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Chapter 7: Electricity
CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY
7.1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC CURRENT
Van de Graaf
1. What is a Van de Graaff generator? Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown.
A device that produces and store electric charges at high voltage on its dome
Metal dome
dome
+
+
+
+
+
roller
rubber belt
roller
motor
-1-
Chapter 7: Electricity
2. How are electrical charges produced by a Van de Graaff generator? And what type of
charges is usually produced on the dome of the generator?
When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the
rubber belt.
This causes the rubber belt to against the roller and hence becomes charged.
The charge is then carried by the moving belt up to the metal dome where it is
collected.
A large amount of charge is built up on the dome
Positive charges are usually produced on the dome of the generator.
-2-
+ + +
Chapter 7: Electricity
+
+
near
the
charged
+ + + + +
dome,
sparkling occurs.
An electric current flow.
5.
-3-
Chapter 7: Electricity
Electric Current
1. Electric current consists of a flow of electrons
2. The more charges that flow through a cross
section within a given time, the larger is the
current.
3. Electric current is defined as the
rate of flow of electric charge
Each second, 15 coulombs of charge cross
the plane. The current is I = 15 amperes.
One ampere is one coulomb per second.
I=Q
t
Q = charge
t = time
/ I
4. If one coulomb of charge flows past in one second, then the current is one ampere.
5. 15 amperes means in each second, 15 coulomb of charge through a cross section of a
conductor.
6. In a metal wire, the charges are carried by electrons.
7. Each electron carries a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 C.
8. 1 C of charge is 6.25 x 1018 electrons.
-4-
Chapter 7: Electricity
Electric Field
a) An electric field is a region in which an electric charge experiences a force.
b) An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both the magnitude and
direction of the field
c) The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i) electric field lines always extend from a positively-charged object to a
negatively-charged object to infinity, or from infinity to a negatively-charged object,
(ii) electric field lines never cross each other,
(iii)electric field lines are closer in a stronger electric field.
Demo 1 : To study the electric field and the effects of an electric field.
Apparatus & materials
Extra high tension (E.H.T) power supply (0 5 kV), petri dish, electrodes with different
shapes (pointed electrode and plane electrode), two metal plates, talcum powder, cooking oil,
polystyrene ball coated with conducting paint, thread and candle.
Method
DEMO
A)
-5-
Chapter 7: Electricity
-6-
Chapter 7: Electricity
-7-
Chapter 7: Electricity
-8-
Chapter 7: Electricity
Observation:
The candle flame splits into two portions in
opposite direction. The portion that is
attracted to the negative plate is very much
larger than the portion of the flame that is
attracted to the positive plate.
Explanation:
The heat of the flame ionizes the air
molecules to become positive and
negative charges.
The positive charges are attracted to the
negative plate while the negative
charges are attracted to the positive
plate.
The flame is dispersed in two opposite
directions but more to the negative
plate.
The positive charges are heavier than
the negative charges. This causes the
uneven dispersion of the flame.
Conclusion
1. Electric field is a region where an electric charge experiences a force.
2. Like charges repel each other but opposite charges attract each other.
3. Electric field lines are lines of force in an electric field. The direction of the field
lines is from positive to negative.
-9-
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?
Q
I
2.
=
It
=
Q/t
=
5 / 10
=
0.5 A
A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric
current in the bulb?
Q
=
It
I
=
Q/t
=
300 / 120
=
2.5 A
3.
The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes
through the lamp in 1 hour.
Q
4.
=
=
=
It
0.2 (60 x 60)
720 C
If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C)
Q
=
=
=
It
0.8 (60)
48 C
1 electron.
Hence, 2880 C of charges is brought by
48 C
1.6 x 10 -19 C
= 3 x 1020 electrons
5.An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a)
electric charge
(b)
a) Q
=
=
=
b)
1 electron.
Hence, 2880 C of charges is 0.6 C
= 3.75 x 1018 electrons
-19
1.6 x 10 C
It
200 x 10-3 (3)
0.6 C
- 10 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
(b)
at point Q
opened.
released.
water
potential energy.
