A Hypothesis of Great Flood and Lake Lisan Levels

By
Syed, Arshad Hussain

1. ABSTRACT
During a study on reconstruction of Lake Lisan levels, a scenario of a Great Flood emerged from the
study, when the level of Lake Lisan rose abruptly high as -170 m amsl from a low stand at 33 ka BP. The
level fell down again to previous position within 200 years as determined in the study.
This Jordan Rift Valley Flood existed in the mid span of a Global Flooding period between 36 and 30 ka
BP, indicated by a rapid level rise in Global Seas in this period. There were a number of local flood
events characterized by heavy rains and thawing of glaciers in this period, mentioned in the studies of
scholars all over the world, confirming a flood condition all over the northern hemisphere of the Earth in
this period.
There is an astonishing resemblance in the details of Rift Valley Flood and the Flood narrative of
Genesis.50 in its Chapters 6, 7 and 8, such as time of flood, intensity of flood and center of catastrophe.
There are many other details in Genesis like place of Ark building, shape of the Ark and the place of Ark
resting. These details are collected as a data base and used in developing a Hypothesis on Great Flood.
The radioactive fossil water in the Disi Aquifer, Jordan is the suspected remain of Great Flood waters.
Also the remains of Chalcolithic Temple Ein Gedi, Israel are the remains of a monument, suspected to be
built in the memory of Noahs Ark on the original resting site of Ark, which was last occupied and
maintained by the people of Chalcolithic Age.

2. INTRODUCTION
From the start of 20th century CE a controversy started between the believers of Genesis 1, 50, 91 and the
scientists & scholars 36, 78 over the physical existence of the Great Flood. The matter remained
inconclusive due to lack of evidences.
A few scholars suggested one of the two Great Deluges of Black Sea as an account for the Biblical Great
Flood, but it could not be proved due to lack of archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidences from
the Pontic region. (V. Yanko-Hombach et al. 2007) 95
There are four main studies on reconstruction of Lake Lisan levels for the last 70,000 years, but there is a
controversy over lake levels between 36 and 24 ka BP in them. The studies are of Bartov et al. (2006) 110,
Hazan et al. (2005) 60, Lisker et al. (2009) 83 and Torfstein et al. (2013) 9 which have a rich data base of
Lake Lisan Levels.
1

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD

The study is comprised of two parts. In the first part (4.1- 4.7) a scientific data base is extracted from the
text of Genesis either directly from its verses or scientifically derived from it with the support of
Archaeology, Linguistic and Logic, the data is used for developing the Flood Hypothesis. In the second
part (4.8- 4.14) the data is analyzed according to evidences in Geo Science studies carried out by great
scholars of the time.
The term Genesis used in this study is limited to Jewish Hebrew Bible Tanakh\Torah\Genesis\Chapters:
6, 7 and 8 (ESV) 91. Apart from its religious significance, the Genesis in this study is treated as an
ordinary book of history and culture, with an assumption that it was narrated by Moses in 15th century
BCE 50, and written in the form of a book by a group of Jew scholars The Early Genesis Writers as late as
6th century BCE in Paleo-Hebrew script 97.

4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Time of the Flood: As per Genesis the Nephilims were on the Earth at time of Great Flood and even
after the event of Great Flood 1, 50, 91. The Hebrew-English translators translated the word Nephilim as
Giant, Fallen Angel or Fallen one.
As per Hebrew linguistic the noun Nephelim is emerged from primitive root verb Naphal 48 which means
to fall so the noun Fallen one is correct English translation, which means The defeated one and the
extinct one.
This is the best definition for our extinct cousins Neanderthals 22, who existed on the Earth until 29,000
years BP in their last refuge Iberia 45, 67, before they were finally extinct as a species. Neanderthals in the
other parts of the Earth were disappeared as early as 38,000 years BP 53, 66.
The Nephilims were neither in the Ark, nor did they die out with men and animals not in the Ark.
*As per Genesis 6:4 the time of the Flood was in between 38 and 29 ka BP.
There is a consensus among all the interpreters of Genesis that Nephilims mated with human females, and
bore offspring 85. This idea supports the hypothesis, as many human populations have some percentage of
Neanderthals DNA in their human DNA. Also few fossil skeletons of Neanderthal-human hybrids have
been unearthed in Eurasia 56, 69.
A similar time of 32,800 years BP for Great Deluge is indicated in the Babylonian Cuneiforms of Kings
Lists. The details of the deluge in Epic of Gilgamesh are also similar to Great Flood 7, 31, 34, 82.
4.2 Place of Ark building: As per Genesis the Ark building land had the following qualities1, 50, 91.
4.2.1

Fountains of Great Deep existed there.

