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FinalReport_MEGHbyShantilalShah
EngineeringCollegeBhavnagar043

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1

7%match(Internetfrom06Oct2014)
http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/2881/1/Pdf_file.pdf
3%match(studentpapersfrom05Jul2014)
SubmittedtoIndianInstituteofTechnology,Bombayon20140705
3%match(Internetfrom08Mar2016)
http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/246/1/project(hemant)_08.05.09.pdf
2%match(Internetfrom24Sep2009)
http://www.geocities.com/smozoma/creative_content/fusion.htm
2%match(Internetfrom26Apr2016)
http://www.iter.org/sci/fusionfuels
2%match(publications)
Kopasz,J.P.."Tritiumreleasefromlithiumtitanate,alowactivationtritiumbreedingmaterial",
JournalofNuclearMaterials,199409
2%match(Internetfrom16Nov2015)
http://www.iter.org/mach/Tokamak
1%match(Internetfrom10May2015)
http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJACT/2015/Volume1Issue1/IJACTV1I1P105.pdf
1%match(Internetfrom19Mar2015)
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion

1%match(publications)
https://www.turnitin.com/newreport_printview.asp?eq=1&eb=1&esm=1&oid=674700093&sid=0&n=0&m=0&svr=07&r=57.830983424169126&lang=en_us

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10

11

12

Miller,J.M.."Testingoflithiumtitanateasanalternateblanketmaterial",JournalofNuclear
Materials,199409
1%match(publications)
Zhou,Qilai,YueGao,KaiLiu,LihongXue,andYouweiYan."FabricationofLi2TiO3pebbles
byaselectivelasersinteringprocess",FusionEngineeringandDesign,2015.
1%match(Internetfrom15Dec2009)
http://www.iterindia.res.in/fusionenergy/what_is_fusion_1.htm

1%match(publications)
Mandal,D.."Preparationandcharacterizationoflithiumtitanatepebblesbysolidstate
reactionextrusionandspherodizationtechniquesforfusionreactor",FusionEngineering
andDesign,201201

13

14

15

16

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1%match(studentpapersfrom30Jan2015)
SubmittedtoNationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkelaon20150130
1%match(Internetfrom05Dec2015)
http://us.wow.com/wiki/ITER
1%match(Internetfrom08Apr2016)
http://www.iter.org/proj/inafewlines
1%match(Internetfrom12Aug2012)
http://jocpr.com/vol4iss42012/JCPR20124420012004.pdf

papertext:
1.1Introduction

4Thehumannatureisdependinguponelectricityforthefunctionofourtechnical

society.Weuseelectricitytolightourworld,toheatourhomes,andtotransfer
theinformation,etc.Itisexpectedthatafter5yearsourenergyconsumption

willbeincreasedby80%,as

fastgrowthoftechnologyinworld.

4Ifmakingtechnologiesmoreefficient,thiscouldpossiblybeloweredtoonly
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40%.Unfortunately,ourresourcescannotsustaineventhisamountofenergy
useforever.Wecurrentlyusefossilfuelscoal,oil,andnaturalgasformost
ofourenergyconsumption.Fossilfuelsare

nonconventionalenergysources.Asper

4thecurrentrateofconsumption,wecouldfindourselveswiththeshortageof

fossilfuelsinthiscenturyonly.Thecombustionofthesefuelsalsoreleasethe
largeamountsofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,contributingtothe
greenhouseeffect.[

16]

4Nuclearfissionaccountsapproximately20%ofcurrentenergyproductionin
world.Innuclearfissionpowerplants,heavyatomsaresplitintolighteratoms,

produceinconvenientamountsofradioactivewasteproductswhicharehardto
disposesafely.Theuranium235usedinthesereactions,issomewhatlimited.
Solar,wind,hydroelectricandgeothermalenergyaresomeothermethodsof
creatingelectricity,buttheycannotgeneratenearlyenoughenergytosatisfy
demands.

Asperthecurrentrateofelectricityconsumption,thenuclearfusionprocessisakeyforproductionof
electricity.

4Nuclearfusionisareactioninwhichtwolighternucleiarejoined(fused)to

createalargernucleus.

1.2FusionNuclearfusionisaprocessofmakingasingleheavynucleusfromtwolighternuclei.Large
amountofenergyreleasedbythisprocess.Thestartingnucleiarelighterthanthenucleusatomwhichis
madebythefusionreactionbutcombinationoforiginalmassesofstaringnucleiisheavierthannucleus
atom.Thelotsofenergygainedbythelostofmassesfromafusionprocess.

9ThisisshowninEinstein'sfamousE=mc2equation.[18].Fusionhappensin

themiddleofstars,likeSun.

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Heliumwasmadebythefusedofhydrogenatoms.

9Thisreleaseslotsofenergy.Thisenergypowersconvertedintoheatandlight

ofthestar.Notallelementscanbejoined.Lighterelementsareeasilyjoined
thantheheavierelements.Iron(ametal)onlyfusewiththeiratoms.Thisisthe
causesofstarttodie.Starsjoinedbyalltheiratomstogetherandmakeaheavier
atoms,

thisprocessdocontinueuntiltheystartstomakeironaftertheprocessgoesendbecauseironcannot
reactwithanyotherelements.Thestarscooldownanddie.Nuclerfusionrequiremoreenergytostartthe
reactionandalsoreleasedthelargeramountofenergythenconsumed.Nuclearweaponshaveaonly
successfulapproach.Fusionreactionhasbeenstartedbytheatomicbombofhydrogen.Controllingand
containingthefusionreactionandgeneratetheelectricitysafely,itistheaimofthescientistand
engineers.

9Theystillhavemanychallengestoovercomebeforefusionpowercanbeused

asacleansourceofenergy.[

16]

12ADeuteriumandaTritiumnucleusfusetoproduceaHeliumnucleusanda

neutron.Thereactionproduces17.6MeVofenergy,outofwhichtheHelium
carries3.5MeVandtheneutron14.1MeV.Inaplasmaundergoingfusion,the
reactionscanbeselfsustained,aspartofthekineticenergyoftheresulting
chargedHeliumcanbeusedtomaintaintheveryhightemperaturesrequired
tosustainthefusionreactions.

TheSun

9generatesitsenergybynuclearfusionofhydrogennucleiintoheliumInits

core,theSunfuses620millionmetrictonsofhydrogeneachsecond.

