Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Tutorial
A collection of stand-alone modules to aid in learning
the WEAP software
February 2009
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Tutorial Modules
WEAP en una hora ....................................................................................................1
Herramientas Basicas ..............................................................................................29
Eescenarios ...............................................................................................................39
Datos, Resultados y Formato .................................................................................61
Conectando Recursos y Demandas.......................................................................81
Refinando el analisis de Demanda ........................................................................87
Hidrologa ...............................................................................................................109
Refinando el Suministro .......................................................................................127
Embalses y Generacin Hidroelctrica ...............................................................141
Calidad del Agua ...................................................................................................153
Anlisis Financiero ................................................................................................175
The WEAP/ QUAL2K Interface ...........................................................................187
Linking WEAP to MODFLOW ............................................................................195
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
WEAP en una
hora
Un tutorial para
Crear una nueva area de estudio ............................................................................ 2
Definiendo Parametros Generales .......................................................................... 7
Ingresando Elementos al Esquema ....................................................................... 10
Los Primeros Resultados ........................................................................................ 25
February 2009
February 2009
February 2009
February 2009
2.
February 2009
3.
February 2009
1.
February 2009
Una vez que el rea abra, en el menu principal vaya a General para definir
los aos e incrementos de tiempo, Years and Time Steps y las unidades
Units.
Se modelara el ao 2000 con 12 incrementos (meses) comenzando en Enero
(January). Mantenga las unidades en SI.
Nota: Los incremetos de tiempo deben ser escogidos para reflejar el nivel
de precisin de los datos que se tengan.
February 2009
2.
Seleccione Save Version bajo la opcin Area del men principal. Una
ventana aparecer para anotar un comentario que describa la versin que ir
a guardar. Escriba general parameters set.
February 2009
10
DIBUJE UN RIO
February 2009
11
February 2009
12
February 2009
2.
13
Para editar o ingresar datos para el Main River, hay dos mtodos. Presionar
el botn derecho del mouse estando sobre el ro y luego ir a la opcin Edit
Data y escoger cualquier funcin dentro de la lista. La otra forma es ir a la
barra de la derecha y presionar sobre el smbolo Data. Seleccionar Supply
and Resources del rbol de opciones que aparecer. Luego ir a river y
dentro de este ir a Main River. Para abrir y cerrar las ramas se debe
presionar sobre el smbolo +.
February 2009
14
February 2009
15
Flow (CMS)
12
7
11
17
80
136
45
32
38
18
9
7
February 2009
16
3.
URBANO
Haga clic en el botn derecho sobre el nodo. Aparecern unas opciones. Vaya
a Edit Data. Ah, seleccione Annual Activity Level.
February 2009
17
Se debe seleccionar las unidades antes de ingresar cualquier otro dato. Dentro
de la carpeta Annual Activity Level vaya a Unit. Haga clic en N/A.
Aparecern una serie de opciones. Escoja People. De clic en OK.
February 2009
18
Vaya a la carpeta Annual Water Use Rate. Bajo el numero 2000 haga clic en
la celda en blanco y anote 300.
February 2009
19
4.
February 2009
20
De igual manera que como se hizo para Big City, ingrese los datos en
Annual Activity Level y Annual Water Use Rate en las carpetas
correspondientes dentro del formato Data (primero presione sobre el
smbolo Data). Dentro de las unidades en la carpeta Annual Activity
Level seleccione hectares.
100000
3500
February 2009
21
in
in
in
July
August
September
February 2009
5.
22
6.
February 2009
23
February 2009
7.
24
February 2009
25
CORRIENDO EL MODELO
February 2009
2.
26
REVISANDO RESULTADOS
Si se ingresaron todos los datos correctamente, ud. deber ver los siguientes
datos iguales para el periodo 2000 2005:
Annual demand for agriculture
350 M m3
240 M m3
February 2009
27
Nota: si no tiene los mismos resultados, vuelva atrs y revise que todos los
datos estn correctos. Si al correr los resultados el programa le muestra una
ventana con advertencia, lea cuidadosamente el mensaje pues en el puede
estar indicado el lugar del error.
3.
February 2009
28
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
29
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Herramientas
Basicas
Un tutorial para
Creando y Usando Suposiciones Claves ............................................................. 30
UTILIZANDO EXPRESION BUILDER ........................................................... 33
February 2009
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
30
Note:
Para comenzar esta leccin vaya al men principal y seleccin Revert to
Version y escoja la versin llamada Starting Point for Basic Tools
module.
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
31
300 m3
3500 m3
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
32
2.
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.15
Crear una referencia a las suposiciones claves para Big City Annual Water
Use Rate. Para hacer esto, vaya a Annual Water Use Rate y debajo del ao
2000 haga clic y seleccione Expression Builder.
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
33
350 M m3
240 M m3
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
34
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
35
Note que ahora no hay demandas no cumplidas en diciembre para Big City
porque la fraccin para demanda en diciembre decreci de 8.5 % a 7.5%. Ud
Stockholm Environment Institute
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
36
2.
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
37
February 2009
Herramientas Basicas
38
..//
February 2009
Eescenarios
39
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Eescenarios
Un tutorial para
Preparando el Terreno Para los Eescenarios ....................................................... 40
Creando Eescenarios de Referencia ...................................................................... 41
Creando y Corriendo Eescenarios ........................................................................ 47
Usando el Metodo WATER YEAR ................................................................... 51
February 2009
February 2009
Eescenarios
40
Note:
Para comenzar esta leccin vaya al men principal y seleccione Revert to
Version y escoja la versin llamada Starting Point for Escenarios'
module.
2.
February 2009
Eescenarios
3.
41
2.2%
February 2009
Eescenarios
2.
42
February 2009
Eescenarios
43
February 2009
Eescenarios
44
Clic en Enter Data en la ventana que aparezca. Presione next. Ahora clic
en Add para agregar lo siguiente a la serie de tiempo:
Type of Time Series:
Data:
2000
2005
2010
Interpolate
3500
3300
3200
2015 3150
Growth after last year:
0%
Note que el primer punto, para el ao 2000, deber estar ya listado porque ya
ha sido ingresado cuando Unit Irrigation Water Needs fue creado.