4.2.2

Shipbuilding materials Timber and Asphalt were available there.

4.2.3

A heavy rainfall could raise water level of land above mountains there.
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There is only and only one place on the entire Earth, having such qualities, and that is the Jordan River
Rift Valley between Israel and Jordan.
In the late Pleistocene period two lakes viz. Lake Lisan a brackish water lake and Lake Kinneret a fresh
water lake existed in the Jordan Rift Valley. The Lake Lisan was comprised of present Dead Sea and
Lower Jordan River, while Lake Kinneret was comprised of Sea of Galilee. The two lakes merged
together in a single unified lake during the high level of the lakes The Greater Lake Lisan 60, 107.
The springs below and around the Sea of Galilee are beyond all doubts the Fountains of Great Deep
which surface out at -210 m amsl. Some of the saline water springs recharge the lake from the depth of
few kilometers below the surface of Sea of Galilee. There is a major contribution of fresh water in Israel,
through springs present in northern Israel and southern Lebanon 37, 41, 42, 60, 64 & 65.
Most of the fresh water sources of Israel exist in Mount Herman the loftiest mountain of Israel. The
ground water discharge from springs in low land starts as early as melting glaciers, before the surface
water reaches the valley through streams and rivers.
The topography of valley is such that a high mountain, Mount Sedom of 250 meter height from Dead Sea
level is still much below the mean Sea level 75, 76.
The high quality timber of Cedar and Cypress 29, 70 was/is available in Golan Heights at the northern end
of Lake Lisan, while readymade Asphalt was available on the shores of Dead Sea (Lake Asphaltites) in
the south 6, 16, 33, 44.
*As per Genesis 6:14, 7:11 and 7:17 the place of Ark building was Jordan Rift Valley.
The most appropriate place for Ark building is in the east of Lake Kinneret, a few meters above the lake
level in Golan Heights, due to availability of high quality timber nearby.
4.3 Intensity of the Flood: As per Genesis 1, 50, 91 the rainfall was under entire heavens but the complete
land life blotted in one area, while the Nephilims survived in another area on the same time.
A Global Flood does not mean the water level of the entire Globe increased up to the level of the highest
mountain on the Globe, but an increased rainfall and glacier melting all over the globe. In Global floods
the lowlands and the river valleys are most adversely affected.
Jordan rift valley is the lowest place on the Earth here the water could be accumulated up to further half
kilometer above present day Dead Sea level before it could overflow from Jezreel Valley. It was the most
affected land on the entire globe where a continuous rainfall for many days, along with high spring water
discharge due to glacier melting on the mountains, blotted almost the complete land life of the valley. The
Nephilims successfully survived the flood, as the flood was less intensive in Iberia 32, 43, 67at that time.
*As per Genesis 6:4 and 7:23 it was a Global Flood with a varying intensity over the globe at a time.
4.4 Shape and construction of the Ark: There is a contradiction in the text of Genesis 1, 50, 91 about the
shape and construction of the Ark. Genesis verses 6:14 and 8:13 give an impression of a simple box type
construction, while the verse 6:15 and 6:16 gives an impression of a large three deck vessel of wood, with
the dimensions proportional to the ships which were common by the end of 1st millennium CE in the
3

Mediterranean Sea, and the Oceans of the world 17, 35, 73. Those vessels were still smaller in sizes
mentioned in Genesis, and of course without any door in its sides.
It was a Stone Age 33,000 years ago when the metal was not introduced, so an Ark like a vessel of 1st
millennium CE is unrealistic.
In Golan Heights a Cedar tree (Cedrus libani) 70 is the tallest tree, which could grow up to 40 meters. The
maximum single length of a rafter or hull obtained from a Cedar tree trunk rarely exceeds 25 meters, and
20 meters from a Cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens) 29.
The word Gopher is from an unused root, probably borrowed from Ancient Greek. The Greek word
kophinos 47 means a box, or a coffer, adopted in Hebrew with a slightly different pronunciation Gopher.