1.3FusionBreedingMaterialThenextfewyearsthenuclearfusionprocessworkedbasedonadeuterium
(D2O)andtritiumreaction.sincethefusionreactioniseasiesttoachieve.Thecollidationofmaterialis
hardbutitalsogoestoafusionreaction.

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17Therequirementsofmultipleandhighenergycollisions3offuelnucleiare

metinahot,denseplasma.Thisisthereactionbetweentheheavyisotopesof
hydrogen,deuterium(D),andtritium(T)whichonfusionyieldsanparticle(He)
andaneutronand17.6MeV[

19].2D+T?He+n+17.58MeV3420%Heenergy=3.52MeV480%neutronenergy=14.08MeV
Powerplantoperationcycleworkedcontinuouslyunderthefuelflowofdeuteriumandtritiummaterialin
nuclearchamber.Deuteriumisaeasilyavailablefromtheheavywaterandseparatebytheelectrolysis
process,andtheearthcontain1013metrictonsofdeuterium.Butthetritiumavaibilityinainsufficient
amount.Tritiumnaturaloccurrenceisverysmallamount.Hydrogenavaibilityis1016%foundonaearth.
Thetritiumproducedbythelithiumisotopes.Deuteriumisaharmless,virtuallyexhaustiblesourceand
widelyavailable.AndavailablefromtheseawaterbuttheTritiumisafastdecayingradioelementof
hydrogenwhichoccursonlyintracequantitiesinnature.Itcanbeproducedduringthefusionreaction
throughcontactwithlithium.Figure1.1NuclearFusionofdeuteriumandtritium[13]D+T
4He+n+17.588MeV6Li+n4He+T+4.7828MeVD+6Li24He+22.4Mev1.4Requirementofthelithiumused
foraproductionoftritiumLithiumisalightestmetalandleastdensesolidelement.Highlyreactiveand
flammablelikeallalkalies,soItisstoredinamineraloil

1.Lithiumhasbeenidentifiedastheonlyfeasibleelementtobreedtritium

material.Li6andLi7isatwonaturallyoccurringisotopes,the

1latterbeingthemoreabundant(92.5%naturalabundance).Bothnatural

isotopeshaveabnormallownuclearbindingenergypernucleoncomparedto
thenextheavierandlighterelements,berylliumandhelium,whichisalonestable
lightelements.Foratomswithlowatomicnumbers,anucleusthathasa
differentnumberofneutronsthanprotonscanpotentiallydroptoalowerenergy
statethrougharadioactivedecaythatcausesthenumberofneutronsand
protonstocloselymatch.Theprotonandneutronaredifferenttypesofdemons.

ThePauliExclusionPrincipleisaquantummechanicaleffectthatconstrains
identicaldemons,suchasmultipleprotons,fromoccupyingatthesametime
andsamequantumphysical

states.Thuswithitsownenergylevel

1everyprotoninthenucleusmustoccupyadifferentstate,
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1andthesameruleappliestoalloftheneutrons.

Forthesamequantumstate,theconstraintsofprotonandneutrondonotapply.lithium

1hasanextraneutroninitsatomicnucleiandthushadalowervalueofproton

toneutronratiowhichmakesitsbindingenergytobelow.ThismakesLithium
tobesuitablefortritiumbreedingthananyotherelement.1.

5Workingofthetritiumbreedingmaterial1.5.1ITERMachineMegaengineeringprojectonnuclearfusion
doingbytheITER(Internationalthermonuclearexperimentalreactor

15),whichwillbetheworld'slargestmagneticconfinementplasmaphysics

experimentwhichiscurrentlybuildingtheworld'slargestexperimental
tokomaknuclearfusionreactoradjacenttotheCadarachefacilityinthesouth

France.[

22]Figure1.2Tokamak[11]TheITERprojectaimstomakethelongawaitedtransitionfromexperimental
studiesofplasmaphysicstofullscaleelectricityproducingfusionpowerplants.The

15ITERfusionreactorhasbeendesignedtogenerate500megawattsofoutput

powerwhilegiving50megawattstooperate.

Somethingthathasnotyetbeenachievedinanyfusionreactor.Theprojectisfundedandrunbyseven
memberentitiestheEuropeanUnion,India,Japan,China,Russia,SouthKoreaandtheUnitedStates.
BeyondITER,itisanticipatethatdemonstrationfusionreactorscouldbeconstructed

1thatcanproduceelectricalpowerandbecommercialized.Toachievethisinthe

shortesttimescale(thefasttrack),studieshaveshownthatasidefromthe
operationofITER,a

materialtestingisaparallelprogrammedwouldbeneeded.[17].Indiagiveshis10%supporttothemaking
ofitermachineanditerIndiaworkingonatestblanketmodule.1.5.2.HowdoestokomakWorksHere,

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5usethehydrogenisotopestritiumanddeuteriumtofuelthefusionreaction.

5Tritiumisproduced,or"breed,"whenneutronsescapingtheplasmainteract

withlithiumcontainedintheblanketwallofthetokamak.

andthenfusedofdeuteriumandtritiumitiscalledfusionfuel.Inside,undertheimpactofextreme
gaseoushydrogenfuel,pressureandheat,

7becomesaplasmaahot,electricallychargedgas.Inastarasinafusion

device,plasmasprovidetheenvironmentinwhichlightelementscanfuseand
yieldenergy.[

17].FFigure1.3PlasmaGenerationField[20]

16Thechargedparticlesoftheplasmacanbecontrolledandshapedbythe

massivemagneticcoilsplacedaroundthevesselphysicistsusethis
importantpropertytoconfinethehotplasmaawayfromthevesselwalls.The
term"tokamak"comestousfromaRussianacronymthatstandsfor"toroidal
chamberwithmagneticcoils.

When

7starttheprocess,impuritiesandairarefirstevacuatedfromthevacuum

chamber.Next,themagnetsystemsthatwillhelptocontrolandconfinethe
plasmaarechargedupandthegaseousfuelisintroduced.Asapowerful
electricalcurrentisrunthroughthevessel,thegasbreaksdownelectrically,
becomesionized(electronsarestrippedfromthenuclei)andformplasma.

