WELCOME !

A digitally operating electronic system, designed

for use in an industrial environment, which uses a
programmable memory for the internal storage of
user-oriented instructions for implanting specific
functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting
and arithmetic, to control through digital or analog
inputs and outputs, various types of machines and
processes.

HPCs are conventional control systems

incorporating programs as permanent wiring to the
individual component. The control function is
implemented through hardware.

PLCs operate with a program written by the

user in the form of laid down instructions which are
stored in a memory. The control function therefore is
implemented through software.

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Simple to install and quick modification of programs

Small proportion of hardware for universal applications
Easy fault finding or simple troubleshooting
Automatic documentation
Programming without hardware
Extension using modules
High reliability and processing speed
Low space requirement and low power consumption
No moving parts hence no wearing of parts

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Serial processing
Programming unit required
High initial cost for simple processes
Sensitive to dust, high temperature and high
humidity
Repair must be made by qualified personnel
No uniform programming language

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2.
3.

Parallel processing
Small cost for small systems
Advantage to small scale operation

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Difficult to change
Large proportion of hardware
Complicated fault finding
Larger performance requirement
Construction only possible after parts
are available
Extensions not easily made

6.

The INPUT MODULES accepts a variety of digital or analog signals

from various field devices (sensors) and converts them into a logic
signal that can be used by the CPU.
The CPU makes decisions and executes control instructions based on
program instructions in memory.
The OUTPUT MODULES convert control instructions from the CPU
into a digital or analog signal that can be used to control various field
devices (actuators).
A PROGRAMMING DEVICE is used to input the desired instructions.
These instructions determine what the PLC will do for a specific input.
An OPERATOR MODULE device allows process information to be
displayed and new control parameters to be entered.

1. HARDWARE
It pertains to all electronic and mechanical
components of a computer system which includes:
Central Control Unit ( CCU )
Central Processor Unit
System memory
Power Supply
Peripherals
Input and Output Peripherals
Connecting cables
Personal Computer

Depending on the CPU model, the PLCs can be connected to

power supply voltage levels of 24 VDC or 120/230 VAC.
Note that the internal circuitry of the PLC is much like that
of a computer and therefore only operates on the same
internal computer voltage levels of 5 volts DC and 12
volts DC.

The internal circuitry of the PLC is much like that of a

computer and therefore only operates on the same internal
computer voltage levels of 5 volts DC and 12 volts DC.

Much like the input modules conversion of voltage level,

the output module has the same task of transforming
the internal voltage level of the PLC back to the original
24 VDC output voltage level.

2. SOFTWARE
It pertains to programs which specify the conditions
under which the components in the installation are to be
triggered.
The software program, running on a PC, may be
used to create a program for the PLC and is typically
specific to one PLC or a family of PLCs.
The programming languages in PLC includes:
a. Instruction List ( IL )
b. Structured Text ( ST )
c. Ladder Diagram ( LD )
d. Function Block Diagram ( FBD )
e. Sequential Function Chart ( SFC )

3. SENSORS
They are electronic devices that report to the PLC
the status of the system to be controlled and if
necessary, non-electrical signals are converted to
electrical ones in order that they may be accepted by
the input module. Sensor may include:
a. Limit switches
b. Cylinder switches
c. Inductive sensors
d. Capacitive sensors
e. Reflective sensors
f. Others

4. ACTUATORS
Actuators are the components that make devices
move or start working.
These actuators may be:
Motor Starters for Electrical Motors
Solenoid Valves for Cylinders
Encoder for Motor Controls

5. PROGRAMMER
It refers to the programming devices that are used
to write the PLC programs and translate the programs
into machine codes for the CCU until it is transferred to
the program memory for testing. Programmers include:
a. Handheld Programming Console
b. Personal Computer

1. INSTRUCTION LIST
A text-based Low-level type of programming
language which is based on how the processor works
and consists of control instruction. Every instruction
consists of an operator and an operand.
Operator

A
AN
=
EP

Operand

I0.0
I0.1
Q0.0
Bit Address
Byte Address

2. STRUCTURED TEXT
It is a so-called "High level language" which is
based on the programming language PASCAL.
Structured Text is eventually used for more complex
problems and data structures.
Example of a small ST-Program:
PROGRAM HELLO_ST
(* Start and name of POU *)
VAR
(* Declaration section *)
OUTPUT AT %Q0.0 : BOOL;
INPUT AT %I0.0 : BOOL;
Enable_signal : BOOL;
END_VAR
IF INPUT=TRUE THEN
(* Instruction section *)
Enable_signal:=TRUE
ELSE
OUTPUT:=0;
END_IF
END_PROGRAM
(* End of program *)
WinSPS Help 3.2 Copyright (c) 1996-2002 Bosch Rexroth AG