Fig. 1 A large Wood Coffer which could be built in the hypothetic time and place
*Coffer at Fig 1 is the correct representation of Ark as per its description in Genesis 6:14 and 8:13
4.5 Age of Noah at the time of flood: As per general concept the Age of Noah in Genesis 1, 50, 91 at the
time of flood was 600 years.
The Hebrew words Shanah can be written in two ways (
) and ( ) both of them are used for age,
the former one is a verb of primitive root, which means repetition of time, while later is a noun emerged
from the verb and means a year or years 48 . In the script of Genesis 7:6 verb (
) is mentioned, so the
verse means that the age of Noah at the time of Flood was repeatedly 600. The best suited measure of
4

repeated time with the reference to the context is a lunar month and an age of 600 lunar months is quite
logical for a human being.
*As per Genesis 7:6 the age of Noah at the time of flood was 600 lunar months or 50 lunar years.
4.6 Land of resting of Ark: As per the Genesis the Ark rested in the mountains of Ararat. Until late 19th
century, nobody in the modern world knew about the location of Ararat, when archaeologists declared
that the mountainous region of eastern Turkey belongs to the ancient kingdom of Urartu, and since then
a search for Noahs Ark started in Mountains of Ararat Agri Dagi, Turkey.
An Ark lifted near the Sea of Galilee could not travel to Mount Ararat, until and unless the level of the
Worlds oceans is raised to an elevation of 5137 m, which has no evidence. In the records of 180 million
years, the sea level never fluctuated beyond 140 m, and at present the sea level is near the highest sea

level ever attained. 14, 20, 24, 58 & 105

Few scholars claimed that the Ark rested on Lesser Ararat Cudi Dagi, Turkey, which has a lower
elevation, but still illogical as the ark could not travel even to the lowest place of Archaeological Urartu.
Ararat is not a Hebrew word, but borrowed from Assyrian language 48, 49. The Assyrian word urartu
means a highland or plateau, which is adopted in Hebrew with a slightly different pronunciation ararat.
The word uruatri first appeared in the earliest Assyrian cuneiforms, when several tribes of Anatolian
highlands gathered in a federation against Assyria. Later the federation converted into a Monarch
Kingdom Urartu extended from Eastern Turkey to the western portions of Armenia and Iran. The
kingdom existed between 900 and 700 BCE for 200 years only, and vanished after it was conquered by
Medes in 7th century BCE 19, 77. When Genesis was narrated in 15th century BCE, the kingdom or
federation of Ararat did not exist.
*As per Genesis 8:4 The Ark rested on a highland or an elevated place.
Logically the place should be in the vicinity of Lake Lisan in Jordan Rift valley.
4.7 Time taken in subsiding of the flood waters: As per Genesis 1, 50, 91 the time taken by flood waters in
retrieving to its original level was 150 days, which is also supported by a date record. The date record is
fictitious, and not fulfilling the basic requirements of any of the Calendar 13, 90. Also a time of one
hundred and fifty days for subsidence of a catastrophic flood is illogical.
As per Hebrew linguistic word Yom normally means a day or days, but it is also used in the meaning of a
full year. In this context the word Yom is logically used in the meaning of full year, so 150 days
actually means full 150 years. With reference to the context it is quite logical and realistic 48.
*As per Genesis 7:24 and 8:3 the flood waters retrieved in 150 years to its original level.
4.8 Geography and Geology of the Land under discussion: Jordan rift valley is a part of African Great
Rift valley, which came into existence in Miocene epoch due to tectonic activities. It is extended from
north to south in the East of Mediterranean Sea from Baalbek to Aqaba. Most of the part of rift valley
between Jordan and Israel is below sea level. Soon after the formation of rift valley the area between
Mediterranean Sea and Rift valley arched up and blocked the entrance of Mediterranean Sea water in the
rift valley, thus converting the valley into a lake separated from global seas.
5

The shore of the Dead Sea is the lowest point on the Earth with an elevation of 429 m below sea level. At
the west bank the land is rising above 600 meters, and higher than it towards east bank. 4, 39, 41, 101

The length of the area below sea level is nearly 220 km. with an average width of 10 km. making
the depression equal to 2,200 square km and a parameter of 460 km. Rain water catchment basin
is 43,000 square km60. From -300 m to +200 m elevation, the rise of escarpments on east and
west banks is almost vertical with a very little difference in the width of rift valley with the
change in elevation 87, 99.
At 33 ka BP the levels of Lake Kinneret and Lake Lisan were -213 m asl and -268 m asl respectively 60, 110