Figure1.4ITERDEMOReactor[14]

7Astheplasmaparticlesbecomecollideandenergizedtheyalsobegintoheat

up.Auxiliaryheatingmethodshelptobringtheplasmatofusiontemperatures
(between150and300millionC).Particles"energized"tosuchadegreecan
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overcometheirnaturalelectromagneticrepulsiononcollisiontofuse,
releasinghugeamountsofenergy.

1.5.3.TestBlanketModule

5Blanketmodulescontainlithium,areactionoccurs:theincomingneutronis

absorbedbythelithiumatom,whichrecombinesintoanatomoftritiumandan
atomofhelium.Thetritiumcanthenberemovedfromtheblanketandrecycled
intotheplasmaasfuel.Containinglithiumarereferredtoasbreeding
blankets.Throughthem,tritiumcanbebreedindefinitely.Oncethefusion
reactionisestablishedinatokomak,deuteriumandlithiumaretheexternal
fuelsrequiredtosustainit.Bothofthesefuelsarereadilyavailable.Afuture
fusionplantproducinglargeamountsofpowerwillberequiredto"breed"allof
itsowntritium.ThroughitsTestBlanketModule(TBM)program,ITERwillbe
thefirstfusiondevicetotestthisessentialconceptoftritiumselfsustainment.

ITERIndiaworkingonthistestblanketmodulesLLCB(leadlithiumceramicblanket)andHCPB(helium
cooledpebblebed).whichisapartofthatTokomakMachine.[18]Figure1.5MainPartsofMachine[19]
Figure1.6schematicDiagramofTBM

11.6DifferentkindsofbreedermaterialsandtheirpropertiesLithiumbased

14ceramicssuchasLi2O,Li2AlO3,Li4SiO4,Li2ZrO3andLi2TiO3havebeen

consideredascandidatesfortritiumbreedingmaterialsinDTfusionreactors
oftheITERtestblanketmodule(TBM)forDEMOreactor[

1314][1617]LithiumoxideLi2O:Lithiumoxide(Li2O)

1isanattractiveceramicbreedermaterialbecauseofitshighlithiumatom

densityfortritiumbreeding,highthermalconductivity,goodtritiumrelease
propertiesandlowactivation.However,attemperaturesbelowamoisture
pressuredependentcriticalvalue(e.g.,366Cat10Pa),LiOHwillprecipitate
outasaseparatephase,therebyincreasingtritiumretentiontounacceptable
levels.ThisalsoresultsintransportofLithiumtocoolerzonesofBlanket.
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LithiumaluminateLi2AlO3:

1LithiumaluminatemightbesuperiortoLi2Obecauseofitshighermelting

temperatureandbetterswellingresistance,broaderoperatingtemperature
excellentirradiationbehavior.Howeveritrequiresahigherminimumoperating
temperaturetomaintainlowtritiuminventory.Effectiveneutronmultiplier
requiredforadequatebreeding.Tritiumreleasecharacteristicsarepoor.
Lithiumzirconate

(Li2ZrO3):Lithiumzirconate(Li2ZrO3),

1whilenotasattractiveasLi2Owithregardtobreeding,heattransportand

activation.Activationofzirconiumisaconcern,thoughitissmallin
comparisontothatfromtheblanketstructuralmaterials.Italsoexhibitslow
tritiumretentionatlowoperatingtemperatures,compatibilityandstability
(chemical,irradiation,andmicrostructural)isatleastasgoodastheother
ternaries

14(Li4SiO4andLiAlO3)andmuchbetterthanthatofLi2O.Li2ZrO3haslong

termradioactivecharacteristicsthanLi2O,Li4SiO4,Li2TiO3

Lithiumsilicate(Li4SiO4):Lithiumorthosilicate(Li4SiO4)

1possessesgoodlithiumatomdensityandexhibitsthemostfavorabletritium

releasebehavior

Li4SiO4does

1notproducelonglivedactivationproductsduringtheirradiationprocess

Materialfragmentseverely,duetodifferentialthermalexpansionHighest
lithiumvaporizationrateandlittlesensitivitytomoisture.LithiumTitanate

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(Li2TiO3):

1Lowactivationceramicmaterialforuseintritiumbreedingandhavegood

tritiumreleasepropertiesBetterthermalconductivitythanotherbreeder
materialsaswellhighthermalstabilityHighchemicalstability,highmechanical
resistanceReactivitytomoistureisveryleescomparedtootherbreeder
ceramicsGoodcompatibilitywithstructuralmaterials

sLiteraturesReviewofLi2TiO3Ceramicmaterial(1)

11FabricationofLi2TiO3pebblesbyaselectivelasersinteringprocess,
Publishedina

2015onAElsevier.Authors:QilaiZhoua,YueGaob,KaiLiuc,LihongXuea,YouweiYanaInaselective
lasersinteringprocesshavethepebblesshouldbemadebythelasersinteringprocessheretheLi2TiO3
powdershouldbepreparedbyourdesiredprocessandthenEpoxyresinwasaddedintotheLi2TiO3
powdertomakeup20wt%contentinthepowdercomposite.2.1SLSProcess

11Selectivelasersintering(SLS)isaknownprocesses.SLStechnologycan

produceavarietyofthreedimensionalpartspreparedinalayerbylayer,
startingfromacomputerdesignmodelwithoutusingamoldorperform.In
termsofceramicmaterials,theceramicpolymermixtureorcomposite
powdersareusuallyusedasstartingmaterialsduetothehighmeltingpointof
ceramics.The

greenbodyissubsequentlyhightemperatureanddebinded,sintering

11toeliminatebindersandincreasedensity.