(c) Similarly,
Point A is connected to positive terminal
Point B is connected to negative terminal
Electric potential at A is greater than the electric potential at
B.
Electric current flows from A to B, passing the bulb in the
Bulb
W
Work
V = Quantityofch arg e = Q
- 11 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
voltmeter
connecting wire
Cells
Switch
Constantan wire //
eureka wire
bulb
resistance
rheostat
Measurement of electricity
- 12 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
current.
potential difference.
An ammeter
A voltmeter
cell?
Positive
cell?
Positive
- 13 -
Exp 1:
Chapter 7: Electricity
(a)
(b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b) complete the following table:
(a) Inference
The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it.
(b) Hypothesis
The higher the current flows through a wire, the higher the potential difference across
(c) Aim
it.
To determine the relationship between current and potential difference for a
constantan wire.
(i)
(d) Variables
manipulated variable
: current, I
: potential difference, V
: length of the wire // cross sectional area //
temperature
Apparatus /
materials
- 14 -
Method
Chapter 7: Electricity
:
1.
2.
Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the
current, I= 0.2 A.
Tabulation of
3.
4.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A.
data
Analysis of data
Current,I/A
Volt, V/V
0.2
1.0
0.3
1.5
0.4
2.0
0.5
2.5
0.6
3.0
0.7
3.5
0.2
0.4
- 15 -
0.6
Current, I /A
0.8
Discussion
Chapter 7: Electricity
1.
2.
V
I
The resistance, R, of the constantan wire used in the experiment is equal to the
gradient of the V-I graph. Determine the value of R.
3.5
o.7
3.
=5
Conclusion
The potential difference, V across a conductor increases when the current, I passing
through it increases as long as the conductor is kept at constant temperature.
- 16 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Ohms Law
(a)
Ohms law states
that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to
the potential difference across the ends of the conductor,
if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant
(b) By Ohms law:
= constant I
or
V
= constant
I
V
R= I
and
V=IR
- 17 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
The temperature of
the conductor
The cross-sectional
area of the
conductor, A
Length of the
conductor, l
Factors
Diagram
Hypothesis
The longer the conductor, the
higher its resistance
Resistance is directly proportional
to the length of a conductor
- 18 -
Graph
Chapter 7: Electricity
length
Resistance of a conductor,
1
cross-sectional area
length
cross-sectional area
Or
or
R= l
- 19 -
where =
resistivity of the
substance
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.2
1.
False
point to another.
(d)
2.
I
t
/
)
t
I
i) Electric charge,
Q = ( It /
W = (QV /
V Q
/
)
Q V
iii) Base on your answer in 2(i) and (ii) derive the work done, W in terms of I, V and t.
W
QV
ItV
3. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted
into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
W
QV
2.5
5.0 (V)
0.5 V
4. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges
passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What
is the potential difference across the bulb?
W
QV
20
6 (V)
3.33 V
- 20 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
5. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is
done in moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?
W
QV
3 (10)
30 J
VIt
20 (3) (50)
3000 J
Bulb
3A
A
20 V
IR
0.5 (5)
2.5 V
IR
3.0
2.0 (R)
1.5
IR
2.0
0.5 (R)
- 21 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
IR
3.0
6 (R)
0.5
IR
0.5 (3)
1.5
V/V
1.2
= gradient
1.2
= 5
= 2.4
= gradient
=
8 x10 3
4
= 2.0 x 10-3
- 22 -
I/A
Chapter 7: Electricity
IR
12
I (5)
2.4 A
5
12 V
It
2.4 (30)
72 C
QV
or
72 (12)
= 12(2.4)(30)
864 C
= 864 C
IR
3.0
0.3(R)
10
- 23 -
= VIt
+ 1.5 V -
+ 1.5 V -
Chapter 7: Electricity
V/V
8
Y
= gradient
=2
I/A
= 4
b) Calculate the resistance of conductor Y.