Fig 2, Topographic Profile of Jordan Rift Valley at Dead Sea end

4.9 Probable Site for resting of Ark: In a rain flood of Jordan Rift Valley the direction of water flow is
always from Sea of Galilee to Dead Sea due to the natural slope. The Ark lifted near Sea of Galilee
should travel towards the center of Dead Sea. At the end of flood, the Ark should travel towards the West
bank of Dead Sea as the mountains of East bank are higher in elevation and likely to drain more water in
the lake after the stopping of rainfall, pushing the Ark towards West bank. The Ark should rest between
David Stream and Argout Stream at the maximum level as some flow of drainage water would still be
expected in the streams not allowing the Ark entering inside the streams.
4.10 Calculations for Lake Lisan level rise and fall: As per Hypothesis the Lake Lisan level rose from
-268 m asl to -170 m asl and again dropped down to previous level. The water required for increase of 98
m is 98 m x 2,200 sq. km = 218 cubic km.
Average rainfall required in total catchment area of Dead Sea to collect 218 cu km of water = 218 /43000
= 0.0051 km or 5.1 m in 40 days or 127 mm per day.
The rainfall of 127 mm per day in a particular area is not an un-believable event. In July 2005 the Indian
city of Mumbai received a catastrophic rainfall of 944 mm in a day. Other single day records of rainfall
are much higher than this.
In the above calculation evaporation and absorption of water in aquifers is not considered assuming that
6

the water added by springs and streams due to glacier melting would be much more than the water lost.
Similarly the level drop of 98 m in 150 years means an evaporation rate of 0.65 m per year, which is also
believable. The present rate of level drop in Dead Sea is one meter per year. The highest recorded rate of
pan evaporation at Hawaii is 3 m per year.
Beside evaporation there are some other factors working in this particular area which can abate the lake
level even faster in jerks. One among them is the collapsing of sink holes 12 in a cyclic dry wet climate,
and the other is formation of new fault lines and refreshing of old fault line due to the tectonic activities in
the area15, 100. Some of the fault lines in Dead Sea are as deep as 18 kilometers in the sediments and upper
crust 89. A quick high stand of a lake can trigger strong tectonic activities 23.
With all combined factors a lake level drop of 100 meters in this particular area, in 150 years is certainly
possible without any doubt.
4.11 The Catastrophic Flood: How could such a mediocre rainfall in Rift Valley for a period no longer
than a monsoon season become so catastrophic that it blotted the complete land life in the valley? It was
an uninterrupted rainfall which fell on complete rain water catchment basin of Dead Sea, along with
glacier melting on the mountains.
As per calculations an amount of 218 cubic kilometers of water fell from a height of +200 m asl to a
depth of -268 m asl (nearly half a kilometer) throughout the parameter of the lake Lisan in 40 days. The
amount of water falling in the lake was 62,383 cubic meters per second which was 22.5 times larger than
the tourist peak season water flow of Niagara fall 63, falling from a height of 4.5 times the height of
Victoria fall 92. Such a catastrophic rainfall along with glacier melting could sure blot the complete animal
life of the affected land.
4.12 The Great Flood: The Great Flood in this study is referred to a period of global flooding occurred
before LGM it is comprised of 6 thousands years with its peak at its mid span. The Flood started near 36
ka BP due to increase in Suns insolation on Earth and ended on H-3 event at 30 ka BP. The flood was
characterized by partial thawing of glaciers and excessive rainfall on complete northern hemisphere of the
Earth, which is incated by sea level rise in the scientific studies 14, 20, 24, 58, 61, 105.
It can be seen in Fig. 3 that the total level of Global Sea rose during the short period of 6,000 years was
48 meters i.e an average level rising rate of 8 mm/year, the rate of rising level in the mid span at 33 ka BP
is expected to be as high as 14 mm/year, which is a very high rate of level rising for Global Seas.
Many separate incidences of local floods, such as Green Sahara in Africa, Flooding of Tibetan Lakes in
Eurasia and Flooding of Lake Wisconsin in North America. Many more incidences of local flooding are
reported in the same period of time, confirming flood conditions all over the northern hemisphere 14, 16, 21,
28, 38, 46, 51, 52, 102, 104
.
Though most of the evidences of this flooding are concealed by the major flooding after LGM, but many
are revealing slowly with the development of new technologies.
The unification of Black Sea and Caspian Sea near 30,000 years BP studied through Satellite mapping
and Loess dating is one among them 79.
This is the same period in which the extinction of Neanderthals in Eurasia, and mass extinction of mega
faunas in Eurasia and North America are reported 53, 66, 67 & 88.