February 2009
Eescenarios
3.
45
February 2009
Eescenarios
4.
46
February 2009
Eescenarios
47
February 2009
Eescenarios
48
February 2009
Eescenarios
2.
49
Haga los siguientes cambios dentro de la pantalla Data una vez que haya
escogido el eescenario nuevo, Higher Population Growth,
Seleccione dentro de los Key Assumption el con nombre Population
Growth Rate y cambie el valor bajo el periodo 2001 2015 a 5.0. Notara que
el color del texto en los campos cambiara de color a rojo. Esto ocurre para
cualquier valor que cambia o se desvi del eescenario de referencia.
3.
February 2009
Eescenarios
50
Por ejemplo, seleccione Water Demand del men principal. Seleccione All
Escenarios en el men a la derecha del grfico. Escoja Big City en el men
donde se lee Branches: Demand Sites. El grfico deber verse como el
siguiente:
February 2009
Eescenarios
51
DEFINICION DE
HIDROLOGICAS
LA
CONDICIONES
CLIMATICAS
February 2009
Eescenarios
52
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.45
February 2009
Eescenarios
2.
53
El siguiente paso en el uso del mtodo Water Year Method es crear una
secuencia climtica para el periodo. Primero seleccione dentro de Data For:
Current Accounts (2000) y asegrese de que el ao 2000 este fijado como
Normal. Luego seleccione Reference e ingrese:
2001-2003
2004
2005
2006-2008
2009-2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
normal
very
wet
normal
dry
very
normal
wet
normal
dry
dry
wet
February 2009
Eescenarios
54
February 2009
Eescenarios
3.
55
4.
February 2009
Eescenarios
56
February 2009
Eescenarios
57
5.
normal
wet
normal
normal
February 2009
Eescenarios
58
2009-2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
very dry
normal
dry
normal
normal
dry
February 2009
Eescenarios
59
February 2009
Eescenarios
60
February 2009
61
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Datos,
Resultados y
Formato
Un tutorial para
Intercambiando Datos ............................................................................................ 62
Importando Serias de Tiempo ............................................................................... 66
Trabajando con los Resultados.............................................................................. 69
FORMATING / Defniendo el formato ................................................................. 73
February 2009
February 2009
62
Note:
Para comenzar esta leccion vaya al menu principal y seleccione Revert to
Version y escoja la version llamada Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
Intercambiando Datos
1.
February 2009
2.
63
En la hoja de trabajo que se creo en el paso anterior, filter los contenidos para
desplegar en pantalla solamente la variable consumption. Probablemente
tendra que mover la pantalla hacia la derecha para llegar a la lista de
variables.
Use la flecha a la derecha de la palabra variable para obtener el listado y seleccione
consumption.
February 2009
3.
64
MODIFICANDO DATOS
February 2009
4.
65
February 2009
66
Nota: en excel si se tienen mas de una hoja de trabajo abiertos, verifique que
se este importando desde la hoja adecuada.
February 2009
2.
67
February 2009
3.
68
February 2009
69
Escoja selected years y escoja los aos 2000 al 2003 (los datos actuales son
en 2000 y no hay mas info mas alla del 2003). El escenario de referencia
aparecera automaticamente cuando se selecciona selected years. Debera
obtener un grfico como el que sigue:
February 2009
70
grfico. Finalmente seleccione los aos 2000 al 2003 para ser represantados en
el grfico.
Guarde este grfico como favorite usando favorite y save chart as
favorite. Nombrelo simulated and observed streamflow comparison
2.
February 2009
3.
71
February 2009
72
4.
5.
CALCULO DE ESTADISTICAS
February 2009
73
February 2009
74
February 2009
75
February 2009
2.
76
3.
February 2009
77
_maps\tutorial\
February 2009
78
February 2009
4.
79
Para completar el formato del area, cambiemos el texto del nodo y las
designaciones y movamolos de lugar.
Bajo schematic abra el menu Schematic desde las opciones arribe de la
pantalla. Escoja set WEAP node size o set WEAP node label size
dependiendo de lo que se quiera. Para cada opcion una ventana aparecera y
una regla permite modificar el tamao.
February 2009
80
February 2009
81
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Conectando
Recursos y
Demandas
Un tutorial para
Modelando recursos de aguas subterraneas ....................................................... 82
February 2009
February 2009
82
Note:
Para comenzar la leccion vaya al Menu principal y seleccion Revert to
Version y escoja la version llamada Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
February 2009
83
2.
Use una Transmission Link para conectar Big City Groundwater a Big
City demand site, y asignele una prioridad de 2.
Su modelo debiera verse como el que esta a continuacion:
February 2009
3.
84
1 (default)
6 m3/sec
February 2009
85
4.
February 2009
86
Groundwater recharge and interaction with rainfall and surface water can be modeled
rather that entered as inputs. Refer to the Hydrological Modeling tutorial for more
details.
Other resources can be modeled using the Other Supply object, which is characterized
by a monthly production curve. This object can be used to simulate a desalination plant
or inter-basin transfers, for example.
///
February 2009
87
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Refinando el
analisis de
Demanda
Un tutorial para
Demanda desagregada ........................................................................................... 88
Modelando el manejo de demanda, perdidas y Reuso ..................................... 94
Fijando prioridades de Demanda de distribucion ........................................... 104
February 2009
February 2009
88
Note:
Para comenzar esta leccion vaya al Menu principal y seleccione Revert to
Version y escoja la version llamada Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
Demanda desagregada
1.
2.
February 2009
89
3.
120,000 Households
70% Share
80% Saturation
90% Saturation
55% Saturation
35% Saturation
Remainder share (use the Expression
Builder)
February 2009
90
Share vs. Saturation: even though both types of percentages are treated
mathematically the same by WEAP, they are conceptually different. At a given level
of the tree, shares should always sum up to 100%. They also allow the use of the
remainder function. Saturation indicates the penetration rate for a particular device
and is independent of the penetration rate for other devices (i.e., saturation rates for
all sub-branches within a given branch do not have to sum to 100.