From V-I graph, resistance
= gradient
2
=2
= 1
c) If the cross sectional area of X is 5.0 x 10-6
m2, and the length of X is 1.2 m, calculate its
resistivity.
l
= A
= l
RA
4( 5.0 x10 6 )
=
1 .2
= 1.67 x 10-5m
18. The graph shows a graph of I against V for three
conductors, P, Q and R.
i) Compare the resistance of conductor P, Q and R.
Q
I/A
P
Q
Rr > RQ >Rp
R
- 24 -
V/V
Chapter 7: Electricity
19. Figure shows a wire P of length, l with a crosssectional area, A and a resistance, R. Another
wire, Q is a conductor of the same material with
a length of 3l and twice the cross-sectional area
of P. What is resistance of Q in terms of R?
Conductor P
l
= A
Conductor Q
l'
= A' (notes: P and R have the same resistivity, )
( 3l )
2A
= 2R
20. PQ, is a piece of uniform wire of length 1 m
with a resistance of 10. Q is connected to an
ammeter, a 2 resistor and a 3 V battery. What
is the reading on the ammeter when the jockey
is at X?
Resistance in the wire
R is directly proportional to l
= 10
100 cm
20
= 2
Total resistance
2 + 2 = 4
Current, I
= R
3
= 4
= 0.75 A
- 25 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
21. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential
difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I
from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.
(a)
(b)
- 26 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
the same
bulb/resistor
I = I1 = I2 = I3
2
V = V1 + V2 + V3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
battery
3
resistor, we get :
resistor, we get :
V = V1 + V2 + V3
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
V
V
V
V
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R = R1 + R2 + R3
- 27 -
= R + R + R3
1
2
Chapter 7: Electricity
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Series
Parallel
A, B - series
Q, S - parallel
3A
0.5
1
1.5
5
6
- 28 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Effective resistance, R
R = 20 + 10 + 5= 35
(a)
(b)
1/R
= +1/5 + 1/10 = 4/5
Effective R = 1.25
1/R
(c)
E
(d)
(e)
Effective R = 2+5+3+10
= 20
(g)
(i)
(f)
(h)
(j)
- 29 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
V = IR
9 =I(18)
= 0.5
V = IR
240 = 6(R)
R =40
20
1/R = 1/10 + 1/10 =2/10
R=5
Effective R = 1 + 4 = 5
V = IR
12 =I(5)
= 2.4 A
Exercise 7.3
1.
V = IR
2.5 =I(5)
= 0.5 A
2.
- 30 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
The electrical current flowing through each branch, I 1 and I2, is 5
3.
V = IR
3 =I(4)
= 0.75 A
5.
20 :
V = IR
3 =I(20)
I = 0.15 A
(b) is closed?
Effective R = 6
V = IR
12 =I(6)
I=2A
6.
V = IR
3 =I(5)
I = 0.6 A
Effective R = 4
V = IR
12 =I(4)
I=3A
(a)
V= IR
= (2)(8)
= 16 V
(b)
R = 12
I = 6/12
= 0.5A
V at 9 : V= IR
= (0.5)(9)
= 4.5 V
V reading : 6 4.5 = 1.5 V
- 31 -
R =9
I = 4.5/9
= 0.5A
A reading : 0.5/2= 0.25 A
Notes: Divide 2 because
the resistors have similar
resistance.
Chapter 7: Electricity
7.
Calculate
resistor.
R = 12
V = IR
= 2(8) = 16 V
resistor.
V = IR
resistors.
I=2A
= 2(2.5) = 5 V
(e) The current passing through 6 resistor.
V = V8 + V2.5 +Vparallel
24 = 16 + 5 + Vparallel
Vparallel = 3V
V = IR
3 = I(6)
I = 0.5 A
- 32 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
8.
The electrical components in our household appliances are connected in a combination of series and
parallel circuits. The above figure shows a hair dryer which has components connected in series and
parallel. Describe how the circuit works.
Suggested answer
- 33 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Figure (b)
Voltmeter reading,
potential difference, V < e.m.f.,
E
Voltmeter reading,
e.m.f.