Fig. 3 Reconstruction of Ocean levels (D. W. Lea et al. 2002)

The 30,000 years old fossil water in Ram Saq group aquifer of Jordan and Northern Saudi Arabia is an
evidence of last major recharge by the Great Flood waters, before it was confined by a series of faulting.
The radioactive water of Disi aquifer indicates a possible inflow of Lake Lisan waters rich in Radium and
Radon accumulated in lake and its precursor lakes 96 during the high stand of the Lake Lisan 3, 80, 103.
4.13 Chalcolithic Temple Ein Gedi : The remains of Chalcolithic Temple found at -173 m asl are
presenting a view of a Monument built in the memory of any religious or historical event of further past.
The remains were last occupied and maintained in the Chalcolithic age between 5,500 to 6,000 years BP,
dated on basis of wax casting technology of artifacts found in Cave Mishmar 25, 57, though the Masonry
the masonry structure seems to be built much before that.
Logically the monument appears to be built in the memory of Great Flood and Noahs Ark, at the original
site of Ark resting. There is an astonishing resemblance in large building and Ark of Fig. 1, and an
impression of an Altar in the circular building, while the third building is giving an impression of a
Temple or priests residence 26, 27.
It is assessed that orginal Ark may have decayed within one thousand years of the flood due to rough
weather, but before its complete destruction people had marked its position by small stones visible in the
periphery of the buildings.The pieces of the Ark may have collected by the people as a souvenir for good
luck.
The plan of the site is presenting a very poorly designed construction, neither there is any symmetry in the
boundary walls nor building have any suitable proportion in its shape nor there is any logical formation in
the buildings with respect to each other. The circular building is also not in the geometrical center of the
construction.
It shows that the buildings have their individual significance in the plan. As far as boundary walls are
concerned it seems that that initial boundary walls were constructed in the shape of a regular Pentagon
8

Fig. 4 A photograph of Chalcolithic Temple remains (Ussishkin, 2014)

Fig. 5 Three directions of hopes. Site Plan modified from (Ussishkin, 2014)
9

with circular building in the geometrical center (Appendix A) on a leveled plot. Due to the land sliding of
the plot the walls were shifted a little inward several times in long duration between the Stone and the
Chalcolithic Ages.
4.14 Lake Lisan Levels
Title: Reconstruction of Lake Lisan Levels between 36 and 24 ka BP
Author: Syed, Arshad Hussain
Article Type: Full length research paper for Scientific Journal
ABSTRACT
There is a controversy over the Lake Lisan levels between 36 and 24 ka
BP in the studies of renowned scholars of the time, but the data
available in their studies shows a great affinity across the studies.
The data confirms its belonging to single consistent hydrological
system of brackish and fresh water lakes which merge into one lake
above -200 m amsl (above mean sea level). A justified data base was
prepared from the available data in the prominent studies. The new
curve so prepared from the selected data resembles Bartovs curve with
few deviations in MIS 3 and MIS 2.
The highest level attained by lake in MIS 3 was near 33 ka BP when the
level abruptly raised high to an elevation of -170 m amsl (estimated
at Kinneret end) and fell down again very rapidly. The highest
recorded level at this age is -160 m amsl at Dead Sea end.
The highest lake level rise in MIS 2 was near 25 ka BP when lake level
gradually rose to an elevation of -174 m amsl (estimated at Kinneret
end) and maintained there for a longer period which left its signs of
Lisan formation at River Yarmouk basin near Tel Qazir at Kinneret end.
The commonly accepted level at this age is -164 m amsl measured at
Dead Sea end.

5. CONCLUSSION
5.1

A Jordan Rift Valley Flood at 32.8 ka BP is an inevitable event of Earths Geological History.

5.2

The rift valley flood was an episode of a Global Flood which existed between 36 and 30 ka BP
evident from quick rise in the Global Sea water levels. The valley flood was exactly at mid span
and climax of the Global Flood.

5.3

The time was such that the Neanderthals got extinct from Eurasia but survived in Iberia.

5.4

The salient feature of the Lake Lisan flood was a quick level rise up to -170 m amsl and quick
10

level fall of within 200 years.

5.5

The intensity of flood shows that any living creature on land could seldom survive in that area.

5.6

This is the only place on the Earth where the water level on land could actually rise above high
mountains.

5.7

This was the only place on Earth where building materials of Ark were available at manageable
distance.

5.8

The age is so primitive that no true boat better than a pitched coffer of 20 meters could be made.

5.9

Limited people, limited animals of limited size and their foods for a limited period could only be
accommodated in such ark.

5.10

Many species of small animals and birds could be accommodated in cages like a pigeon coops
one on the top of the other.

5.11

The Ein Gedi peninsula is the obvious place where any floating body could rest after a huge
Flood.

5.12

Chalcolithic Temple is located at such an odd location in Ein Gedi, which could not be built
without any reference of that place with any extra ordinary event of historical and religious
importance.

5.13

The radioactive fossil water in Disi Aquifer Jordan shows that the aquifer was last adequately
recharged by Great Flood waters and there was some flow of water from Lake Lisan during its
highest stand before its final confinement by a series of faulting around 30 ka BP.