February 2009
4.
91
5.
February 2009
92
Para ver los resultados de la Demanda de Agua (water demand) para todas las
sub-ramas Rurales (por ejemplo, single family houses\showers; apartments),
en el campo de levels seleccione 2 (justo encima del centro del grfico). El
grfico resultante debe parecerse al uno abajo:
February 2009
93
Entiende por que la dmanda rural varia durante el ao sin que hayamos
ingresado alguna variacion?
The variation in Rural demand is due to the fact that WEAP assumes a constant daily
demand per day (no monthly demand was specified by the user), so months that have
less days (like February) have a lower demand than months that have more days (like
January).
February 2009
94
The Rural withdrawal point is downstream of the return flow point for the Big City,
which means there is an additional volume of water available in the river; this return
flow can easily cover the rather small Rural demand.
February 2009
95
February 2009
96
February 2009
97
February 2009
98
Tendra que ingresar el original de Water Use Rate for the Old
Machines (60 m3/household) como tambien la nueva Water Use Rate
for the New Machines:
Old Machines
60 m3/household
New Machines
60*0.667 m3/household
February 2009
99
February 2009
2.
100
10.5%
50%
66.6%
3.5%
Demand Side Management (DSM) measures are not taken into account in the
demand view. To see the effect of a DSM measure, look at the change in Supply
Requirement rather than Water Demand.
February 2009
3.
101
Modelando Reuso
Otra estrategia de la conservacin del agua que se podra estudiar con
eescenarios es agua re empleada. Cree un eescenario nuevo heredado del
Referencia y denominelo big city reuse. Cercirese est en este eescenario
y el clic en la rama big city. Haga clic en loss and reuse y haga clic la
carpeta reuse.
February 2009
102
Compare Unmet Demand para Big City antes (Reference) y despues (Big
City Reuse) de introducer esta conservacion de agua. Deberia tener el grfico
de abajo, el cual muestra reducciones substanciales en Big City Unmet
Demand cuando se usa la estrategia de reuso de agua.
4.
Modelando perdidas
Reedite el modelo para tener en cuenta el hecho que hay un 20% de tasa de
prdida en la red de gran Ciudad. Haga este cambio para las Cuentas Actuales
(current accounts) para que se llevara con el eescenario reference, y como
resultado de la caracterstica de herencia, a travs de todos eescenarios.
February 2009
103
What happens to the unmet demand for the Big City, both in the
Reference escenario and the Big City Reuse escenario compared to
the earlier exercise without losses?
Losses can happen in Transmission Link, in the Demand Site itself or in the Return
flow. Losses in the Transmission Link will affect the supply to the Demand Site.
Losses in the Demand Site will affect the required Supply Requirements of this
Demand Site. Losses in the Return Flow will only affect the flow returned.
February 2009
104
February 2009
105
A demand priority can be any whole number between 1 and 99 (99 is the default) and
allows the user to specify the order in which the water requirements of demand sites
are satisfied. WEAP will attempt to satisfy the water requirement of a demand site
with a demand priority of 1 before a demand site with a demand priority of 2 or
greater. If two demand sites have the same priority, WEAP will attempt to satisfy
their water requirements equally. Absolute values have no significance for the
priority levels; only the relative order matters. For example, if there are two demand
sites, the same result will occur if demand priorities are set to 1 and 2 or 1 and 99.
Demand Priorities allow the user to represent in WEAP water allocation as it actually
occurs in their system. For example, a downstream farmer may have historical water
rights to river water, even though another demand site positioned upstream could
extract as much river water as it desired, leaving the farmer with little water in the
absence of such water rights. The Demand Priority setting allows the user to set the
farmer's priority for water above that of the upstream demand site. Demand
Priorities can also change with time or change in a escenario - more advanced subject
matter to be dealt with later in the tutorial.
You can also change the Demand Priority in the Data View\Priority
screen\Demand Priority tab.
2.
Compare Resultados
Despliegue graficamente Unmet Demand para la Agriculture para
Reference y eescenarios Changing Demand Priorities. Deberia ser como
el de a continuacion:
February 2009
106
February 2009
107
February 2009
108
February 2009
Hidrologa
109
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Hidrologa
Un tutorial para
Modelando Captaciones: modelo
aguas lluvias y " Runoff" ....................................... 110
Modelando Captaciones: modelo de
humedad del suelol ................................................. 115
Simulando interaccion superficie y
aguas subterraneas ................................................. 121
February 2009
February 2009
Hidrologa
110
Note:
Para comenzar la leccion vaya al Menu principal y seleccione Revert to
Version y escoja la version llamada Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
Main River
Yes (check box)
No inflow to GW
No (Default)
1 (default)
Note that when you have finished creating the Catchment node, a dashed blue
line will automatically appear in the schematic linking the node to the Main
River.
February 2009
Hidrologa
2.
111
February 2009
Hidrologa
112
Crop Coefficients (use the Monthly Time Series Wizard to input these
data)
Sep to Feb
March
April
May
Jun to Aug
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.1
February 2009
Hidrologa
113
Note que si usted haba hecho clic s cuando pregunt si reas irrigadas
deban ser incluidas en esta captacin (bajo Informacin General al crear
captacin), otro botn la Irrigacin habra aparecido bajo la captacin en
los Datos ve. Este botn tendra dos etiquetas bajo lo: (1) Irrig, donde
usted hace la entrada o un 0 para no irrigado, o un 1 para irrigado para
una clase particular de la tierra; y (2) Irrig la fraccin donde usted
especificara la fraccin de agua de irrigacin suministr al rea que est
disponible para el evapotranspiration.
The Rainfall Runoff method is a simple method that computes runoff as the difference
between precipitation and a plants evapotranspiration. A portion of the precipitation can
be set to bypass the evapotranspiration process and go straight into runoff to ensure a base
flow (through the effective precipitation parameter).
