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VDC = 0
5/2
5/2
90
100
110
m=
kHz
b)
Waveform =
Condition
(VDC d (t )) cos c t
Type
+5
d(t)
Input
1 msec
-5
Carrier
2kHz
Input
+5
VDC = 0
PSK/PRK
t
-5
+10
VDC = 5
ASK/OOK
t
-10
+15
+5
VDC = 10
ASK
t
-5
-15
2.
Vm
5
0.5
V DC 10
b) The total average sideband power may be determined by one of two main
ways:
a) Modulation Depth m
i.e. PT PC
Carrier
Pc m
2
Total Sideband
Pc m 2
2
m2
2
VDC
where P 2
c
RL
Hence,
10
Pc
50
| V DC RMS
1 Watt
m2
2
0.5 2
1
Watt
8
VDC
0V
m(t)
Vm cos m t
VDC cos c t
cos c t
Vm
Vm
cos c m t
2
Vm
cos c m t
2
2
Vm
2 2
RL
2Vm
8RL
2(5) 2
1
Watt
8 50 8
m2
24 kW
PT Pc 1
2
PT
24
i.e.
Pc
16 kW (since m 1)
2
m
12
1
1
2
2
m2
(0.3) 2
16 1
PT Pc 1
2
2
kW
4
4
P m 2 (16)(0.3) 2
Power in one sideband = c
0.36 kW
4
4
Ratio =
0.36
0.0215 , (i.e. 2.15% of total power in one sideband when
16.72
m=0.3)
d) SSB diminished carrier produced with SSB power = 0.36 kW and Pc = 16 kW
reduced by 26dB (power). To determine Pc (reduced)
Method 1:
Pc = 16 103 Watts
Pc ( Watts)
42 dBW (relative to 1 Watt)
1 Watt
Reduced by 26 dB gives Pc reduced = 16 dBW
Pc dBW = 10 log10
16
Pc
26 dB 10 log10
Pc reduced
Pc reduced =
Pc
Pc reduced
10 2.6 398.11
16,000
40.2 Watts
398.11
PT 400 Watts
4.
cos c t
VDC
V1 V2
vs (t) VDC cos c t cos c 1 t cos c 2 t
2 2
20 Volts 10 kHz 11 kHz 15 kHz
1 Volt
9 kHz 2 Volts 5 kHz
Amp
Volts
(20)
20
10
(2)
(1)
9
(2)
(1)
10
15
11
5.
m(t ) cos ct
Vx
LPF
VOUT
L.O. cos c t
Synchronous Demodulator
Multiplying input DSBSC by carrier gives V x m(t ) cos 2 c t , i.e.
m(t ) m(t )
1 cos 2
2
Vx
cos 2 c t
cos
2
2
m(t )
m(t )
cos 2 c t ]
i.e. contains
, [LPF removes
2
2
2
Frequency
kHz
cos( 2 c t )
cos
2
2
m(t )
cos - for DSBSC
LPF removes 2c components, hence VOUT
2
V
Note, if m(t ) Vm cos m t , VOUT m cos cos m t
2
If = /2 (900), cos 0
i)
ii)
VOUT
m (t )
cos 0 - i.e. zero output
2
In general, as the local oscillator phase varies (assuming the frequency is ok) the
amplitude of the output varies. As increases from 0 /2 the output amplitude
decreases to zero. (known as fading). When = n/2, with n odd, the output will be
zero.
7. The input to the synchronous demodulator now is SSBSC.
a)
Vx
SSBSC
VOUT
LPF
cos ct
Vm
cos( c m )t. cos c t
2
V 1
m cos( c ( c m ))t cos( c ( c m ))t
2 2
Sum
Difference
Vm
V
cos( 2 c m )t
m cos m t
4
4
Vx
VOUT
Vm
cos m t
4
Message signal
V
VOUT m cos(( m )t
4
Note this is for SSBSC (compare DSBSC in Q6). In this case and offsets
cause the output to shift in frequency and phase.
Communications
Module Code: EEE207
Tutorial No 2 Solutions
1) a)
m t
BLF
BLF
Output
vs t
Cosc t
fc=4KHz
Carrier
m t
Band limited
m t
freq
freq
Output vs t
freq
LSB
freq
USB
fc
fc
4 KHz
v t
The output, s
, is a single sideband suppressed carrier, SSBSC signal, in this
case the lower sideband. The signal is frequency inverted.
b)
vs t
SSBSC
X
Cosc t
4 KHz
Vx
BLF
Vout(t)
Vx
vs t
freq
freq
fc
fc
Carrier
freq
freq
fc
Vout(t)
freq
The output signal is the original bandlimited message signal,
m t
2 a)
Diagram to give Vs t V DC 1 0.8 Cos m t Cos c t
i.e. Vs t V DC 0.8 V DC Cos m t Cos c t
VDC
vs t
c)
Normalized average power:
1) Apply Equation
T C 1 m
Where,
C
VDC 2
2
V DC 2
T
T
1 m 2 102
2
0.8 2
2
100
0.64
1
50 1.32 66 watts in 1 ohm
2
2
i.e.