Figure:2.2Schematic

11illustrationofSLSprocessforLi2TiO3pebbles

(2)PreparationandCharacterizationofthelithiummetatitanateceramicsbysolutioncombustionmethod
forIndianLLCBTBM,publishedina2013onaFusionscienceandtechnologyvol65Authors:
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A.Shrivastava,M.makwana,P.chaudhri,E.RajenderkumarLi2TiO3powderpreparationdobythismethod,
thereispropermixingandhomogeneitypresentinsolution,herefirstmakeaTiO(OH)2anditisamixture
ofTiO2(titaniumdioxide)mixedwiththehighlyconcentratedsulfuricacid(H2SO4)withthepresenceof
ammoniumsulfate(NH4OH)withconstantheatingandpreparetitanylhydroxideTiO(OH)2forremovethe
ammoniaandsulfatecontinuallywashingofthatmaterialsnowaddthenitricacid(HNO3)andtoget
TiO(NO3)2nowaddthelithiumcarbonate(Li2CO3)citrictometalratio(C/Mratio)is1.Li2CO3addedata
constantheatingrate,herewecanseethecombustionbytherepHratio.Andyellowishgelgetting,after
furtherheatingblackishcolorthere.rectiondoneat900oCandthencalcinedat600oC2handgetpure
Li2TiO3powder.(3)FabricationandcharacterizationofLi2TiO3coreshellpebbleswithenhancedlithium
density,Publishedina2013onJournalofNuclearMaterials445(2014)111116andonElsvier
Authors:MingHong,YingchunZhang,YingyingMi,MaoqiaoXiang,YunZhangThelithiumlithiummass
lossanddensitycontroltheatdesiredtemperature,developmentofextraLiinLi2TiO3Pebbles,Li2TiO3
coreshellpebbleswithdifferentLiandTimolarratioswerefabricatedbyagelcastingprocess.Li2TiO3
powderswerepreparedbysolidstatereaction.ItisastartingmaterialsforthefabricationofLi2TiO3
coreshellpebbles.WeadoptedLi2CO3asthelithiumimproverduetoitssuitablehightemperatureand
solubilityinwater.,whichare1.36gper100gsaturatedsolutionat15oCto720oCinairatmosphere,
Firstly,gelsphereswhichcontainedacertainproportionofLi2CO3andLi2TiO3werepreparedbyagel
castingmethodpreparedgelsphereswerewashedbydeionisedwater.Thesinkingtimewasfixedat30
secondsinordertoeasilyadjusttheshellthickness.ThegradualdissolutionofLi2CO3intheouterlayer
formedbyaLi2TiO3.Afterdrying,thegreenpebbleswerecalcinedinairatmospheretoremovethe
organicagent,andfinallytheyweresinteredinN2atmospheretoobtainLi2TiO3coreshellceramic
pebbles.Figure2.3TheformationofLi2TiO3coreshellpebbles:(I)washinganddrying(II)calciningand
sintering.ThefabricatedpebblesexhibitadisparatestructurewithaLi2TiO3Li4TiO4criticalphasecore
andpureLi2TiO3shell.Thethicknessoftheshellcanbeeasilymanagedbypreciselymanipulatingthe
amountofwaterandwashingtimes.Thestructureandcrushload,densitythermalconductivityetc.
propertiesdependuponthepebbleswasalsoinfluencedbyLi/Tiratio.(4)FabricationofLi2TiO3pebbles
byafreezedryingprocess,publishedina2013onaFusionEngineeringandDesign88(2013)3091
3094,ElsvierAuthors:SangJinLeea,YiHyunParkb,MinWooYuaLi2TiO3pebbleswerefabricatedby
usingafreezedryingprocess.MaketheLi2TiO3slurryofpowderwhichisballmilledandaddD.I.water.
Slurrycompositionwasvariedfrom1:1.5to1:1wt%(Li2TiO3powder:D.I.water).0.2wt%glycerineand
slurriesweredroppedbyasyringeneedledirectlyintoliquidnitrogen.Thefrozenpebblesweredried
undervacuumwhichisusedasafreezingdryer.Nitrogengasusedasafreezingdrier,removethepores
aspossibleandthisgasgivessphereocitytothepebbles,slowdryingprocessunderalowvacuumwere
effectiveforthefabricationofcrackfreepebblesinthefreezedryingmethodandDegassingofthe
Li2TiO3slurry.SeethemicrostructureinaSEMmicroscopeofsinteredpebbles.Thesimpleandeasily
repeatablefreezedryingprocessproposedherewillbeausefulmethodforthefabricationofaspherical
andporousceramicpebblewithproperstrength.Figure2.4GelCasting(5)Thermaldecomposition,
phaseevolution,sinteringandcharacterizationoflithiumtitanatesynthesizedbysolgelprocess,
Publishedina2011byProcessingandapplicationofceramicAuthors:SanjayKumar,Srinivasan
Ramnathan,NagaiyarKrishnamurthy

1Studiedthewaterbasedsolgelmethodforthepreparationof
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Li2TiO3.

1Inthisworktheyhaduseddeionizedwaterinsteadofethanolasthereaction

mediuminconventionalhydroxidealkoxidesolgelroute.Inthisprocess
LiNO3,Tiand

(C6H6O7)2citricacid

1wasusedasthetitaniumsourceandlithiumsource,respectively.Citricacid

(C6H8O7)wasusedasthechelatingagentandammoniasolutionandmakeatitaniumtetrabutoxide(Ti
(C4H9O)4)

1wasusedtoadjustthepHofthesolution.

Desiredamountofthesolwasaddeddropwiseintoasolutionoflithiumnitrateget,thegelwasdriedat
150oC/12hr.Calcinationofthedriedgelperformedat500oC/4hr.Theprimaryparticlesizeofthepowder
wassmallerthan50nmconfirmedbyTEM.Thesinteredpelletsfabricatedfromthepowderat1100Cfor
4hreachedadensityof90%ofT.D(TrueDensity).Butthemicrostructureshowspresenceofsignificant
amountofclosedporewhichmaybedetrimentalfortritiumrelease.(6