The evapotranspiration is estimated by first entering the reference evapotranspiration,
then defining crop coefficients for each type of land use (Kcs) that multiply the reference
evapotranspiration to reflect differences occurring from plant to plant.
More information about this method can be obtained from the FAO Irrigation and
Drainage Paper 56, called Crop Evapotranspiration and available from the FAOs
website (www.fao.org).
Entering an effective precipitation other than 100% is one way of acknowledging the fact
that part of the rainfall is not submitted to evapotranspiration during high intensity
rainfall events, hence generating a minimal runoff to the river even when the rainfall is
lower than the potential evapotranspiration. Another solution is to move to more developed
models such as the 2-buckets soil moisture model coupled with Surface Water
Groundwater interaction modeling, as presented later in this module.
February 2009
Hidrologa
3.
114
Precip.
21
37
56
78
141
114
116
85
69
36
22
13
ETref
42
47
78
86
131
122
158
140
104
79
43
37
If not available from on-site stations, precipitation data can sometimes be derived from
world-wide climate models such as the one developed by Tim Mitchell at the University of
East Anglia (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/data/index.html). The use of GIS software to
extract the appropriate data is required. Such models provide average data in opposition to
actual data, implying that the calibration is much more delicate.
The Reference Evapotranspiration can be determined from a set of climatic and
topographic parameters using the Penman-Monteith equation. More details are provided
in the FAO publication mentioned earlier. Also, there exist global models of monthly
reference evapotranspiration put together by the FAO, available from the FAOs website.
4.
February 2009
Hidrologa
115
Main River
No (check box)
No inflow to GW
Yes (check box)
1 (default)
February 2009
Hidrologa
2.
116
The purpose of this transmission link is to allow supplying irrigated areas with water from
the river in case rainfall is insufficient.
February 2009
Hidrologa
3.
117
4.
Forest
25%
Grasslands
February 2009
Hidrologa
118
Irrigated
3.6
60
0.15
50%
Forest
3.0
35
0.15
20%
Grasslands
1.7
45 mm/month
0.15
20%
The Rainfall Runoff (soil moisture model) method has been developed to provide a simple
yet realistic way of modeling hydrological processes with a semi-physical representation.
Details about the method and its parameters, as well as calibration procedures, can be
found in the appendix to this tutorial as well as in articles posted to the publication
section of WEAPs website (www.weap21.org). The related WEAP help topic provides a
description of each parameter and an overview of the model as well. The parameter values
displayed above are for illustration purposes only.
5.
February 2009
Hidrologa
119
Precipitation
River
previous exercise.
Temperature
Apr, 21,
Sep, 27, Oct,
)
Humidity
Wind
Latitude
Data about snow coverage are not needed if the basin is not exposed to snow. WEAP
determines the appearance of snow based on the temperature and the melting and freezing
points parameters. If the last two are left empty, no snow will be allowed to accumulate.
6.
Irrigated
100%
45%
55%
Forest
0%
Grasslands
0%
February 2009
Hidrologa
7.
120
February 2009
Hidrologa
121
As you can see from the series of graphs, irrigation only happens from April to September.
Soil Moisture in the first bucket is rather constant throughout the year at 45% to 50%,
which is consistent with the lower threshold we set.
2.
February 2009
Hidrologa
122
You can also create the Infiltration/Runoff Link between the catchment and the
groundwater node by right-clicing the catchment in the Schematic View, selecting
General Info and then choosing the groundwater field in the Infiltration to dropdown menu.
3.
February 2009
Hidrologa
123
4.
February 2009
Hidrologa
124
Reach Length
5.
30,000 m
February 2009
Hidrologa
125
Note that these results include Inflow from Agriculture Groundwater (due to the
designation of the Agriculture Groundwater node as a source to supply irrigation water for
the Agriculture Catchment) and Outflow to Agriculture Groundwater (due to the
creation of a runoff/infiltration link between the two nodes).
February 2009
Hidrologa
126
Note that the Inflow from Upstream category indicates infiltration of Main River water
to Agriculture Groundwater along the river reach you selected earlier. Likewise, Outflow
to Downstream represents groundwater seepage into the Main River.
Mire tambin en la altura de agua subterrnea encima de la etapa del ro. Esto
puede ser visto escogiendo supply and resources\groundwater\height above
river de la variable primaria en el men. Escoja agricultura groundwater del
selected aquifers la opcin en el men encima de la leyenda del grfico.
Note that in the month where groundwater seepage to the Main River occurs (February),
the groundwater elevation is higher than the wetted depth of the river as designated in the
data (i.e., the difference in elevations is positive). Likewise, when Main River infiltration to
groundwater is occurring, the elevation difference is negative.
///
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
127
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Refinando el
Suministro
Un turorial para
Cambiando las prioridades de
suminstro ................................................................ 128
Modelando reservas ................................................ 131
Agregando requerimientos de caudal
o flujos .................................................................... 137
February 2009
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
128
Note:
Para comenzar esta leccion vaya al Menu principal y seleccione Revert to
Version y escoja la version llamada Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
If water quality were a concern, a wastewater treatment plant could have been added to
treat the water from Big City before Agriculture received it. Having the treatment plant in
the schematic would make it possible to simulate the changes in water quality before and
after treatment.
7.
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
129
Coverage. Para cambiar las prioridades haga clic en el boton derecho sobre
el transmission link en el ambiente schematics.
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
130
Supply Preferences = 1 from the Main River and 1 from Big City
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
8.
131
Modelando Reservas
1.
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
132
Clic en boton derecho sobre Main River Reservoir y select "Edit Data".
Seleccione la variable Storage Capacity y ingrese al ambiente Data
(asegurese de queReservoir Added este seleccionado). Clic en Startup
Year antes de alterar otros parametros.
escoja 2002 como punto de partida para Main River Reservoir
70 M m3
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
133
More details about reservoirs operation and hydropower production are provided in the
Reservoirs and Power Production module of the WEAP tutorial.