5.14

The flood discussed in Babylonian cuneiform tablets of Kings list and Epic of Gilgamesh was
the same flood confirmed by exact age of flood at 32.8 ka BP, the flood was less intensive in
Mesopotamia. There is no connection between the two narratives except they were developed
from the single source and that was the flood itself at 32.8 ka BP.

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Appendix A
(Proposed Initial Plan of the Monument)

Proposed initial Boundary Walls a, b, c, d and e of the Monument in the shape of a regular Pentagon
with circular building in the geometrical center, squeezed to smaller size a, b, c, d and e in Chalcolithic
Age, due to continuous land sliding and re-building processes in the long span of 27,000 years.

16

Appendix B
(Logical Scrutiny of Genesis 6, 7 and 8)
6 When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, 2 the sons of God saw that the daughters
of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose. 3 Then the LORD said, My Spirit shall not abide in man
forever, for he is flesh: his days shall be 120 years. 4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the
sons of God came in to the daughters of man and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men who were of old, the
men of renown. 5 The LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every intention of the thoughts of his
heart was only evil continually. 6 And the LORD regretted that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. 7 So
the LORD said, I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land, man and animals and creeping things and birds
of the heavens, for I am sorry that I have made them. 8 But Noah found favor in the eyes of the LORD. 9 These are the generations
of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation. Noah walked with God. 10 And Noah had three sons, Shem,
Ham, and Japheth. 11 Now the earth was corrupt in God's sight, and the earth was filled with violence. 12 And God saw the earth,
and behold, it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth. 13 And God said to Noah, I have determined to
make an end of all flesh, for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth. 14 Make
yourself an ark of gopher wood. Make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and out with pitch. 15 This is how you are to make it:
the length of the ark 300 cubits, its breadth 50 cubits, and its height 30 cubits. 16 Make a roof for the ark, and finish it to a cubit
above, and set the door of the ark in its side. Make it with lower, second, and third decks. 17 For behold, I will bring a flood of
waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life under heaven. Everything that is on the earth shall die.
18
But I will establish my covenant with you, and you shall come into the ark, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons' wives
with you. 19 And of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every sort into the ark to keep them alive with you. They
shall be male and female. 20 Of the birds according to their kinds, and of the animals according to their kinds, of every creeping
thing of the ground, according to its kind, two of every sort shall come in to you to keep them alive. 21 Also take with you every
sort of food that is eaten, and store it up. It shall serve as food for you and for them. 22 Noah did this; he did all that God
commanded him.

7 Then the LORD said to Noah, Go into the ark, you and all your household, for I have seen that you are righteous before me in
this generation. 2 Take with you seven pairs of all clean animals, the male and his mate, and a pair of the animals that are not
clean, the male and his mate, 3 and seven pairs of the birds of the heavens also, male and female, to keep their offspring alive on
the face of all the earth. 4 For in seven days I will send rain on the earth forty days and forty nights, and every living thing that I
have made I will blot out from the face of the ground. 5 And Noah did all that the LORD had commanded him. 6 Noah was six
hundred years old when the flood of waters came upon the earth. 7 And Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with
him went into the ark to escape the waters of the flood. 8 Of clean animals, and of animals that are not clean, and of birds, and of
everything that creeps on the ground, 9 two and two, male and female, went into the ark with Noah, as God had commanded
Noah. 10 And after seven days the waters of the flood came upon the earth. 11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the
second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of
the heavens were opened. 12 And rain fell upon the earth forty days and forty nights. 13 On the very same day Noah and his sons,
Shem and Ham and Japheth, and Noah's wife and the three wives of his sons with them entered the ark, 14 they and every beast,
according to its kind, and all the livestock according to their kinds, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, according to
its kind, and every bird, according to its kind, every winged creature. 15 They went into the ark with Noah, two and two of all
flesh in which there was the breath of life. 16 And those that entered, male and female of all flesh, went in as God had commanded
him. And the LORD shut him in. 17 The flood continued forty days on the earth. The waters increased and bore up the ark, and it
rose high above the earth. 18 The waters prevailed and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on the face of the waters.
19
And the waters prevailed so mightily on the earth that all the high mountains under the whole heaven were covered. 20 The
waters prevailed above the mountains, covering them fifteen cubits deep. 21 And all flesh died that moved on the earth, birds,
livestock, beasts, all swarming creatures that swarm on the earth, and all mankind. 22 Everything on the dry land in whose nostrils
was the breath of life died. 23 He blotted out every living thing that was on the face of the ground, man and animals and creeping
things and birds of the heavens. They were blotted out from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those who were with him in the
ark. 24 And the waters prevailed on the earth 150 days.