13)Preparationandcharacterizationoflithiumtitanatepebblesbysolidstate

reactionextrusionandspherodizationtechniquesforfusionreactorpublishedina2011onElsevierAuthor
Name:D.Mandala,D.Sathiyamoorthyb,V.GovardhanaRaocWorkonasolidstatereactionprocessfirst
mixthelithiumcarbonateandtitaniumoxideattheirstoichiometricratioandalsoaddtheisopropyl
alcohol(IPA)forfinemixtureandtakenintoplanetaryballmillingfor5to6hours,andThenmixedand
milledpowderswereclassifiedinavibratorysieveshaker.Particlessizelessthan45mwereseparated
andoversizedwererecycledintheballmill.Now,thispowdertakenintoaluminacruciblesandputintoa
mufflefurnaceforcalcinationat1000oC,5Hoursthisprocessdoneforareleasethecarbondioxidefrom
thepowderandgainthelithiumtitanatebutheregainedpowderisnotafinepowderandnotreadyto
makethepebbles/pelletssothispowderagainballmillwithisoPropylalcoholwhichislessamountof
takenthan1sttimeballmilledandthe2ndtimeballmillingrunningfora6hourto7hourandthen
evaporatetheIPAandconsumedthefineLi2TiO3powderwhichisreadytouse.(7)Analysisofstructural
andthermalpropertiesofLi2TiO3ceramicpowderspublishedina2011onaceramicinternational
17(2011)12451249,ElsevierAuthours:R.Ramaraghavulu,S.Buddhudu,G.BhaskarKumarThelithium
titanatepowdermadebysolidstatemethodandtakea600oC,700oC,800oC,900oCandsintering
temperaturefindat800oC,andalsoshowtheXRDandSEMresult,forthisdefinedtemperature,andfind
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theTGDTAProfile,ramanspectraanddielectricpropertieshavebeenalsostudied(8)Singlestep
synthesisofLi2TiO3powderpublishedina2010inaJournalofNuclearMaterials399(2010)162
166,ElseivierAuthors:AmitSinha,S.R.Nair,P.K.SinhaAprocessmethodbasedonsolidliquid
combustionsynthesishasbeendevelopedtoproducehighpurityLi2TiO3directlyaftercombustion.The
processdoesnotcallforanyadditionalheattreatmentforphaseformation.LiNO3,anduncalcined
TitaniumDioXidepowderwereusedasstartingmaterialsforthepreparationofLi2TiO3powder.
EquimolaramountofaqueousqsolutionofLiNO3wasmixedwithTiO2.Inthesolutionammoniumnitrate
wasusedintheformofanadditionaloxidizerandglycinethemixed.Thecombustionreactionwas
completedinlessthat10s.Powderispreparedthentakeatdifferentsampleatdifferenttemperaturefor
sinteringandfinditscharacteristicslikedensity,XrayDiffration,Particlesizeanalysisetc.GiveConclusion
thatatwhichtemperaturepowdershouldbegivenhighdensity/90%truedensityforPebblesPreparation.
Theprocessdoesnotcallforanyadditionalheattreatmentforphaseformation.Thepowderproduced
throughthisroutecouldbesinteredto90%ofthetheoreticaldensityat1100oC.TheLi2TiO3powder
producedbythepresentprocessseemstobesuitableformakinghighdensitypebblesforfusionbreeder
material.(9)

8Characteristicsoflithiumtitanatefabricatedbyanorganicinorganicsolution

route,

publishedin2008onaJournalofCeramicProcessingResearchVol.9.Authors:SangJinLeeThestudy
onacrystallinedevelopmentoftheLi2TiO3

8precursorateachtemperatureispresentedinFig.Thefirstcrystallizationof

themonoclinic

Li2TiO3phasewasobservedat300oC,

8andthepeaksgraduallydevelopedasthetemperatureincreasedretainingthe

monoclinicstructure,whichhasanarrowhomogeneityrange.Thefirst
crystallizationtemperatureof

300oC

8wassignificantlylowerincomparisonwiththecaseofsolidstatereactions.

TheLi2TiO3powdercrystallizedat300oC

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8showedabrightgreycolor,however,thecolorchangedtoawhitecolorat

400oC.The

8greycolormaybeduetotheresidualcarbonderivedfromthepyrolized

polymer,andthiswasexaminedbylookingatthethermaldecomposition
behavioroftheprecursor.Asignificantweightlosswasalsoobservedat

thistemperatureSimultaneouslybytheremovaloffreeorganicsandcarbon.Figure2.5XRDResult
Figure2.6SEMAnalysis,calcinationat300oCFractureFromthisresult,itiscertainthatallpolymerswere
burnedoutby272oC.However,intherealcalcinationprocess,someresidualcarbonmayhaveexistedto
aslightlyhighertemperature,duringthecalcinationprocessresultedintheporousandsoftpowder
microstructureasshowninFig.Inthisstudy,carbonfreeLi2TiO3powder,obtainedbycalcinationat
400oC.(10)FabricationofLi2TiO3pebblesbytheextrusionSpherionizationsinteringprocess,published
ina2002onaElsevierAuthorName:J.D.Lulewicz,N.RouxStudyaboutthepebblespreparationfromthe
Li2TiO3powder,herefirstwemakealithiumtitanatePowderbytheaboveliterature[432]butherewe
considersolidstatereactionprocessandthenmakeapebblesbytheextrudermachine,firstextrudethe
materialandmakeasphericalshapeballsandthenSpherionizedtheroundspheresanditsalsocalled
tumblingforpropershapeandthensinteredfor900oC,1000oC,1100oCfor5hoursforitshardnessand
strengthAndthenitsusedasablanketmaterialforreleasingthetritium.(11)Mechanicalalloyingand
millingPublishedina2001onaElsevierAuthor:C.SuryanarayanaThefastermillrotatesthehigher

3energyinputintothepowder.But,dependingonthedesignofthemillthere

aresomelimitationstothemaximumspeedthatcouldbeemployed.For
example,inaconventionalballmillincreasingthespeedofrotationwill
increasethespeedwithballsmove.Aboveacriticalspeed,theballswillbe
pinnedtotheinnerwallsofthevirtualanddonotfalldowntoexertforce.
Therefore,themaximumspeedshouldbejustbelowthiscriticalspeedsothat
theballsfalldownfromthemaximumheighttoproducethemaximum
collisionenergy.

Figure2.7zirconiumOxideBalls

3Anotherlimitationtothemaximumspeedisthatathighspeedsofmiiling,the

temperatureofthemayreachahighvalue.Thismaybeadvantageousinsome
caseswherediffusionisrequiredtopromotehomogenizationoralloyingin
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thepowders.But,insomecases,thisincreaseintemperaturemaybea
disadvantagebecausetheincreasedtemperatureacceleratesthe
transformationprocessandresultsinthedecompositionofsupersaturated
solidsolutionsorothermetastablephasesformedduringmilling.High
temperaturesgeneratedmayalsocontaminatethepowders.Ithasbeen
reportedthatduringnanocrystalformation,theaveragecrystalsizeincreases
andtheinternalstraindecreasesathighermillingintensitiesduetothe
enhanceddynamicalrecrystallization.