2.
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134
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135
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Refinando el Suministro
136
The creation of a large reservoir allows storage of excess water during high flow periods
to cover water demand during low flow periods. The price to pay is, however, a potentially
large impact on the hydrological regime of the river downstream of the reservoir. The
Return Flows from Big City and Agriculture provide the flow in the Main River during the
spring and winter months. A reservoirs operation variables and flow requirements can be
used to mitigate the reservoirs downstream impact.
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Refinando el Suministro
137
(default)
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138
2.
5 CMS
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139
February 2009
Refinando el Suministro
140
The relative level of Demand Priority for Big City, Agriculture and the Flow Requirement
will determine which demand is covered first. To ensure that the Flow Requirement is
covered first, change the Demand Priority of Big City to a value higher than for the Flow
Requirement, since it is upstream of the Flow Requirement.
February 2009
141
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Embalses y
Generacin
Hidroelctrica
UN TUTORIAL EN
Modelando Embalses .............................................. 142
Agregando Generacin
Hidroelctrica ......................................................... 146
Modelando Centrales de Pasada ............................. 149
febrero 2009
February 2009
142
Note:
For this module you will need to have completed the previous modules
(WEAP in One Hour, Basic Tools, and Escenarios) or have a fair knowledge
of WEAP (data structure, Key Assumptions, Expression Builder, creating
escenarios). To begin this module, go to the Main Menu, select Revert to
Version and choose the version named Starting Point for all modules after
Escenarios module.
Modelando Embalses
3.
Creando un Embalse
Cree un Embalses en el Lago localizado aguas arriba de Big City.
Llmelo Embalse Big City.
Demand Priority 99 (default)
Entering a Demand Priority of 99 ensures that the reservoir will only fill if all other
needs are fulfilled, including downstream demand.
4.
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143
The Volume Elevation Curve is used both to model the surface for evaporation and to
compute the head in case hydropower production is simulated. A cylindrical shape is
assumed in converting volume and elevation into area.
Net evaporation needs to account for both rainfall and evaporation. It can therefore be a
positive or a negative number; monthly variations can be modeled using the Monthly
Time Series Wizard.
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5.
144
60
40
5
1.0
6.
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146
The Buffer Coefficient provides a way to regulate water releases when the water level in
the reservoir is within the buffer zone (see figure in the information box of the previous
step). The downstream demand is multiplied by the Buffer Coefficient to obtain actual
water release. Thus a Buffer Coefficient of 1 means that as much water is released as is
needed to cover downstream demand (in other terms, the buffer zone is a mere
extension of the conservation zone). A Buffer Coefficient of 0 means no water is
released. This is why lower Demand Site Coverage is observed for results in the Buffer
Coefficient Changes escenario above.
February 2009
2.
147
5 CMS
80 CMS
195m
100%
60%
Look at the Hydropower Calculations help topic for more information about how
WEAP computes power production.
3.
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149
The streamflow that can be processed by the turbine has been capped to 80CMS (see
previous step), meaning that even though there is a higher discharge in June, the excess
quantity flows downstream without going through the turbine. Hydropower in June
would be the same for May and June if not for the fact that the Storage Elevation in Big
City Reservoir was slightly lower at the end of April than it was at the end of May (look
at the Storage Elevation results to confirm this - these numbers represent the status at
the end of each month indicated). This effect was slightly offset by the fact that May has
31 days to produce power, whereas June has 30 days, but June still ended up having
slightly higher total production.
Off-line, local reservoirs hydropower production can be modeled in the same way.
5 CMS
80 CMS
100%
February 2009
Generating Efficiency
Fixed Head
2.
150
60%
19.5 m
February 2009
151
Note that the Run of River hydropower is slightly higher in May than June, in contrast
to Big City Reservoir power production. This is due to the additional day available in
May compared to June. Run of River hydropower production does not have Storage
Elevation as limiting effect, whereas the Reservoir was still filling in May, which
decrease the Reservoir production for that month compared to June.
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152
A reservoir can store water during high flows and release during low flow, thus having
a smoothing effect. A run-of-river operation, however, processes whatever water flows
in the river at any given point in time. Therefore, it does not affect the shape of the
streamflow curve.
February 2009
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
febrero 2009
154
Note:
For this module you will need to have completed the previous modules (WEAP in
One Hour, Basic Tools, and Escenarios) or have a fair knowledge of WEAP (data
structure, Key Assumptions, Expression Builder, creating escenarios). To begin this
module, go to the Main Menu, select Revert to Version and choose the version
named Starting Point for all modules after Escenarios module.
2.
Calculate by
Change to modeled
Decay
Conservative
Decay Rate
0.25 per day
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156
More details are provided on the different models used for BOD and DO models in the
Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand help topic.
February 2009
157
2.
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The Reach Length tab displayed under the Inflows and Outflows screen is used
only for groundwater-surface water interaction modeling. Since this interaction can
occur along segments of the total reach length, it can differ from the total reach length.
Note that the reach length data input here is not used for water quality modeling.
3.
Value (C)
10
11
13
15
21
24
29
31
28
20
16
12
February 2009
161
Humidity
Wind
Latitude
65%
1 m/s
30
Nota: usted puede ingresar estos datos para el primer tramo del ro y
dejar los otros tramos vacos si es que quiere que estos valores apliquen
para todos los tramos.
February 2009
162
2.
2 mg/L
February 2009
163
Por que la Cobertura de Big City baja a cero durante Junio, 2001, en el
eescenario con restriccin en la calidad del agua?
If you look at the BOD concentration in the Below Main River Headflow reach
(pictured below), you will see that BOD rises above the constraint (2 mg/L) for Big City
intake during the month of June for both 2000 and 2001. Since the constraint is activated
during the escenario period (starting in 2001), coverage for Big City decreases during
June, 2001, because this demand site will not accept water that falls below the BOD
constraint, and no other sources of water other than the Main River have been
designated as supplies for Big City.