V DC
Vm
V
Cos c m t m Cos c m t
2
2
2
Vm
Vm
2
2 2
2 2
T 50 8 8 66 watts ( as above)
100 64 64
2
8
8
d)
VDC 10v
4v
fc - fm
f c 100 KHz
f m 10 KHz
Vm
4v
2
fc
fc fm
frequency
3.
a)
m1(t)
BLF
A1
A2
fc1 = 100kHz
m2(t)
BLF
B1
B2
SOUT
fc2 = 110kHz
m3(t)
BLF
C1
C2
fc3 = 120kHz
A1
m1(t)
5kHz
m2(t)
A2
3kHz
B1
5kHz
5kHz
fc1
100
103
B2
3kHz
C1
m3(t)
97
107
fc2
110
113
C2
3kHz
117
fc3
120
123 f
SOUT
97
fc1
100kHz
103
107
fc2
110kHz
113
117
fc1
120kHz
123
Note this is similar to Long Wave (LW) or Medium Wave (MW) radio.
b) Receiver
SIN
LPF
VOUT
0-3kHz
L.O.
In the receiver, we may tune the frequency of the local oscillator to select
which message we wish to receive.
Let L.O. = cos L.O.t , i.e. frequency = fL.O.
i)
ii)
SIN
Vx
BLF
VOUT
0-3kHz
cos L.O.t
V x S IN cos L.O.t
Vx
m1 (t )
m (t )
cos( L.O. c1 )t 1 cos( L.O. c1 )t
2
2
110 100 210 kHz
m2 (t )
m (t )
cos( L.O. c 2 )t 2 cos( L.O. c 2 )t
2
2
110 110 220 kHz
m3 (t )
m (t )
cos( c 3 L.O. )t 3 cos( c 3 L.O. )t
2
2
120 110 230 kHz
Vx
LPF
m1(t)
m3(t)
10
m1(t)
m2(t)
210
220
m3(t)
230
VOUT
m2 (t )
2
4.
a) System
Vx
VDC
m(t)
cos c t
Vy
cos 0t
V x (V DC m(t )) cos c t
V y (V DC m(t )) cos c t cos 0 t
V DC cos c t cos 0 t m(t ) cos c t cos 0 t
SSB
SOUT
kHz
Vy
V DC
V
m(t )
m(t )
cos( 0 c )t DC cos( 0 c )t
cos( 0 c )t
cos( 0 c )t
2
2
2
2
Before considering the spectrum given by this equation, consider the signals
below.
VDC + m(t)
f
50Hz 15kHz
Carrier
fc
fc
Vx
fc 15kHz
Osc.
f0
fc
10MHz
fc +15kHz
f
Vy
VDC
2
f0
100MHz
VDC
2
f0 fc
90MHz
f0
100MHz
f0 + fc
110MHz
SSB
Filter
SOUT
f0 + fc
110MHz
The equation for Vy above maybe seen to be consistent with the spectrum for
Vy. The SSB passes the sum frequencies to the output signal SOUT as shown,
where
S OUT
V DC
m(t )
cos( 0 c )t
cos( 0 c )t
2
2
Note that the baseband signal has been modulated by a 10MHz carrier to
produce the DSBAM signal at Vx, then up-converted (another modulation
stage) by a 100MHz oscillator to produce the double sideband signal centred
on 100 MHz at Vy, then filtered to pass the USB, which in this case is the upconverted DSBAM signal, centred on 110MHz.
b) Receiver/Demodulator simple.