3. LADDER DIAGRAM
It is a graphical programming language which has
its origins in the circuit diagrams of direct wired relay
controls.
Contacts
Contact Rail

I0.0

Element
Field
I0.1

EP
Input
Elements

Operand
Field

Q0.0

Connections/
Links

Output
Elements

4. FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM

It is a graphical programming language which has
its origins in the logic plans of electronic circuits.
Input Pin

I0.0
I0.1

Operand
Field

Connecting
Line

&

Element
Field

Q0.0

5. SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHART

It is a flowchart-type of programming language that
is used to structure controls programs to be processed
sequentially in the form of cascaded sequence. It is mainly
used for programming sequence-orientated control
systems.
Start

M0 .1

1N1

Logical

One

Q0.0

I0.0
&

I0.1

M0 .1

1N2

End

Logical

Q0.0

One

1. INPUT ( I )
I0.0 to I0.7
I1.0 to I1.7
Up to I23.7

= 192 Inputs

2. OUTPUT ( Q)
Q0.0 to Q0.7
Q1.0 to Q1.7
Up to Q15.7 = 128 Outputs
3. FLAGS / MARKERS ( M )
M0.0 to M0.7
M1.0 to M1.7
Up to M191.7 = 1536 Markers ( Internal Relays )
4. TIMERS ( T )
T0 to T127

= 128 Timers

5. COUNTERS ( C )
C0 to C63
= 64 Counters

PROCESS
OR
MACHINE
MEASURE

FIELD
INPUTS

CONTROL

PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC
CONTROLLER

FIELD
OUTPUTS

PROGRAMMABLE
24V DC
Power
Supply

I 0.0

LOGIC
CONTROLLER

Q 0.0 24V DC
Output

24V Power Supply

Unit

Programmable Logic
Controller

PLC Status
Indicators

Power-ON Switch
Output LED
Indicators
+24V Output

Output Terminals

Ground
Input LED
Indicators
+24V Input

Input Terminals

I0.0

Built-in Input
Switches

INPUT CONTACT
STATUS

INPUT CONTACT
STATUS

PLC CONTACT
TYPE

PLC CONTACT
TYPE

PLC CONTACT
STATUS

PLC CONTACT
STATUS

A
A

I0.0
I0.1

Q0.0

AN
A

I0.0
I0.1

Q0.0

A
O

I0.0
I0.1

Q0.0

A
ON

I0.0
I0.1

Q0.0

A
A
O

I0.0
I0.1
I0.2

Q0.0

A(
A
O
)
AN
=

I0.0
I0.2
I0.1
Q0.0

A
O
AN

I0.0
I0.1
I0.2

Q0.0

A(
A
ON
O
)
A(
A
O
AN
)
=

I0.0
I0.2
I0.5

I0.1
I0.3
I0.4

Q0.0

A
A
O(
A
O
)
A
=

I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.4
I0.3
Q0.0

BREAK TIME

A(
A
O
)
AN
=
A
AN
=
A(
A
O
)
AN
=

I0.3
M0.1
I0.4
M0.1
M0.1
M0.2
Q0.1

I0.2
M0.2
M0.3
M0.2

A
=

M0.2
Q0.2

A
A
=

I0.1
M0.2
M0.3

EP
LEGEND:
SYMBOLS

DESIGNATION

S1
S2
START
STOP

I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
I0.4

Y1
Y2

Q0.1
Q0.2

K1
K2
K3

M0.1
M0.2
M0.3

(
A
O
)
AN
=
(
A
O
)
AN
=
(
A
O
)
AN
=
(
A
O
)
AN
=

I0.5
M0.1
I0.6
M0.1

M0.1
M0.2
M0.4
M0.2

I0.2
M0.3
M0.5
M0.3

A
A
=

I0.1
M0.4
M0.5

A
A
=

I0.3
M0.5
M0.6

A
=

M0.2
Q0.1

AN
=

M0.2
Q0.2

A
=

M0.3
Q0.3

AN
=

M0.3
Q0.4

EP
I0.4
M0.4
M0.6
M0.4

LEGEND:
SYMBOLS
DESIGNATION
S1
S2
S3
S4
START
STOP

I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
I0.4
I0.5
I0.6

Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4

Q0.1
Q0.2
Q0.3
Q0.4

K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6

M0.1
M0.2
M0.3
M0.4
M0.5
M0.6

THANK YOU