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The simulated temporal pattern of the BOD concentration along this reach of the Main
River is a function of degradation, the extent of which is controlled by the residence
time of the water in the Headflow reach. The longer the residence time in this reach,
the more degradation that occurs. The pattern for BOD thus mirrors that of the flow
velocity, and streamflow, for the reach (both pictured below).
February 2009
165
Ingresando Datos
Vamos a asumir que sabemos la concentracin de contaminantes en los flujos
de salidas (Flujo de Retorno) de Big City. Entonces, usaremos la serie de
pestaa de Concentration en la rama Demand Sites\Big City del rbol
de Datos. Haga clic en el botn de Water Quality e ingrese los siguientes
datos (en Current Accounts):
Temperature
BOD Concentration
DO Concentration
TSS Concentration
Salt Concentration
16 C
60 mg/l
3 mg/l
5 mg/l
10 mg/l
50 kg/ha
February 2009
166
DO Intensity
TSS Intensity
Salt Intensity
Temperature
30 kg/ha
20 kg/ha
2 kg/ha
15C
Inputting data for Pollutant Generation, using either method, will cause WEAP to
disregard any pollutant concentration specified or simulated in the inflow to the
demand site.
2.
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Usted tiene que establecer las variables de Return Flow Routing (Ruteo de
los Flujos de Retorno) para ambos enlaces.
For Para el Flujo de Retorno desde Big City a Main River (Return Flow
Node 1), deje el Routing en un 100% para las Cuentas Actuales y 0%
para los aos 2001-2015 en el eescenario Nueva Planta de Tratamiento
de Aguas Servidas recin creado.
Para los Flujos de Retorno desde Big City a la WWTP de Big City
establzcalo a un 100% para los aos 2001-2015 en el mismo eescenario.
Stockholm Environment Institute
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169
You also have the possibility to set removal rates in the various return flows. This
would be useful if, for example, a given pollutant is decomposed by bacteria in the
sewer system. These data can be entered under the Water Quality\Pollutant Decrease
in Return Flow branches for the appropriate return flows (see figure below for
example).
February 2009
2.
170
2001
February 2009
171
Consumption
Daily Capacity
BOD Removal
DO Concentration
TSS Removal
Salt Removal
Temperature
5%
2M m3
90%
5mg/l
80%
20%
15C
If only part of the wastewater is treated through the WWTP, there are two modeling
possibilities. One is to limit the Daily Capacity to whatever amount can actually be
treated. In this case the wastewater in excess will be discharged without treatment. In
this case, the share of untreated wastewater is not constant, but depends on the total
flow.
Another solution is to create an additional return flow going from the demand site
straight to the river, by-passing the WWTP. In this case, a constant share can be set to
by-pass the WWTP by setting the return flow routing shares accordingly. A
combination of both methods is also possible.
3.
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172
Note that BOD levels decrease substantially in 2001 compared to 2000 in the reach
below the return flow from the treatment plant because the plant becomes active that
year.
February 2009
173
-WEAP tambin puede mostrar los valores de calidad del agua a lo largo
del ro.
Desde el men al fondo de la pantalla, elija All Main River Nodes and
Reaches y haga marque Represent true relative distance? Esto mostrara
todo los nodos y tramos a lo largo del eje-X, con su distanciamiento
proporcional a su distancia aguas abajo (las distancias se muestran en
parntesis). Seleccione July, 2010, como el mes y ao. Para el tipo de grfico
(chart type), seleccione Line.
El grfico muestra como los niveles de BOD aumentan cuando los flujos de
retorno cargados de BOD entran al ro, y disminuyen a medida que el BOD
decae aguas abajo. El efecto de la planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas se
puede ver claramente. Su grfico debera parecerse al siguiente:
February 2009
174
In this type of chart, the outflows are represented as negative values and inflows are
positive values. Note also that the Lost in Treatment category represents the flow
that is consumed - a consumption rate of 5% was input in the data view for the
treatment plant.
February 2009
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Anlisis
Financiero
UN TUTORIAL EN
Preparando el Modelo de Costos e Ingresos ............ 176
Modelando Costos ................................................... 178
Modelando Ingresos ................................................ 184
febrero 2009
176
Note:
For this module you will need to have completed the previous modules (WEAP in
One Hour, Basic Tools, and Escenarios) or have a fair knowledge of WEAP (data
structure, Key Assumptions, Expression Builder, creating escenarios). To begin this
module, go to the Main Menu, select Revert to Version and choose the version
named Starting Point for all modules after Escenarios module.
2.
7%
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177
The Discount Rate is used to compute net present value and accrue monetary quantities
over time. It is different from the interest rate, which must be entered manually for each
loan payment computation.
One needs to decide upfront whether the analysis will be done in real or in nominal
dollars (with or without considering inflation) since this will have an effect on the
discount rate, interest rates and cost & revenue growth.
Determination of the Discount Rate is an important matter in economic analyses.
Guidelines exist that are based on different methods such as the Weighted Average Cost
of Capital (WACC) or Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAP-M). The US government
currently recommends a discount rate of 7% for public sector projects (including
inflation).
3.
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Changing the Last Year of Escenarios will not affect the Current Accounts, the base
year for all escenarios. It will only affect all the escenarios, including the Reference
escenario. For more details about WEAP and escenarios, refer to the Escenarios
module of the tutorial.
Modelando Costos
1.
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179
February 2009
180
0.12$/m3
February 2009
2.
181
3.
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182
February 2009
183
While real dollar are actual dollar values, discounted dollar values have been brought
back to their present value using the discount rate. The further in the future the cost
occurs, the lower its present value.
February 2009
184
Monthly variations in average cost of water occur because of the largely varying
consumption of water (especially in the Agriculture area), while fixed costs remain
constant. Annual variations are mainly driven by changes in the capital costs (loans are
paid back, new loans occur).
Modelando Ingresos
1.
February 2009
Variable Revenue
185
0.26$/m3
2.