8 But God remembered Noah and all the beasts and all the livestock that were with him in the ark. And God made a wind blow
over the earth, and the waters subsided. 2 The fountains of the deep and the windows of the heavens were closed, the rain from the
heavens was restrained, 3 and the waters receded from the earth continually. At the end of 150 days the waters had abated, 4 and in
the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. 5 And the waters
continued to abate until the tenth month; in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains were seen.
6
At the end of forty days Noah opened the window of the ark that he had made 7 and sent forth a raven. It went to and fro until
the waters were dried up from the earth. 8 Then he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters had subsided from the face of
the ground. 9 But the dove found no place to set her foot, and she returned to him to the ark, for the waters were still on the face
of the whole earth. So he put out his hand and took her and brought her into the ark with him. 10 He waited another seven days,

17

and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark. 11 And the dove came back to him in the evening, and behold, in her mouth was a
freshly plucked olive leaf. So Noah knew that the waters had subsided from the earth. 12 Then he waited another seven days and
sent forth the dove, and she did not return to him anymore. 13 In the six hundred and first year, in the first month, the first day of
the month, the waters were dried from off the earth. And Noah removed the covering of the ark and looked, and behold, the face
of the ground was dry. 14 In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth had dried out. 15 Then God said
to Noah, 16 Go out from the ark, you and your wife, and your sons and your sons' wives with you. 17 Bring out with you every
living thing that is with you of all fleshbirds and animals and every creeping thing that creeps on the earththat they may
swarm on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth. 18 So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives
with him. 19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves on the earth, went out by families from the
ark. 20 Then Noah built an altar to the LORD and took some of every clean animal and some of every clean bird and offered burnt
offerings on the altar. 21 And when the LORD smelled the pleasing aroma, the LORD said in his heart, I will never again curse the
ground because of man, for the intention of man's heart is evil from his youth. Neither will I ever again strike down every living
creature as I have done. 22 While the earth remains, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night, shall
not cease.

If the Book of Genesis (Chapters 6, 7 & 8 only) is analyzed as per modern perception, some of the portion
of Genesis seems to be true and logical, but at the same time the other portion seems to be very illogical.
The history of Genesis is so complicated that on pure historical grounds, the additions in the original text
cannot be screened out. But still it can be done on the grounds of logic and human psychology. Logically
the Genesis (chapters 6, 7 & 8) shows two distinct ages of human perception (Black and Blue) during the
evolution of human psychology through the ages.
The black portion is indicating a single consistent perception of the people lived in Levant during late
Bronze and early Iron Ages. The words used in the text are simple, the coordination among the verses is
poor and image of God is primitive. The objective of the writer/writers is clearly visible i.e. to conserve
all data in the form of scripture which was remained by that time without concentrating on its meanings.
The blue portion is presenting the perception of people of mid Medieval Period, which is well identified
by units of length and height, concept of multi deck ships, use of calendar dates in place of days,
reasoning and coordination of different verses of the chapters. The objective of blue text is also evident by
its contents, and that is to assure the people that whatever is written in the Genesis is a hard core history
rather than a story, though the writers themselves rarely believe so.
There are errors in both of the portions, but the nature of error is different in both portions, however their
root cause is same in both the portions. The root cause of all the errors in Chapters 6, 7 & 8 is the wrong
selection of meanings of the Hebrew words, which have more than one meaning.
These type of mistakes are very common in the translations of text from one language to another
language, but it is strange that that this type of mistakes are found just in copying the text from one script
(Paleo-Hebrew) to another script (Aramaic Hebrew) of the same language by the scholars of that
language who were fully conversant with the linguistic of their language.
Logically it appears that Genesis was first translated from its Paleo-Hebrew script to another language by
non-Hebrew translators, and then again translated from that language to Aramaic Hebrew script. Most
probably the other language was Greek, but it could be any other too.
With the second translation, the Hebrew words in its word to word meanings came back to Genesis, but
the spirit of original scripture was lost forever.
18

