Sports Organization and Management

The success or failure of any sports depends on how it is planned, executed,

evaluated, and corrected. No plan can be assured of success in all places at all
times even when executed by the same people. The three Ms for management
(material resources, manpower, and method used) controls the outcome of
management. The intervening variables and the internal as well as the external
factors greatly influence the results of the program.
Sports organization and management have been combined for the second
semester of the school year. For the third quarter, it will be the discussion of the
organization and management of sports, which will include the planning of school
intramurals; the last quarter will include the actual implementation of the
management of sports wherein the student will be the ones to act as officials and
coaches of the intramurals.

Definition and
Management

Objectives

of

Sports

Definition of Sports Management

Sports management is not management and conduct per se. It is a scientific
scheme of development in almost all aspects of sports promotion.
Sports management is a vast working atmosphere, its diversified avenues
astonishingly meet at one junction which is success.
Success is never possible if one fails to explore and deal with some aspects.
However simple and negligible they are, efforts should be geared towards turning all
stones no matter how minute some may be. The way attaining the very satisfactory
degree of success in sports management should be an important concern.

Objectives of Sports Management

To imbibe in the hearts and minds of the students that sports is a

potent factor in making a person mentally healthy, physically alert,
emotionally stable. Sports is also a very important social asset.

To create awareness among teachers, coaches, trainors, and sports

officials that impressive sports management brings about success
that has tremendous impact on students, athletes interest,
involvement and performance, as well as adult managers and
officials

To further elevate the status of sports in the region and in the

country and to contribute to the realization of the national objective.

Intramural Program
Intramural Program
The purpose of intramural programs in schools is to offer an opportunity for
voluntary participation among students who are not skilled enough or not
sufficiently interested in a varsity-type program.
The intramural program in public schools is gradually increasing in stature,
size, and scope. The problem of heavy demand or inadequate facilities, which in the
past has allowed for little or no intramural offerings, is now being handled more
intelligently as administrators become more cognizant of their responsibility to
provide co-curricular activities for all.

Intramural Terminologies
As with all other programs, certain terms are important in any discussions or
intramurals and should therefore be defined.
Intramurals is a term which in modern usage designates the entire spectrum
of the program whose offerings range from tournaments in basketball, badminton,
chess, and other sports. Intramural literally means written on the walls. In other
words, an intramural program is one that is carried on within the confines of a
school or institution.
Extramurals, on the other hand, implies a program which is an outgrowth of
the intramural program, but which is not confined to a single institution.
Playday is a day in which representatives from two or more schools engage in
one or more competitive activities, but the identities of the schools are not retained.
Sports day is a day in which two or more schools compete in one or more
activities, but the identities of the schools are not retained.
Managerial system is advisable in a well-run program of intramurals.
Managers are students who handle the routine details of a particular activity. Such
details may include, for example, securing officials, scheduling games, and
distributing equipment.

Administration of an intramural program

A sound program of intramurals is impossible without wise, responsible
leadership. The authority for developing the program should be invested in a faculty
member who is generally called the intramural director. Ideally, the director should
be a professionally trained physical educator like your teacher who has time to

devote to the program, who is genuinely interested in it, and who has no other cocurricular assignments.
Your role as a student in the administration of the program is a vital one. At
the beginning, intramurals are entirely conducted by students and even if the
program is to be supervised by your Physical Education teacher, your involvement
as a student is still desirable.
There are three stages in an intramural program. They are: 1) planning; 2)
execution; and 3) evaluation. Sports or intramural management may be poor,
mediocre, or good. Poor management yield standard results; mediocre management
yields average results; while good management produces satisfactory results.
I.

Overall Organizer composed of the chairman and co-chairman. They will

be assisted by other committees. They are also in-charge of planning the
overall program of the tournament. They will announce the rules and
regulations to be followed in the game. They will also organize the
committees that will do the different duties and responsibilities.

II.

Committees to be organized:
1.

Program and Invitation in-charge in the preparation of program and

inviting guests for
the program. They will distribute the invitations to
all concerned.

2.

Accommodation in-charge of the sound system, tables, chairs, and

other equipment and materials to be used during the duration and
during the opening and closing ceremonies.

3.

Committee-in-charge of the facilities in-charge of all the facilities,

tasked to look after the safety of the peoples and athletes who will
participate. This committee will look for balls, net, and other equipment
to be used in the tournament.