February 2009
186
The Net Present Value of the costs can be compared to that of the revenue to obtain a
sense of the economic viability of the system. If the NPV of the costs exceeds the NPV of
the revenues, then the system is returning a lower profit than average projects (as
defined by the discount rate). If the NPV of the revenues exceed that of the costs, then
the systems is generating a profit higher than average projects.
February 2009
187
The WEAP/
QUAL2K Interface
A TUTORIAL ON
Linking to QUAL2K ............................................... 188
Running Escenarios ................................................ 193
February 2009
February 2009
188
Note:
For this module you will need to have completed the previous modules (WEAP in
One Hour, Basic Tools, Escenarios, and Water Quality) or have a fair knowledge of
WEAP (data structure, Key Assumptions, Expression Builder, creating escenarios). To
begin this module, go to the Main Menu, select Revert to Version and choose the
version named Answer Key for Water Quality Module.
Linking to QUAL2K
1.
2.
QUAL2K measures distance along a reach from the tail of the reach,
while WEAP measures distance from the head.
February 2009
189
QUAL2K and WEAP are similar in that each treats a river as a sequence of
reaches, not necessarily of equal lengths. However, the reach boundaries as
defined in QUAL2K and in WEAP need not match. Where reach boundaries
do not match, WEAP handles the task of mapping water quality and climate
variables, based on distance markers.
Reservoirs present special challenges for water quality modeling. WEAP
includes reservoirs, but not for water quality, while QUAL2K includes weirs,
but they are not operated. It is recommended that rivers with reservoirs not
be linked to QUAL2K, or that they be modeled in two sectionsabove the
reservoir and below the reservoir.
3.
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Look for the new drop-down labeled QUAL2K Data File (.q2k) that
has appeared at the bottom left of the Water Quality Constituents
dialog.
Select < Copy file from another directory > from the drop-down.
The Water Quality Constituents Dialog should now look like the following:
The QUAL2K file must initially be developed and edited outside of WEAP. WEAP will
then modify some of the values, and extract values from QUAL2K after it is run. To
view or edit the QUAL2K file, clic on the View button next to the QUAL2K Data File
(.q2k) drop-down on the Water Quality Constituents dialog.
February 2009
4.
191
5.
Go to Data View
Select the Distance Marker tab. (This will only show up in Current
Accounts: if you do not see it, switch to Current Accounts in the dropdown at the top of the page.)
Set the distance for Below Main River Headflow to 300 km, and the
distance for Tailflow Point to 0 km.
February 2009
192
Either use the Expression Builder or directly type in the formula Air
Temperature - 6.5, and make sure the units are C.
February 2009
193
Running Escenarios
6.
Run Escenarios
Run the escenario by going to Results View and answering Yes to the
dialog asking whether to recalculate.
Note that when using QUAL2K, running escenarios can take a long time.
Consider reducing the number of escenarios that you calculate at any
time.
QUAL2K will not run for months in which streamflow is zero. If this
situation occurs in one or more escenarios, add a (small) minimum flow
requirement on reaches for which QUAL2K is used.
7.
Compare Results
When you have finished running your selected escenarios, compare the
results with the results from the previous module. They should be similar,
but not identical, because the built-in water quality calculations in WEAP
make slightly different assumptions and use different approximations than
QUAL2K.
February 2009
194
February 2009
WEAP
Water Evaluation And Planning System
Linking WEAP
to MODFLOW
A TUTORIAL ON
Linking to MODFLOW ......................................... 196
Running MODFLOW and Viewing
Results .................................................................... 207
Scenario: Increased Population .............................. 209
Scenario: Irrigation................................................. 211
Scenario: Artificial Recharge .................................. 216
February 2009
196
Note:
For this module you will need to have completed the previous modules
(WEAP in One Hour, Basic Tools, and Scenarios) or have a fair knowledge
of WEAP (data structure, Key Assumptions, Expression Builder, creating
scenarios). To begin this module, go to the Main Menu, select Revert to
Version and choose the version named Starting Point for 'Linking WEAP
to MODFLOW module'.
Linking to MODFLOW
1.
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2.
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3.
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199
The name file lists the other files that contain data for the various
aspects of the MODFLOW model, such as recharge, pumping and river
interactions. These files are called "packages." Take a look at some
of the packages for this modelclick on the "View/Edit Packages"
button to and choose "MODFLOW Name file: tutorial.mfn." You will
see the list of files/packages. Click the cancel button to close the
name file and look at another package, such as the "MODFLOW
Discretization file: tutorial.dis." The discretization file contains
basic information about the model, such as the number of layers, row
and columns, and the width of each row and column. As you can see
in the screen above, WEAP has read in this information already: 20
rows, 20 columns, 1 layer, and 1000 meters width for both rows and
columns.
Note that initially WEAP does not know how to link the MODFLOW
model to the WEAP model, as can be seen in the screen above, e.g.,
"WARNING: Active cells linked to WEAP groundwater node:
None are linked" and "1 groundwater nodes (0 are linked to
MODFLOW cells)." The next step is to make this linkage.
4.
February 2009
5.
200
February 2009
201
After the shape file has been created, WEAP will display it and allow
you to customize its appearance on the schematic. As you can see
from the screen below, the new shape file is a 20x20 grid of 400 cells.
The associated attribute table has fields for row, column, and for
linking various WEAP elements to each cellGW, Catchment,
Land_Use, DemandSite and RiverReach. You will need to fill in this
table, specifying which cells are linked to which WEAP elements. For
example, the name of the WEAP groundwater node (in the Tutorial,
the node is named "Groundwater") must be entered in the table in the
column labeled GW for each cell that corresponds to the WEAP
groundwater node. For example, in row 1, columns 6 through 17
correspond to the WEAP groundwater node, so you would enter
"Groundwater" in table column GW for those cells.
You may edit this table in several different ways. To edit inside
WEAP, click the Edit button (shown above) and type the values
directly into the table. You can also edit the table in Microsoft Excel
(the attribute table has the extension .dbf, e.g., MODFLOW
Linkage.dbf) or in any GIS program, such as ArcGIS. If you do have
access to GIS software, this will be the easiest way to edit the table,
but it can be done in WEAP.