E,r
R
Current flowing
No current flow
Chapter 7: Electricity
where VR = IR and Vr = Ir
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)
- 35 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
3.
a) Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the e.m.f. of the
battery?
The potential drops as much as 0.4
1.5 =
r
1.1 +
Ir
0.5 r
0.8
0.8
1.1 =
R
=
IR
0.5 R
2.2
- 36 -
2.2
Activity :
Chapter 7: Electricity
Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Rheostat
To determine the values of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) and
Aim
Apparatus /
materials
Method
:
a)
b) Turn on the switch, and adjust the rheostat to give a small reading of the
ammeter, I, 0.2 A.
c)
d) Adjust the rheostat to produce four more sets of readings, I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5
A and 0.6 A.
Tabulation of
data
:
Current,I/A
Volt, V/V
0.2
2.6
0.3
2.5
0.4
2.4
0.5
2.2
0.6
2.0
0.7
1.9
- 37 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Potential difference, V /V
Draw a graph of
V against I
0.2
Discussion
0.4
0.6
Current, I /A
0.8
1. From the graph plotted, state the relationship between the potential difference, V
across the cell and the current flow, I?
The potential difference, V across the cell decreases as the current flow increases.
2. A cell has an internal resistance, r. This is the resistance against the movement of
the charge due to the electrolyte in the cell. With the help of the figure, explain the
result obtained in this experiment.
When the current flowing through the circuit increases, the quantity of charge
flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger
amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop
in potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
3. By using the equation E = V + Ir
(a) write down V in terms of E, I and r.
V = -rI + E
(b) explain how can you determine the values of E and r from the graph plotted
in this experiment.
E = the vertical intercept of the V I graph
R = the gradient of the V I graph
(c) determine the values of E and r from the graph.
By extrapolating the graph until it cuts the vertical axis,
E = 2.9 V
r = - gradient
= 1.4
- 38 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.4
1
E = V + Ir
1.5 = 1.35 + 0.3(r)
r = 0.5
2. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a value of 10.0
and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the internal
resistance, r.
E = 3.0 V, R = 10 , V = 2.5 V
Calculate current : V = IR
Calculate internal resistance : E = I(R + r)
r = 2.0
A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5. When the switch is
closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
The voltmeter reading = e.m.f. = 2 V
(b) the resistance, R
E = I(R + r)
2
V = IR
= 0.4(R + 0.5)
= 0.4 (4.5)
R = 4.5
= 1.8 V
Find the voltmeter reading and the resistance, R of the
resistor.
E = V + Ir
e.m.f.
12 = V + 0.5 (1.2)
V = 11.4 V
V = IR
11.4 = 0.5 (R)
R = 22.8
- 39 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
/V
Rearrange
:V = E - Ir
Equivalent
: y = mx + c
/A
2
b) the internal resistor, r of the cell
r = - gradient
= - (6 - 2)
2
=2
V/V
1.5
0.2
5
1/A
r = -gradient
E = c = intercept of V-axis
= 0.26
= 1.5 V
A graph of R against 1/I shown in figure was obtained
R/
1.3
E = I(R + r)
-1
0.5
- 0.2
1 (A )
Rearrange
I
:R=
E
- r,
I
- 40 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Energy Conversion
battery
(chemical energy)
(a)
current
(b)
current
battery
(chemical energy)
current
current
Energy Conversion:
Electrical energy Light energy
+ Heat energy
Energy Conversion:
Electrical energy Kinetic
energy
2. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the current flows and the electrical energy
supplied by the source is transformed to other forms of energy.
3. Therefore, we can define electrical energy as : The energy carried by electrical charges
which can be transformed to other forms of energy by the operation of an electrical
appliance.
- 41 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
time, t
Electrical Energy, E
From the definition of potential
difference, V
Electrical Power, P
Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy,
P= E
t
V= E
Q
E = VQ
Hence,
E = VI t
Hence,
E=IR
Hence,
2
V
t
E=
R
P = VQ
t
; where Q = It
; where V = IR
P = VI
2
P= I R
t
; where I = V
R
P = I2 R
- 42 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Power rating x
Time
Pt
energy, E is in Joules
where
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2. The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the
kilowatt-hour, kWh.