(12)EffectofSinteringTemperatureonDensity,PorosityandHardnessofaPowderMetallurgy
ComponentpublishedinaInternationalJournalofEmergingTechnologyandAdvancedEngineering,
(ISSN22502459,Volume2,Issue8,August2012Authors:GoutamDutta1,Dr.DipankarBose2In
Powdermetallurgy,Porosity,densityandhardnessofmaterialincreasedordecreasedratedependonhis
temperatureif,thetemperatureincreasedthedensityincreasedandporosityofmaterialdecreasedand
hardnessalsoincreased(13)ReviewofpropertiesoflithiummetatitanatePublishedina1998ona
ElsevierAuthor:P.GierszewskiThemolecularweightwascalculatedusingstandardatomicmasses.The
bulkdensityandlithiumatomdensitywerecalculatedassumingthatthevaluesgiveninappliedtonormal
7.5%Lienrichedmaterial.1.MechanicalpropertiesofLi2TiO3Severalintrinsicmechanicalpropertiesof
lithiummetatitanatehavebeenmeasuredbyatroomtemperatureforarangeofporosities.These
materialshadgrainsizesofroughly12mm,andwereslightlyreducedinLicontent(Li/Ti=1.9).Published
thedataofacrushstrength.basedonabestfittothedatabyaWeibullcorrelation,whilereportsmean
strength.In,thermalcyclingteststo1270Kfor60cyclesshowedsignificantreductioninstrengthwith
thesepebbles.However,informationontitanatepelletsshowsthatimprovedmechanicalbehavioris
possible,andasresult,thesevaluesareexpectedtoimproveasfabricationprocessesareoptimized.2.
ThermalpropertiesofLi2TiO3Thermalconductivityisaheattransferagent.Generally,thermal
conductivitydecreaseswithincreasingporosityandincreasingtemperatureandisverysensitiveto
defectsandimpuritiescomingfromthematerialprocessing.Theeffectivethermalconductivitydepends
onthesizeanddensityofpebbles,packingfraction,surfaceconditions,gaspressure,gascomposition,,
andgasflowrate.Similarlylinearthermalexpansionisanimportantcharacteristictoo.Thecrackingand
divisionoftheceramicmaterialshavetobeminimizedtoavoiddifferenceintheheattransferthroughout
thebreedermaterial,whichcaninhabitsthetritiumrecoverysystem.measuredthethermaldiffusivityand
heatcapacityoflithiumtitanate(Li2TiO3)ceramic(preparedfromcommerciallyavailableLi2TiO3powder)
andfromtheseresultsthermalconductivityhascalculatedinthetemperaturerangeof300to1000K.
(14)Tritiumreleasefromlithiumtitanate,alowactivationtritiumBreedingmaterialpublishedin1994ona
Elsevier.Authors:J.P.Kopasza,J.M.Millerb,C.E.JohnsonLi2TiO3sphereis

6irradiated,andthetritiumreleaseexaminedinpostirradiationannealingtests,.

Tempering
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6werecarriedoutunderaconstantheatingrate(1,2or5K/min)in

6aseriesofconstanttemperaturetempering(600223K)wasperformed.The

tritiumreleasewasmonitoredonlineusingeitheranionizationchamberora
proportionalcounter.

6ConstanttemperaturetemperingunderapurgegasofHe

60.1%Hwereperformedonextrudedmaterialsinteredat1673K.Atypicalset

oftritiumreleasecurvesisshowninFig.Alargemajorityofthetritiuminthe
sampleisreleasedatarelativelylowtemperature,inthiscase603K.

Figure2.8AtDifferenttemperatureTritiumrelease

6However,itappearsthatthereistritiumpresentinthesamplewhichwillnot

bereleasedatthistemperature,

Temperaturesbetween603

6and723Kvariedfrom72to90%ofthetotaltritiuminthesample,withthe

percentagereleasednotperfectly

6dependentontheannealtemperature.Themajorityof

the

6remainingtritiumwasreleasedatthesecond

annealattemperaturesbetween806and926K.Afterthe995Kthetritiumreleasingratiogoestolower
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amountbecauseitsPassingfromahighertemperature.(15)Testingoflithiumtitanateasanalternate
blanketmaterialpublishedin1994onElsevierAuthors:J.M.Miller,H.B.Hamilton,J.D.S.dlivan

10LithiumdensityinLi2TiO3,isthesameasthatforzirconate,anditsmelting

temperatureisalsosame.Thermalconductivityisbetterthanthatforthe
zirconateorthesilicate,butlessthanforoxide.

whencomparedwiththezirconated,

10Longtermwasteproblemsshouldbelow.

10Preliminarytritiumreleasestudiescarriedoutearlyinthedevelopmentof

lithiumceramicsforbreederblanketsshowedthatthispropertywasalso

desirable

10propertiesofinterestincludetritiumrelease,irradiationbehavior,and

compatibilitywithotherblanketcomponentsandblanketoperating
parameters.Fabrication,recycling,andwastemanagementarealsoimportant
parametersintheselectionprocess.