After customizing its appearance, click the OK button. WEAP will
add this layer to your Schematic and return you to the "Choose shape
file that has MODFLOW linkage information" window.
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6.
202
February 2009
203
Click OK. Now we need to specify which of the fields in the Linkage
attribute table will be used for the linkage, and to which MODFLOW
and WEAP items they correspond. The fields which are required are
MODFLOW Cell Row, MODFLOW Cell Column and Groundwater
Name. Depending on your model, you may or may not also match
some or all of the following: Catchment Name, Land Use Name,
Demand Site Name and River Reach Name. Based on the attribute
file column names, WEAP will try to guess which fields are used for
what. For example, if it finds fields containing the names "Row" and
"Col", it will assume these contain the MODFLOW row and column
values. In this example, WEAP is able to correctly guess all the fields:
February 2009
204
If it didn't correctly guess, you would select the appropriate field for
each item (e.g., Groundwater Name Field). WEAP will also attempt
to guess which WEAP rivers and reaches correspond to the
MODFLOW river and drain cells. Click OK to close this window.
February 2009
205
Note that WEAP now reports the linkage shape file and how many of
the WEAP and MODFLOW items are linked together, e.g., "1
groundwater nodes (1 are linked to MODFLOW cells)" and "Active
cells linked to WEAP groundwater node: All are linked." Click Close
to return to the WEAP Schematic.
February 2009
206
7.
You have now linked the WEAP model to the MODFLOW model.
February 2009
207
View Results
Click the Results button to calculate and view results. Notice that at
each calculation timestep, WEAP runs MODFLOW.
Results for MODFLOW are located in the Supply and Resources /
Groundwater / MODFLOW category in the primary variable pulldown menu.
Look at the results for Supply and Resources / Groundwater /
MODFLOW / Cell Head. This report shows the vertical head for each
MODFLOW cell. MODFLOW results utilize a new type of graph
the 3-dimensional surface chart. Make sure that "Surface" is selected
as the chart type, and that the "Y=0"button is not down. The cell head
for one timestep is shown. Experiment with the sliders below the
surface chart to rotate or tilt the surface. Click the "Rotate" button
to animate the chart. Click the "3-D" button to switch between 3-D
surface and 2-D plan views.
Can you see the impact of pumping from the Big City Wellfield?
(This view exaggerates the variation in headclick the "Y=0"
February 2009
208
Click on the Map tab to see the head values on the map, with a graph
below. When you click on a grid cell, its value over time will be
graphed below the map. Click on some of the cells at the Big City
Wellfield to see how they vary. There is a seasonal fluctuation in cell
head (higher in winter, lower in summer, due to increased pumping in
the summer and lower rainfall in the summer), and an overall trend
downward from 2000 to 2010. You can click and drag the mouse over
many cells and the graph will update in real-time as you move the
mouse. This is a good way to get a quick understanding of how cells
in different areas of the model behave differently over time.
February 2009
209
9.
Create scenario
Switch to the Data View and create a new scenario underneath
"Reference," call it "Increased Population" (Main menu: Area,
Manage Scenarios).
Change the expression for the Annual Activity Level for Big City from
"Growth(1%)" to "Growth(5%)"
February 2009
10.
210
Evaluate results
Go to Results and look for the impact of the increased pumping from
Big City on the groundwater levels. As you can see, the slow
downward trend of the Reference scenario has now accelerated in the
Increased Population scenario. This is especially evident in the cells
on or near the Big City Wellfield
but an effect, although smaller, can even be seen far away from the
wellfield, e.g., in Row 16, Column 6 (in the lower left corner of the
model).
February 2009
211
Scenario: Irrigation
The crops on this Farm are currently rainfed, but there is not enough
rainfall in the summer to meet their evapotranspirative demand.
Look at the results for Catchments / ET shortfall:
February 2009
11.
212
Create scenario
Let's investigate the impact of adding irrigation from groundwater
pumping, both on the groundwater levels and on crop yields. Switch
to the Schematic View and create a new scenario underneath
"Reference," call it "Irrigation."
There are several steps to take to turn on irrigation for the Farm land
class and for the MODFLOW cells associated with the Farm.
12.
13.
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213
14.
February 2009
15.
214
Evaluate results
Go to the Results View. First, verify that irrigation begins in 2003,
reducing the ET Shortfall to zero.
What happens to crops yields, now that they receive all the
water they need? Look at the Catchment report for yields,
comparing the yield across scenarios.
Stockholm Environment Institute
February 2009
215
Compare the pumping rates for the Farm and for Big City:
February 2009
216
Artificial recharge, or "Aquifer Storage and Recovery" (ASR), involves injecting water
into an aquifer through wells or by surface spreading and infiltration and then pumping
it out when needed. The aquifer essentially functions as a water bank. Deposits are
made in times of surplus, typically during the rainy season, and withdrawals occur
when available water falls short of demand.
In this example, the water will come from outside the catchment
area and not vary seasonally.
16.
Create scenario
17.
On the Main Menu, select Schematic, Add Vector Layer. Choose the
file artificial_recharge.shp. Give it the name "Artificial Recharge",
and change its appearance so that the Style is "Solid" and the "Fill
color" is light blue. Note that the cells are in column 6, rows 13-15.
February 2009
18.
217
February 2009
218
To verify this new linkage information, set the label for the
MODFLOW Linkage layer to DEMANDSITE. You should see the
artificial recharge cells labeled, as well as those for Big City
Wellfield:
19.
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219
20.
February 2009
220
For Water Use, set the Annual Water Use Rate to 25 Million cubic
meters (the annual capacity of the injection wells) and the
Consumption to 0%.
Click on the branch for the other supply, and then enter 1 CMS for the
inflow.
21.
Evaluate Results
Run the model and look at results for recharge and cell head.
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February 2009