SIN
Vx
LPF
0-3kHz
Local
fLO1 = 100MHz Oscillator
cos LO1t
VOUT
(m(t ) VDC )
4
cos ct
cos 2 c t cos 2 0 t
2 2
2 2
(V DC m(t ))
1 1
1
1 1
cos 2 0 t cos 2 c t cos 2( 0 c )t
4
4 2
4 4
(V DC m(t ))
Communications
Module Code: EEE207
Tutorial No 3 Solutions
1)
Vm = 10
KHz
. 10 volts = 100 KHz
volt
fc
=
fm
Vm
fm
100 KHz
10
m 2 f m i.e. f m = 104 KHz = 10 KHz, =
10 KHz
Modulation index, = 10
2)
fc = 1KHz when f m = 1 KHz , therefore Mod. Index, =
fc
=1
fm
Modulation index, = 1
a) Components in the FM spectrum are found from:
v s t Vc
Where Vc = 10 volts, =
J Cos
n m t
fc
1 KHz
1
=
fm
1 KHz
Vc J n Cos c n m t (n = - ve)
From the table of the Bessel functions and in this case using the identity
J n = 1 n J n for 1
Jn
Amp = Vc J n Frequency Hz
0.7652
7.652
fc
0.4400
4.40
fc fm
-1
-0.4400
-4.40
fc fm
0.1149
1.149
fc 2 fm
-2
0.1149
1.149
fc 2 fm
0.0196
0.196
fc 3 fm
-3
-0.0196
-0.196
fc 3 fm
Component for n above 3 have J n 0.01 and are considered insignificant, and
ignored. The (-1) sign in the amplitude indicates a phase of 1800.
b)
i.e
Average power =
V peak
RL
peak
2RL
Vc J n 2
2RL
Vc J n 2
2RL
7.652 2
Ps =
2 (50)
n0
Vc J n 2
n a
2RL
2 (50)
n 1
2 (50)
n 2
2 (50)
n 3
V peak
Power =
RL
10 2
2 (50)
1 watt
Vc J n 2
2RL
Vc 2
2 RL
1 watt
3)
Given Vc= 10 volts, =2 and also since we are to find the power, we may use
J n J n .
From Bessel tables for J n 2 0.01
Vc J 0 2 2.239
Vc J 1 2 5.676
Vc J 2 2 3.528
Vc J 3 2 1.289
Vc J 4 2 0.340
Ps
Vc J n 2
n 4
2RL
1
2.239 2 2 5.676 2 2 3.528 2 2 1.289 2 2 0.34 2
2 RL
97.894883 48.947442
Ps
watts
2 RL
RL
Ps
PT
PT
VRMS 2
RL
10 2
2 RL
V pk
RL
Vc J n 2
RL
100 50
watts
2 RL RL
Hence,
Power in spectrum for J n 0.01 48.947442
Totalpower
50
= 0.9789488
Hence, proportion of total power in spectrum for which only significant component
included 0.9789 (97.89%).
Note For =5, the proportion of the total power in the significant spectrum is
0.99981 (i.e. 99.98%). The significance is that an FM modulator produces an infinite
number of sidebands. However, the transmission system can only offer a limited,
finite bandwidth. The criteria that components with amplitudes for which
J n 0.01 should be transferred results in small but tolerable (usually), distortion,
especially for larger modulation index .
4)
V/F converter has
a)
m t 10Cos 2 10 4 t
Modulation Index =
fc
20
2
=
fm
10
Amp = Vc J n
2.239
5.767
f c f m = 110
-1
5.767
f c f m =90
3.528
f c 2 f m =120
-2
3.528
f c 2 f m =80
1.289
f c 3 f m =130
-3
1.289
f c 3 f m =70
0.340
f c 4 f m =140
-4
0.340
f c 4 f m =60
fc
= 100
VRMS 2
RL
Vc
FM Signal Power =
FrequencyK Hz
RL
.
100
1 watt
2 x50
The power in the spectrum drawn above, with 4 sideband pairs will be less than 1
watt, and is given by
Ps
Vc J n 2
n 4
2RL
(See Question 3)
5)
a) Since Modulation Index =
fc
and = 5 is required with
fm
Since fc =
Vm and Vm = 5 volts,
fc 75KHz
=
= 15 KHz per volt.
Vm
5 volts
Communications
Module Code: EEE207
Tutorial No 4 Solutions
1)
a)
B1 = 1kHz
p0
= 10-6
Power
Meter
Bm = 1MHz
B2 = 10kHz
Watts/Hz
B3 = 10MHz
p0
G1
B1
B1 = 1MHz
N IN p0 G1 B1 = noise at A
A
NIN
G2
B2
B2 = 1kHz
B
NOUT
N OUT ( p0 G1 )G2 B2 , since B2 < B1 and since p0 is the same anywhere in the path,
N IN
G1 B1
N OUT
N IN G1G2 B2
G1 B1
B2
B1
Note: NOUT is not simply G2NIN the bandwidths must be taken into account.
N OUT N IN G2
Since N OUT
VOUT
ROUT
VOUT 2
VIN
RIN
ROUT
2
, N IN
VIN 2
RIN
B2
.G2
B1
2)
(S/N)IN
(S/N)OUT
Gain
G
S IN N OUT
S
N
N
.
