous-time signal xa(t)=4sin(20t)-5cos(24t)+3sin(120t)+2cos(176t) is

The discrimination parameter can be determined as:

The order of the filter can be determined from the eq(4.35)

Since the order of a filter must be an integer, we round the above up as N = 4

e jn2 (k1)/8 + e jn2 (k +1)/8

From the equation (5.11),

ejn 2 (k+ 1)/ 8

(b) xx 2[n]= sin(n/3) + 3cos(n/4)

Where 0= Angular frequency;

Therefore, period is N1=6

e6 jn/24 e j 2 kn /24 + e6 jn/24 e j 2 kn/ 24

From the equation (5.11),

ejn 2 (k+ 3)/ 24

e8 jn/24 e j 2 kn /24 e8 jn/24 e j 8 kn /24

ejn 2 (k+ 4)/24

j12, for k=3

From the eq(5.7)

From the equation (5.11),

(b) xb[n] = cos2(2n/N)

From the eq(5.7)

From the equation (5.11),

(c) xc[n] = cos3(2n/N)

From the eq(5.7)

From the equation (5.11),

When k is even, i.e., k=2p

For k even, i.e., k = 2

Where z = Re(z) + jIm(z) is a continuous complex variable.

The ROC of the z-transform X1(z) is given as |z| > ||

Hence, the ROC of X2(z) is given as |z| < ||

Hence, the ROC of X3(z) is given as |z| > ||

Hence, the ROC of X4(z) is given as |z| < ||

Q 6.20) Each one of the following Z-transforms

The given z-transform can be written as :

by method of partial fractions

By solving the above equation by the method of partial fractions

Q 6.43) A causal LTI discrete-time system is described by the difference equation

y[n] = 0.2y[n-1] + 0.08y[n-2] + 2x[n]

applying z-transform to the above difference equation on both sides

The above transfer function can be written as

by the method of partial

Hence from the table 6.1

The step response can be obtained by

By applying partial fractions to the above equation, we get

By solving the above equation for a, b, c values

A3.2 MATLAB EXERCISE

h[n]= {3, 1, -2, 2, -4, 4},

(b) x[n] = {2-j, -1-j3, 4-j3, 1+j2, 3+j2},

v[n]= {-3, 2+j4, -1+j4, 4+j2, -3+j},

Verify your result using the function cconv.

11.0000 +25.0000i -9.0000 +48.0000i