.IndiaisdevelopingLi2TiO3(lithiumTitanate)withsolidstatereactionmethodatinstitituteofplasma
research.LithiumtitanatewillbekeptinsidethecanistersofTBMininternationalthermonuclear
experimentalreactorinformofsphericalpebblebed.Typcalsizerangeofthispebblebedwouldbe
~1mm.Thispebblebedwillfacehighenergyneutronfluxwhichwouldleadittoatelevatedtemperature
upto900oC.Attheseelevatedtemperaturesthematerialpropertieswillvaryaccordingtothe
temprature.Thereforestudyofvariousphysical,mechanicalandthermalpropertybecomesessential.The
productionprocessofthismaterialinvolvesoperationofhightemperaturefurnace,planetryballmilling
operationandthenvacuumoven.OnceLi2TiO3powderisprepared,itwillpassthroughtheprocessof
ceramicextrusionfollowedbytheSpherionizedceramics.Eachbatchofthematerialisbeingsendto
qualitycontrol.Variousphysicalcharacterization(crystalstructure,truedensity,bulkdensity,porosity,and
grainsizeparticle&pebblesizedistribution)andthermalcharacterizationwillalsobecarriedoutduring
theperiod.Fewmechanicalcharacterizationwillalsobeperformedasapartoftheproject.Objective?
Literaturesurveyonlithiumcompoundsfavorablefortestblanketmoduleasalithiumbreeder.?
Thermogravometricstudyoflithium&titaniumcompoundwithitsmolarfraction&othervariables(Temp.,
gas,etc.)?PreparationofsmallquantityofLi2TiO3powderwithvariousisothermalconditions.?
CrystallographicanalysisandphasepurityanalysisofobtainedpowderwithXraydiffractionMethod.?
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Measuringofphysicalpropertiesofobtainedproduct(truedensity,particlesizeanalysis).4.1lithium
titanatepowderpreparation4.1.1PowdersynthesisprocessLi2TiO3PowderSynthesisMethods:1.Solid
StateMethod2.Solutioncombustionreaction3.SolgelmethodSolidstatereactiondirectcontact
betweenthetwosolidsolidrawmaterialsandtheydonotreactattheroomtemperature,werequirevery
hightemperaturetofortwosolidsamongthemselvesItseasytocovertsolidtosolidformandproduceda
largeamountofpowder.Produceproductswithsmallcrystallites/highsurfaceareaAdvantagesofthis
reactionoverothermethods:Suitableformassproduction.Thismethodforcommercialproduction
SimpleapparatusandinexpensiveCharacterizationandatwhichtemperaturepowdershouldbe
preparedorfeasibletouse.4.1.1Reactantgrinding&mixingwithhighenergyballmillHere,theatomic
massofLi2CO373.89g/mol,TiO279.87gm/mol,Li2TiO3109.7472g/molandforCO244gm/molnow,
23+223+273.89+79.87109.7472+44153.76153.7472Here,takeratiobetweenthe
Li2CO3andTiO2withLi2TiO3So,for100gmLi2TiO3Li2CO367.3274gm/molstoichiometricRatioTiO2
72.776gm/molLi2CO3(lithiumcarbonate,ACSreagent99.0%,SigmaAlderich)andTiO2(Titanium
dioxide,ACSreagent99100%,SigmaAlderich)takeaStereometricratio(1:1,molar),addisopropylalcohol,
tomakeaslurry.Reactantsarefurthergrinded&mixedinsidetheZirconiabowlwithzirconiumoxides
balls(100Balls,1.6balltopowderratio),ballmilledinamachineat350rpmfor3hr.Ifspeedofthe
millingisveryhighuptotheircriticallevelatthatstagetheballspinnedtotheinnerwallanddonotfall
downwithoutanyexertsforce,and

3millingtimedependsuponthetypeofmillandsizeofgrindingifthemilling

timedoforlongtimethenmaterialchangetheircrystallinestructure,afterthegrindingprocess,the
reactantsarerecoveredfromZirconiabowlbyusingisopropylalcohol.Theexcessalcoholisfurther
recoveredbythedistillationmethod.ThentakeitforCalcinationsinanelectricallyheatedmufflefurnace.
Aftercalcinations,Li2TiO3isformedwhichishardinnaturealongwithcoarseparticlesize.Thisparticle
sizeisnotsuitableforthepebblepreparation.Pebblepreparationneedsfineparticlesizethereforethis
materialisagaingrindedwithhighenergyballmill.4.1.2LithiumtitanatepowdersynthesisbytheSolid
StateReactionProcesschartasdiscussed:Li2TiO3PowderPreparationIsopropanolLiCO23TiO2Iso
PropaRecoverBallmilling,3hrCalcinedGrindingPebbleFabricationSizePebblesFabrication
Under/OverGreenPebblesSintered1100oC,5hrsFigure4.1FlowchartoftheSolidstatereaction
Process4.1.3ProcessofpowdermakingImages(a)PlanetaryBallmill(Wetgrinding)(c)Furnace
(b)Vaccumoven(Drying)d)calcinatedofpowder(e)Obtainedcoarsepowder(f)FinePowderFigure4.2
Processimages4.1.4PlannedexperimentsTheseveralexperimentsareplannedtopinpointthereaction
temperatureoftherawmaterials.Toobservetheeffectofthereactiontimeseveralexperimentsare
plannedwithreactiontime.Atestmatrixof9x3ispreparedtoanalyzethisbehavior.Afterthe
experiments,sampleswillbecharacterizedwithXraydiffractionforphasepurityanalysis.Table:4.1
ExperimentalPlanTemp.5006007008009001000105011001150Hours48124812481248124
8124812481248124812FixedWeightsRawmaterial144.1.5PebblesPreparation/Fabrication
LithiumTitenate(Li2TiO3),materialhaveexcellenttritiumreleasebehaviour,aswellasthermophysical
andthermochemicalcharacteristics.Severalresearchershavealreadybeencarriedoutonthefabrication
methodsofLi2TiO3.Amongvariouswellknownmethods,wehaveselectedextrusion&spheronization
method.Severalmethodsarementionedbelow.(1)extrusionSpherionizationsintering[26](2)wet
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process[27](3)Gelcasting[28](4)Melting/spraying[29](5)Freezegranulationmethod[30](6)Solution
gelationmethodHere,usedtheExtrusionSpherionizationsinteringProcess

13Smallquantityofaqueoussolutionofpolyvinylalcoholwasaddedto

prepareapasteandisfedintoadierollerextruder(1mmsieve).Andthe
extrudedstrips/Curlswerefedintoaspheroids(anequipmentusedatvariable
speedofchequeredcirculardisc)of3.25mmpitchtopreparespherical
pebbles.Thedriedpebbleswere