IN . OUT OUT
N IN SOUT
N IN GS IN GN IN
NIN
NOUT = GNIN + Na
Na
Ne
Ne is the equivalent noise referred to the input, which gives Na at output, i.e. Na = GNe
N OUT
,
GN IN
i.e. F
N OUT G ( N IN N e )
G ( N IN N e )
N
1 e
GN IN
N IN
i.e. N e ( F 1) N IN
Since N = kTB, assuming same bandwidth B
kTe B ( F 1)kTIN B
Te ( F 1)TIN (where TIN is the source temperature Ts)
i.e. Te ( F 1)Ts , where TIN = Ts is usually taken to be 290K.
3)
a)
A
Tsky
1000K
i)
B
1
Loss = 3dB
L1 = 2
G1 =
F1 = 2
Te1 = 290K
2
G = 10dB
F = 6dB
G2 = 10
F2 = 4
Te2 = 870K
4
3
Loss = 6dB G = 30dB
F = 6dB
L3 = 4
G4 = 1000
F3 = 4
F4 = 4
G3 =
Te3 = 870K Te4 = 870K
Te 2
T
Te 4
e3
G1 G1G2 G1G2G3
870
870
870
1
1
1
1
2 .10 .10.
2
2
4
1000 290 1740 174 696
1000
2900
3900 K
1000 290
sky
Re c
Te 3
T
e4
G2 G2G3
870
870
1
1
1000 290 870
10
1
2
2
10.
4
500 145 870 87 348
500
1950 K
1450
sky
Re c
1
F1 = 2
G1 = 10
Te1 = 290K
2
F2 = 2
G2 =
Te2 = 290K
3
4
F3 = 4
F4 = 4
G3 = 10
G4 =
Te3 = 870K Te4 = 870K
5
F5 = 4
Te5 = 870K
Te 2
T
Te 4
Te 5
e3
290
870
870
870
10
1
1
1
1
10. 10. .10 10. .10.
2
2
2
4
1000 290 29 174 17.4 69.6
1000
580
1580 K
1000 290
sky
Re c
Referred to A, option (a). This looks better, the Rec is less than the sky.
Option (b) re-number elements.
A
1
F1 = 2
G1 =
Te1 = 290K
2
F2 = 2
G2 = 10
Te2 = 290K
3
4
F3 = 4
F4 = 4
G3 = 10
G4 =
Te3 = 870K Te4 = 870K
5
F5 = 4
Te5 = 870K
Te 2
T
Te 4
Te5
e3
290
870
870
870
1
1
1
1
1
.10 .10.10 .10.10.
2
2
2
2
4
1000 290 580 174 17.4 69.6
1000
1131
2131K
1000 290
sky
Re c
Referred to A, option (b). This is better than no pre-amp but not as good as
option (a)
Option (a)
Option (b)
No preamp
Tsys = 1580K
Tsys = 2131K
Tsys = 3900K
Hence, for best noise performance, the mast head location is the best
solution.
This solution can also be inferred from the equation
TRe c Te1
Te 2
T
e3
G1 G1G2
To keep TRec small, the gain of the first stage G1 should be > 1 (i.e. an amplifier
rather than a cable). Successive noise contributions are then reduced.
Note: Low noise (receivers) is not the only consideration. Too much gain at
the front end, which is wide open (a wide bandwidth) to noise and
interference can overdrive or saturate later stages, e.g. the mixer, and cause
problems due to non-linear distortion and intermodulation products. In some
receivers the aerial is connected straight to the first mixer. The prime
considerations are the quality of the signal at the output in terms of (S/N) and
distortion.
4)
a) In general each Te is referred to input.
G2
Te2
G1
Te1
G3
Te3
G4
Te4
G1
G1G2
G1G2G3
Te 2
T
Te 4
e3
G1 G1G2 G1G2G3
b)
i)
L = 4dB
F = 2dB
G = 10dB
L=6dB
F = 6dB
Bn = 250kHz
1
F1 = 2.512
L1 = 2.512
Te1 = 438K
2
F2 = 1.58
G2 = 10
Te2 = 169.6K
3
L3 = 4
F3 = 4
Te3 = 870K
4
F4 = 4
Te4 = 870K
Bn = 250kHz
Use Te = (F 1)290
TRec Te1
Te 2
T
Te 4
e3
G1 G1G2 G1G2G3
169.6
870
870
1
1
1
.10
.10. 1
2.512
2.512
2.512
4
438 422 217 870
438
iii)
A
REC
Since Te = (1 F)TIN, F 1
Te Rec
Te
TIN
1947
20.47 (Noise Factor)
TIN
100
Noise figure F dB = 10 log10 F 10 log10 ( 20.47) 13.1 dB
FRec 1
c)
i)
A
(S/N)OUT
REC
BA = 250kHz
Tsky = 100K
BW = 30MHz = Bae
Actual (S/N) at A =
S
kTsky Bae
6.6 10 14 Watts
1.594
1.38 10-23 100 30 10 6
S / N OUT
ii)
iii)
S
kTsys B
S measured at A
Tsys referred to A
6.6 10 14
9.346 ( 9.7 dB )
1.38 10 23 2047 250,000
1
17
2.8525 10 20
(10) (1000) 2.811 10 Watts/Hz
2
.