1 kWh
1000 x 3600 J
3.6 x 106 J
1 unit
- 43 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Cost of energy
Appliance
Quantity
Power / W
Power / kW
Time
Energy
Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb
60
0.06
8 hours
2.4
Refrigerator
400
0.4
24 hours
9.6
Kettle
1500
1.5
3 hours
4.5
Iron
1000
1.0
2 hours
2.0
Cost
= RM 5.18
Comparing Various Electrical Appliances in Terms of Efficient Use of Energy
1. A tungsten filament lamp changes electrical energy to
useful light energy and unwanted heat energy
2. A fluorescent lamp or an energy saving lamp
produces less heat than a filament lamp for the same
amount of light produced.
3. a) Efficiency of a filament lamp :
Efficiency
3 x 100
60
5%
3 x 100
12
25 %
- 44 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Exercise 7.5
(a)
=
=
5V
(b)
R = 10
=
=
5V
V= 15V
R1=2
V2
R
52 / 10
2.5 W
R = 10
2.
V2
R
52 / 10
2.5 W
R2=4
R3=4
Calculate
(a) the current, I in the circuit
Total resistance, R
V
I
=
=
=
=
= (2 + 4 + 4)
= 10
IR
V/R
15 / 10
1.5 A
=
=
=
I2Rt
(1.5)2 (10)(10)
225 J
- 45 -
=
=
=
I2Rt
(1.5)2 (2)(10)
45 J
Chapter 7: Electricity
=
=
=
Pt
24 (1 x 60 x 60)
86 400 J
=
=
=
VI t
24 (5) (2 x 60)
144 000 J
4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and
the current at normal usage.
P
I
=
=
=
=
IV
P/V
2000 / 240
8.3 A
=
=
=
It
(1.5) (2 x 60)
180 C
(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?
E
=
=
=
QV
180 (240)
4.32 kJ
=
=
=
IV
1.5 (240)
360 W
- 46 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
IV
I (240)
12.5 A
I2 R
(12.5)2 R
19.2
7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances
when connected to the 240 V mains supply.
Appliance
Quantity
Power rating / W
Kettle jug
2000
1 hour
Refrigerator
400
24 hours
Television
200
6 hours
Lamp
60
8 hours
= 2 kWh
Refrigerator
Television
= 1 x 0.2 x 6
= 1.2 kWh
Lamp
= 5 x 0.06 x 8
= 2.4 kWh
= 15.2 kWh
- 47 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
(b) How much would it cost to operate the appliances for 1 month?
= 16.58 kWh x 30 x RM 0.218
Cost
= RM 108.43
8. A vacuum cleaner consumes 1 kW of power but only delivers 400 J of useful work per
second. What is the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner?
Efficiency
=
=
9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply
voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
(a) Energy input to the motor
E
=
=
=
VIt
12 (5.0) (2.5)
150 J
=
=
=
mgh
2 (9.8) (5)
98 J
=
=
=
- 48 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
A. Ampere, A
B. kelvin,K
C. Coulomb, C
D. Volt, V
A.
B.
C.
C.
D.
- 49 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
C.
B. 120 J
C. 1800 J
D. 7200 J
D.
C. 6.0 x 10-5 C
shape of a coil?
D. 3.6 x 10-3 C
E. 2.2 x 10-1 C
a higher resistance.
B. To increase the current and produce
more energy.
C. To decrease the resistance and
produce higher current
A.
B.
A. temperature
B. length
C. cross-sectional area
D. current flow through the wire
- 50 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
points in a circuit is
A. P and Q
B. P and S
C. Q and R
D. R and S
E.
kettle?
A. 200 W
B. 2000 W
C. 2400 W
D. 3600 W
E. 4800 W
A. 1.0 A
B. 1.5 A
C. 2.0 A
charge
D. 9.0 A
E. 10.0 A
charge
- 51 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
A. 1.2 x 106 J
B. 1.8 x 106 J
vertical height of 4 m
C. 2.4 x 106 J
A. 20 s
D. 3.6 x 106 J
B. 40 s
E. 4.8 x 106 J
C. 60 s
D. 80 s
E. 100 s
A.
measurement of
A. Power
B. Electrical energy
C. Electromotive force
B.