4. Peace and Order in-charge of the peace and order. This committee will
see to it that everything is in order, especially the athletes who will
participate. As much as possible only athletes will be allowed to be
seated on the bench at the side of the court or diamond.
5.

Awards Committee in-charge of the prices or awards. If there is no

fund, they will be the one to look or solicit for the prizes and awards
such as trophies, medals, or cash.

6.

Technical Committee in-charge of adjudicating protests submitted to

them. This committee should be knowledgeable about the rules and
ground rules of the games.

Officials of the game

In every game, officials are very much needed for they will officiate the
games. Orientation regarding rules and regulations of the games should be

made known to all officials so that unnecessary incidents can be avoided. The
following officials are needed:
1.
2.
3.

Referee
Umpire
Scorer

4. Linesmen
5. Timer
6. Other officials

Types and Selection of Tournaments

Types and Selection of Tournaments
The success of any kind of tournament depends on careful advanced
planning. Variety in the types of tournament should help maintain interest in the
program. There are numerous ways by which teams or individuals can compete with
one another. In the selection of the types of tournaments, the considerations are the
activity, the number of competitors and available space and time.
1. Elimination Tournaments Used to a greater extent in the intramural program
than any other
type. This is understandable since time and space
facilities are usually at a premium and this type of tournament determines a
winner in a shortest possible time. An elimination tournament is based on the
elimination of the team or individual in each round. After a match, the winner
advances to the next round and the loser is either eliminated completely or
dropped to some form of a losers bracket. The most popular types of
elimination tournaments are the single elimination and the double
elimination.
Single elimination The easiest to organize and the quickest way to
declare a winner. In
single elimination
tournaments, certain formulas based on the number of competitors are
used to determine how long it will take to finish the tournament.
b. Double elimination This kind of tournament is one of the fairest types
since each entry must be defeated twice before being eliminated. This is
one of the more complicated tournaments to show graphically, since the
losers rounds keeps adding new contestants as entries drop out of the
winners rounds. The losers round can be drawn to the left of the initial
first round, with the winners rounds going to the right (as shown in the
diagram); or the losers round can be drawn as a separate tournament.
This elimination is more superior than single elimination in a way that a
team losing once has one more chance to advance towards the
championship.
a.

2. Round Robin Tournament This kind of tournament is one where each team
plays every other team. This is recommended if sufficient time is available.
This is one of the fairest types of tournaments, since each team compete
against the total entry. It has also the advantage of allowing teams to become
better acquainted.

The formula for determining the total number of games necessary to

complete a single round-robin is N (N-1)/2.
If time is the factor, one can reduce the total number of games required
by breaking down the total entry into leagues. For example, eight entries can
be divided into two leagues of four entries each, thus reducing the total
number of leagues. Some arbitrary decisions must be made on what method
to use to determine ultimate winners. A popular method is to place the first
and second place winners from each league in a single elimination play-off.
Drawing the schedule is facilitated by giving each team an assigned
number, and rotating the numbers around the pivot point for each round or
rotation. All other teams are placed in a counterclockwise direction, but keep
team number 1 constant.
Ex.
Round I
1 vs. 6
2 vs. 5
3 vs. 4

Round II
1 vs. 5
6 vs. 4
2 vs. 3

Round III
1 vs. 4
5 vs. 3
6 vs. 2

Round IV
1 vs. 3
4 vs. 2
5 vs. 6

Round V
1 vs. 2
3 vs. 6
4 vs. 5

In case of an odd number of teams, use bye in place of a number and

follow the rotation as shown above. The bye means that the team will not
play.
Ex.
Round I
1 vs. bye
2 vs. 5
bye
3 vs. 4

Round II
1 vs. 5
bye vs. 4
2 vs. 3

Round III
1 vs. 4
5 vs. 3
bye vs. 2

Round IV
1 vs. 3
4 vs. 2

Round V
1 vs. 2
3 vs.

5 vs. bye

4 vs. 5

3. Ladder Tournament This tournament is undoubtedly the best known and

most used of the extended type. It is particularly appropriate for individual
competition. The objective in a ladder tournament is to work ones way to the
top and remain there. Advances to the top are gained by challenging
someone on a higher rung and defeating him or her. Initial spots on the
ladder are usually determined by chance. If seeding is used, all entries are
listed in order of ability and the list is then inverted. In other words, the best
player starts on the bottom rung. Some of the arbitrary decisions which has
to be made are:
a.
b.
c.
d.