512
4
Communications
Module Code: EEE207
Tutorial No 5 Solutions
1)
Message, N = 8 bits, probability of error p = 0.1
a)
Probability of R errors p ( R ) N C R p R (1 p ) N R
Probability of no errors p (0) 8C 0 p 0 (1 p ) 8 0 (1 p ) 8
p (0) (1 0.1) 8 (0.9) 8 0.4304672
p( R) 1
R 0
p( R) 1
p (0) 0.5695328
R 1
ii)
Single bit error correction i.e successful transfer if no errors or 1 error in
message. Otherwise false transfer since further error detection not carried out.
Probability of successful transfer = p(0) + p(1) = Psucess
= 0.4304672 + 0.3826375
Probability of Successful transfer = 0.8131047
All other messages are accepted, i.e. none rejected
N
p( R) 1
R 1
Psuccess 0.1868953
{Note 18% of the information accepted is wrong this is better than (i) but
still not good}
iii)
Code which can correct single error in block and detect 2 errors.
i.e. No errors message accepted correct
1 error message corrected/accepted correct
2 errors errors detected message rejected lost
3 or more errors errors not detected message accepted false
Probability of successful transfer = p(0) + p(1) = 0.813047
Probability of lost transfer = p(2) (2 errors detected, message rejected)
p(2) = 0.1488034
False transfer occurs if there are 3 or more errors.
N
Code 1
01101
00001
2
Code 2
1111
0000
4
Code 3
010101
101010
6
Correct up to INT
3)
S= 8 bits
SYNC
I = 24 bits
p = 10-2 =0.01
a)
Synchronization bits are not included in the error detection/ correction
procedures, i.e. all 8 sync bits are to be received error free for sync.
Prob. of Successful sync= Prob of no errors in 8 bits = p(0)
Where p(0) = (1-p)S = (1-p)8 = (1-0.01)8
Prob. of Successful sync = 0.9227447
b)
Successful packet transfer requires successful sync and a correct packet.
For correct packet, require 24 bits with no errors, or 1 error (which can be
corrected).
Prob. of correct packet = p(0) + p(1)
= (1-p)24 + 24 C1 p1 (1-p)24-1
= (0.99)24 + 24 (0.01) (0.99)23
= 0.9761455
Probability of successful packet transfer = Prob. of successful sync and Prob.
of correct packet
= p(succ. sync ) . p(correct packet)
= 0.9227447 * 0.9761455
= 0.9007331
Probability of successful packet transfer = 0.9007331
4)
TV sets, failure rate = 10-2
a)
50 TV sets produced, i.e N=50 , p = 10-2
Probability that all 50 are good in the probability of no faulty ones, i.e.
P(0) = (1-p)N
P(0) = (1-10-2)50 = 0.605006
The probability of being able to deliver an order for 50 V sets if only 50 are
made is only 0.605 (60.5%).
b)
Produce 10% spares, i.e. 55 TV sets.
Probability of getting exactly 50 working TV sets in the probability that there
are exactly 5 faulty sets. Probability of at least 50 sets is the probability of no
faulty sets, or 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5 faulty sets.
Prob. of 50 sets at least =
R 0
p(R) , P(R) N CR P R 1 P
N R
N 55, P 0.01
1 p 55 55 p 1 p 54 1485 p 2 1 p 53 26235 p 3 1 p 52
=
51
50
341055 p 4 1 p 3478761 p 5 1 p
= 0.5753547+0.3196415+0.0871744+0.0155564+0.002042+0.0002104
1
i.e almost certain to get 50 sets if 55 built.
5)
a)
b)
c)
Communications
Module Code: EEE207
Tutorial No 6 Solutions
1) Discussion how single parity bit codes may be used for error detection see
notes.
P( R )
R even
i.e. PF
P( R) 2.636816863 10
R even
c) Messages are lost or rejected if errors are detected. In this case a parity
code can detect all odd errors
PL
R odd
In this case, all messages are now accepted, either correct or false