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Rice Polishing
150 years of innovation
In demand
Until the late 20th century, rice mills around the world,
including top-quality millers, did not integrate polishing into the
production process. However, owing to the steadily increasing
demand for whiter, silkier rice, the polishing process is now
considered to be a crucial stage in the milling process.
Although it is widely accepted that brown rice has a much
higher nutritional value than white rice, many consumers prefer
the taste of the polished white alternative. Furthermore, it easier
to digest, needs no pre-soaking, cooks quicker and uses less
water.
It should be noted that the cooking process might cause the rice
to burst, making it look coarser, which consumers can find offputting. However, this can be reduced, if the degree of polishing
is adapted to suit the particular variety of rice.
Polished rice has benefits for food producers and retailers too.
It improves the appearance of the grain, making it more visually
appealing at the point of sale, meaning it can command a higher
price. It also removes traces of bran left after the whitening
process. This is particularly important, as glycerides in the bran
58 | March 2016 - Milling and Grain
Humble beginnings
F
Diagram of a horizontal polisher
which leather strips were nailed. The
second was that the cone rotated at a
speed that was 25 percent slower than
the vertical cone design.
The process began with the rice
entering the space between the cone
and the wire screen, it was then
gripped by the leather strips that rolled
the grains over each other and against
the leather and wire screen. Then, with
the application of a small amount of
pressure, the remaining bran particles
were removed and the rice became
shinier or more transparent.
Unfortunately, this method caused
breakages, particularly in long
grain rice, thus reducing its value.
Furthermore, the leather strap needed
to be replaced periodically, increasing maintenance costs.
Performance matters
These issues drove further innovations, including the creation
Modern day polishing machines now offer a significant
of the horizontal polisher, which consisted of three principal
improvement in efficiency and wastage reduction. However, there
parts: a feed screw, a cam roll and screen.
are a number of factors that impact performance.
Rice is fed into the machine by gravity, while both the feed
Broken grains of rice can very much impair the polishing
screw and cam rolls rotate. The feed screw pushes the rice into
process because surface fractioning cannot be achieved if the
the working chamber where a retainer plate, with an adjustable
grains are sandwiched between broken kernels. The polishing
counterweight, creates a controlled pressure on the rice kernels.
effects are improved if brokens are sifted out beforehand.
The fractioning effect is achieved by rolling or rubbing the rice
Polishing time is a deciding factor for both silkiness and
and through displacement. A screen basket covers the cam rolls,
breakage. A shorter polishing time results in less silkiness.
allowing a pre-determined distance between them. Air suction
A longer time improves silkiness but increases the risk of
enhances the compactness and cools the rice while sucking away
breakages.
the residue.
Screen basket and cam distance influences the degree of
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| 59
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polishing. The screen basket covering the cam rolls
allows a pre-determined distance between them, with
a greater distance (i.e. a wider chamber) reducing the
degree of polishing.
Rotational speed determines the degree of polishing.
A higher rotational speed increases the number of
individual impacts, which results in a higher degree
of polishing. However, it also increases the amount of
rice breakages.
Air suction is used to compact and cool the rice. If
the volume of air used is excessive, it can reduce the
compactness and the effectiveness of the polishing
process, thus reducing the shine on the rice.
Rice inlet
Leather
Screen
Pulley
Shaft
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