C.
D.
- 52 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
resistor.
A. Resistance
A. 0.5 W
B. Potential difference
B. 2.0 W
C. Electric current
C. 4.0 W
D. 6.0 W
E. 8.0 W
- 53 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Gradient
0 .6 0 .2
3 .6 0
-1
= 0.11 A V
=
The figure above shows a graph of electric current against potential difference for three
different conductors X, Y and Z.
(a) Among the three conductors, which conductor obeys Ohms law?
Conductor Y
(b) State Ohms law.
The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current that
flows through it, if the temperature and other physical quantities are kept constant.
(c) Resistance, R is given by the formula R = V/I. What is the resistance of X when the
current flowing through it is 0.4 A? Show clearly on the graph how is the answer
obtained.
From the graph I against V;
resistance, R
= 9.09
(d) Among X, Y and Z, which is a bulb? Explain your answer.
X, because as I increases, the gradient decreases. Hence, the resistance X increases
as I increases which is a characteristic of a bulb.
- 54 -
2.
Chapter 7: Electricity
The figure below shows an electric kettle connected to a 240 V power supply by a
flexible cable. The kettle is rated 240 V, 2500 W.
The table below shows the maximum electric current that is able to flow through
wires of various diameters.
(a)
diameter of wire / mm
maximum current / A
0.80
1.00
10
1.20
13
1.40
15
What is the current flowing through the cable when the kettle is switched
on?
P = IV
I = P/V
(b)
- 55 -
(c)
Chapter 7: Electricity
State one precautionary measure that should be taken to ensure safe usage of
the kettle.
Do not operate kettle with wet hands.
(d)
Mention one fault that might happen in the cable that will cause the fuse in the
plug to melt.
Short circuit might occur if the insulating materials of the wires in the cable are
damaged.
- 56 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
The figure above shows a dry cell operated torchlight with metal casing
(i)
(ii)
Why it is safe to use the torchlight although the casing is made of metal?
(iii)
- 57 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Suggested Answers
1. (a) The work done by a battery to move a unit charge around a complete circuit.
(b) - Switch in figure 1 is turned off
- Switch in figure 2 in turned on
- Reading of voltmeter in figure 1 is higher than in figure 2
- This is due to the presence of an internal resistance in the battery
(c)
Voltmeter
V
Internal resistance
Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Rheostat
emf
Currrent, I/A
(d)
To improve the contact between the dry cells and the terminals of the
torchlight
Current flowing through the torchlight is very small, will not cause
electric shock
To converge the light rays to obtain increase the intensity of the light rays
projected by the torchlight.
- 58 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Maximum load
before breaking/
N
Density /
kgm-3
Rate of
expansion
0.020
500
2800
Low
0.056
300
3200
Low
0.031
400
5600
Medium
0.085
200
3800
High
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the table to be used for a long
distance electricity transmission
(ii)
(c) Suggest how three similar bulbs are arranged effectively in a domestic circuit.
Draw a diagram to explain your answer. Give two reasons for the arrangement.
(d) An electric kettle is rated 2.0 kW.
(i)
Calculate how long would it take to boil 1.5 kg of water from an initial
temperature of 280 C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 0C-1]
(ii)
- 59 -
Chapter 7: Electricity
Suggested Answers
2.(a) Resistance is the ratio of potential difference to current flowing in an ohmic conductor.
(b)
Characteristics
Explanations
A low resistivity
braking is high
tower
A low density
Cable A is chosen because it has low resistivity, high max load before breaking, low
density and low expansion rate.
(c) (i) If one bulb is burnt the others is still be lighted up
(ii) Each bulb can be switch on and off independently
(d) (i)
Pt = mc
(2000)(t)
t
(ii)
(1.5)(4200)(100-28)
226.8 s