The number of rungs above his or her own that the team can challenge
The position of the challenger if he or she wins
The final date of the tournament
The minimum and maximum number of matches that can be played in a
certain time period
e. The challenge to be accepted

Scheduling of the Games

Scheduling of Games
The single and double eliminations require a ground rule which determines
the final position of a team/participant eliminated. This ground rule may award the
last position to the first one eliminated or may be given a chance to play one more
game against the next ranking team for the next higher position. To this effect,
seeding of teams must be drawn/previous results of a tournament in which the
current teams/participants have all participated. In the absence of such a result, the
draw lot is the best procedure. Seeding is done so that the previous champion and
the second player will not be competing in the first game. In this manner, they will
not be eliminated in the first game.

Example of Good Rules

1. A team without a coach will not be allowed to play. In the event that the
coach is not available, a designated teacher from the same school can take
over.
2. Fifteen (15) minutes grace period is allowed to a player/team that arrives
late.
Basis of time is chairmans timepiece.
3. Players number should bear the schools official color.
4. Players should have passed at least 60% of the regular load.
5. For unsportsmanlike conduct or behavior, sanctions are (after warning):
First offense
Second offense
Third offense

one game suspension

suspension for the duration of intramurals
technical committee will act on it

6. Coaches are responsible for the behavior of their athletes/players.

7. Only officials, athletes and coaches are allowed to sit on the bench.
8. Protests filed within twenty four (24) hours after the game that are properly
prepared and endorsed by the authority will only be entertained by the
committee. Decisions rendered within 24 hours will be final and executory.
9. Scheduled games not played due to heavy rain, flood, typhoon, or
transportation strike, will be rescheduled by the event chairman. Chairman
should notify all players concerned about the changes so as not to disrupt
scheduled games.
10.Coaches must have a schedule of their events including changes made.

Point Systems and Awards

Those in charge of intramurals need to decide whether participation or
achievement is more important, but both concepts are equally important. Point
system is necessary if awards are to be given also for participation.
Point systems can be kept for individuals, for groups or both. For example,
Homeroom section 1 may enter a basketball team which won second place in the
tournament. This homeroom, then, can obtain so many points for entering a team
and completing its schedule without default and so many extra points for winning
second place. The team can also receive a trophy, a banner or the like for receiving
second place honors. In addition, each team member can receive so many points for

fulfilling his or her obligation to the team. At the end of the year, the homeroom
with the highest total number of points may receive some other kinds of individual
awards.
It is obvious that point systems, if used, must be simple. Otherwise, the
keeping of necessary records becomes an insurmountable task in terms of time and
effort involved.
When awards are given, they should be simple and inexpensive. In the case
of an accumulative year-to-year individual point system, awards should increase in
value to the participant, but they should remain of little monetary value.

Protests
Protests should be avoided whenever possible. If regulations such as the filing
of a thorough written protest within a minimal time limit and one based only on
such factors as the use of ineligible players or other violations and regulations are
adhered to strictly, the number of protests will be small. It is doubtful that any
protest against the judgment of an official should be honored. All protests should be
handled quickly and objectively by whatever group is designated to consider them.

Moral and Ethical Values

The attainment of moral and ethical values is sometimes listed as an
objective for the intramural program. In this instance, the values are primarily those
which revolve around a concept of sportsmanship, such as accepting officials
decisions without complaining, winning fairly and humbly, and losing graciously.
One way of working toward this objective is to use a system whereby the officials
rate the teams on sportsmanship items immediately after the conclusion of the
game and conversely, the captains of the teams rate of the officials on
competency, fairness and the like.

Officiating
Since officials play such an important role in an intramural program. It is
imperative that every possible step be taken to ensure quality. Since few programs
at the school pay officials, most schools or persons in-charge of intramurals depend
on volunteers. These volunteers must be trained to officiate well. Participants in the
program must be educated to realize that their peers who officiate are, at best,
neophytes, and that mistakes which are bound to occur usually penalize both teams
equally. The sex of the officials is perhaps irrelevant. In fact, it is rather a common
practice today to assign officials only on the basis of competency and availability.

Evaluation
There are many ways to evaluate a program of intramurals. Simple numerical
statistics such as the number of participants and participations, the number of
activities offered, and the number of forfeits will tell whether the program has
grown and to what extent.

Prepared by:
Khrycys

G.

Olairez
IV-5 Aster
MAPEH/CAT teacher:
Mr. Emerlindo C. Matienzo