sinteredat1100Cfordifferentdurations.8090%truedensityofthismaterial.Toproduce1mm1.2mm
pebbles.4.1.6FabricationmethodsforlithiumtitanatebyextrusionSpherionizationImagesforPebbles
Fabrication(a)Extruderspheriodisermachine(b)PVABindermixesinaPowder(c)Extruding(d)Curls
(e)Spherionization(f)SphericalPebblesbeforesintering(e)AfterSinteringFigure4.3PebblesFabrication
5.1EffectofExperimentData(R&DRun)For10gm.Li2TiO3Powder/BatchReceivedGrindedraw
material1:1molarWeseeinachapter4table4.1,thereare27experimentscarriedout,itsdefinedthat
thepowdershouldbegetatwhichtemperaturebythedifferentcharacterizationsdoneonapowder.Table
5.1ExperimentalResultMaterialTemperatureRampupTimeBeforeweight,,gmAfterweight,gmFinal
Weight%500481214.11814.01514.08411.6311.1410.9982.38379.49678.056600481214.060
14.00114.04510.0910.1610.0171.75272.56571.269700481214.09014.07314.01510.0810.19
9.9171.53472.42471.191800481214.09814.1114.0610.0210.149.9071.04571.84771.184
Li2TiO3900481214.09214.0914.1910.0210.1010.0871.03971.68071.0481000481214.09
14.073414.0410.029.919.9071.00570.41070.5521050481214.2914.1814.0610.19.989.96
70.66971.35070.6691100481214.2014.7914.0010.0410.369.8870.37370.18170.617115048
1214.0814.0014.109.919.919.9070.17670.05070.233Now,thegrphiacalrepresentationdefinedthat
atwhichpowdertemperatureshouldbepreparedforpebblesproduction(a)calcinationsat4hr(b)
calcinationsat8hr(c)calcinationsat12Figure5.1calcinationsProcessofLi2TiO3PowderHere,above
threedifferentgraphssinteredat4hr,8hr,12hr.anditscomparewiththe%offinalweightwith
temperature.Wecanseethatthetemperatureincreasestheweightofpercentageisdecreased.Figure
5.2Mixedgraphof4,8and12hrsofLi2TiO3PowderInaabovegraphwecansaythatthepowder
startingtopreparedat600oCto1150oCtheratiobetweenthistemperaturesislittlebitdifferencestheir,
nowdensityandXraydiffractioncharacterizationdoneofthispowder.5.1.1PhaseanalysisbyXRay
Diffractionpowder[31]Xraydiffractiondefinedphaseidentificationofacrystallinematerialandprovides
informationofthematerial.Theanalyzehomogeneityinamaterialandfinelyground,anddefinedthebulk
composition.Latticeparameters,Crystalstructure,Phaseidentity,CrystalstructurePercent,Phasepurity
Crystallinity,phasecomposition.TheconstructionofXrayequipmentweremadethetathetamovement
ofthegoniometerandchangesoftheXraybeampathlikeparallelbeamopticswhichprovidesflexibility
ofsampleproperties,pinholeandglassfibercollimators,positionsensitiveand2Ddetectionsystemsfor
large2thetacoverageandfastdataacquisition.Xraysareproducedbybombardingametaltarget
(copperandmolybdenumusually)withabeamofelectronsdischargefromahotfilament(often
tungsten).Forsimulationsofphysicaloperationsorphasereactionstudies,nonambientchambershave
beendevelopedforsamplecharacterization.ConstructionofnewLowtemperature(LT)andhigh
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temperature(HT)chamberswithgoodtemperaturehomogeneityprovidethebasisforaccurate
measurementsunderwithoutambientconditions.ThisleadstoBragg'slaw,whichdescribesthecondition
onfortheconstructiveinterferencetobeatitsstrongest.Where,nisapositiveintegeristhe
wavelengthofincidentwave.=5.1.2XRDAnalysis(a)calcinationsatdifferenttemperaturefor
4hrs,Li2TiO3Powder(b)calcinationsatdifferenttemperaturefor8hrs,Li2TiO3Powder(c)calcinationat
differenttemperaturefor12hrs,Li2TiO3PowderFigure5.3XRDanalysisAbovedatacollectedforLI2TiO3
JCPDS0003308331,threedifferentgraph4,8,and12shownthatafter900CtheLi2TiO3startto
prepareasapuresubstancebelowthatthelithiumcarbonateandtitaniumoxideimpuritypresenttheir
andTheeffectofdifferentcalcinationsonLi2TiO3powder,areshowninfig,theimpurityremoveafter
900C,whichconfirmthegrowthofcrystalsathighercalcinationstemperatures.,atahighertemperature
themonoclinicstructureconvertintocubicstructure,thepowderparticlesarealsotakeasharpedgeand
notgetfinegrainpowdersotheydontcapabletousedpebblesfabrication.Highertemperaturealso
affectstrengthanddensity.so,wechoosethe1000C,5hr.5.2FabricationofLi2TiO3PebblesLi2TiO3
PebblesfabricatedbytheExtrusionSpherionizationsinteringprocess,firstlydeterminedtheparameters
forfabrication.InaparametersthePVA(PolyVinaylAlcohol)usedasabindermaterial,thisbindertakea
ratioof10%PVA(900mlwater,86gmPVA,Solidsubstance),3%PVA(900mlWater,27gmPVASolid
Substance)andIPA(IsoPropylAlcohole)Doing40ExperimentstofindtheparametersforFabrication,
herearesomeofthemTable5.2.PebblesParametersMaterialWeight(gm)PVA(10%)mlPVA(30%)mlIPA
mlRemarks1000108no1000910no100079no1009100noLi2TiO3100785no100854no
100776no100953yes100794yes1008103yesNow,thepebblesmadebythebelow
parametersandsinteredattwodifferenttemperatureandfindsitcharacteristics.Table5.2.1Sintering
ResultMaterialWeight(gm)PVA(10%)mlPVA(3%)mlIPAmlRemarksAfterextrusionSpherionization
BeforeweightAfterweightTemp.130010155255.12232.071100oC5hr2Li2TiO310010155
85.18177.3591100oC5hr31001015589.6880.1811100oC5hr410.771015510.778.29
1000oC5hrAfterfabricationsinteringprocessthepebblessizearedifferentsotheysegmentedbythe
sieveshakerequipment.DatagivenbybelowtableTable5.2.2sieveshakingResultSr.noSieveno(mm)
1.weight(gm)%ofWeight2.weight(gm)%ofWeight3.weight(gm)%ofWeight10.50.8514.056.102858
2.3653.10111062.683.34411920.851.18103.544.95723.5130.82753129.03636.2312821.181.40
40.817.7221812.162115.94757615.519.3409841.401.7035.8415.5677219.6425.75298616.76
20.9132251.702.0013.275.7640529.7612.7978187.8199.7565916221.769.451829911.801267
7.41279.249607SubTotal230.2276.26380.14075.2.1PebblesSizeDistributionGujaratTechnological
University,AhmedabadSizedistributiondatacollectedbytheabovetableno5.2.2itsdefinesdifferent
rangeofpebblesbytheirtotalweightratio.(a)(b)(C)Figure5.4PebblessizedistributionPebbles
CharacterizationshouldbecontinueLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLab
ScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
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ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithium
TitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScale
ProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramic
PebblesLabScaleProductionOfLithiumTitanateCeramicPebbles

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Page26GujaratTechnologicalUniversity,AhmedabadPage27Gujarat
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University,AhmedabadPage29GujaratTechnologicalUniversity,Ahmedabad
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