Example: Before first translation the words Sons of Elohiym mean Sons of Power, but after second
translation they mean Sons of God.
The meanings of such Hebrew words used in chapters 6, 7, 8 are mentioned below.
1. 6:1 Erets: This word has 2 meanings, first is our planet Earth and second one is dry land an
opposite of a water body. The word Erets is used in above chapters several times in its both
meanings, but logically it means Earth in verses 6:1, 6:4, 6:5 and 6:6, while it means dry land in
all other verses of the chapters.
2. 6:2 Elohiym: It has 2 meanings, first meaning is All Powered God, and the second meaning is
power. This word is used in above chapters numerously in the meaning of God, but its meaning
as God in 6:2 and 6:4 is illogical, the other meaning power is well suited in this place. The clear
cut meaning of verses 6:2 is The sons of powerful people raped the daughters of ordinary
people, whichever they chose.
3. 6:4 Nephilim: The meaning of this word was sure difficult in the Biblical Era.
4. 6:14 Tebah: The word used in Hebrew language in the meaning of a box or a basket. Its use in the
meaning of a large vessel at 6:14 is strange, when there is a proper word Oniyyah in Hebrew for
ships and vessels. The ships were common in Mediterranean Sea in late Bronze and early Iron
Ages, but their sizes were smaller than that described in 6:15
5. 6:14 Gopher: This is not a kind of wood but a type of construction for an Ark.
6. 7:6 Shanah: One meaning of this is a year and the other is a repeated period, the most suitable
meaning of this word in the context of human age is a repeated period of a lunar month, the other
meaning at this place is not logical.
7. 7:24 Yom: This Hebrew word is also used in two meaning, the most common meaning is a day
but it is also used in the meaning of a complete year, obviously a period for subsiding a huge
flood couldnt be in days, it should be in years or centuries.
8. 8:4 Ararat: This word has only one meaning and that is a highland, but it was a name of a country
once existed on Anatolian highlands between 9th and 7th centuries BCE. The name of the country
in above context is illogical for 15th century BCE, naturally its meaning is correct and logical.
With corrections in the meanings of these 8 Hebrew words at its appropriate positions can make the text
of chapters 6, 7, 8 in black justified and logical.
The errors in the blue text are much severe and counted in corruption due to mixing of something extra in
the original text of Genesis. Though it was added with good intentions only to make the Genesis
believable for a common man, and it also worked for a long period, but eventually it made the Genesis
unbelievable for modern perception. The root cause of this corruption was also the wrong selection of
meanings of Hebrew words, which have more than one meaning.
1. 6:3: The complete verse seems to be engineered only to develop some coordination between
verse 7:6 and the fact that men do not live beyond 120 lunar years. This was needed due to
selection of wrong meaning of word Shanah at 7:6.
2. 6:6, 7: The complete verses seem to be engineered only to justify the flood.
3. 6:15, 16: These verses seem to be engineered in a misunderstanding of considering verse 6:19 in
its absolute sense, though it was a general verse in which the God has commanded Noah to
board a pair of every animals male and female in the Ark. It does not mean absolutely all, but all
19

4.
5.
6.

7.

those which were easily approachable and needed for a balanced eco-system. A pair of male and
female does not mean only and only one pair, but at least one breeding pair of the animals. As
per perception of mid medieval period, an approximation of all animals of the known world was
made and a big ship to accommodate all those animals was imagined and its dimensions added
in the text of Genesis. They were unaware of the fact that such a big three decks wooden vessel
with a huge load of thousands of animals could never survive in rough waters of a catastrophic
flood. The idea of a door in the side of the ship was also ridiculous.
6:20: An engineered verse in confirmation of above.
7:2: The complete verse was engineered to develop some coordination between verses 6:20 and
8:19, although it was not needed in absence of 6:20.
7:11: The biggest error of Genesis 6, 7, 8, is the addition of a date record in this verse and all
other verses. This was done only to make the event a piece of history rather than a story. How it
is possible when the year of Exodus is controversial in the Biblical literature. Also a date record
mentioned in this text do not follows the requirements of any of the calendar followed at that
time. The first blunder in the calendar date at 7:11 is the start of the year. At 7:6 it is clearly
mentioned that Noah was already 600 years old when Flood water came upon the Earth. In verse
7:11 the date should be started with six hundred and first year of Noahs life and not with six
hundredth year of Noahs life. At the basis of logic and human psychology this type of blunder
can only be made in a forged date record, but never in a genuine record. At 8:4 the date record
confirms that the record was engineered by converting number of day in to calendar date, 150
days were converted into 5 successive months of 30 days each, which was not possible in Jewish
lunar calendar or dominant Julian calendar of that era.
8:13: This verse confirms 6:14 and rejects 6:15 and 6:16.

Logical Summary of Genesis 6, 7 & 8: After the extinction of Neanderthals from Levant human
population grew drastically on Earth. In the absence of a common enemy the human population lost social
justice within the society. The sons of privileged class started raping daughters of non-privileged class
which ever they chose without any ethics or law (still in practice in rural areas of Pakistan). The society
was corrupted to such an extent that the criminals of rape were considered as heroes of the society.
There were very few people, who believed in God, but they were powerless and under the threat of killing
by the society. The God sent a flood to demolish the society, but saved the believers in an Ark. As a
consequence of flood all animals of area also died with men, except those who were in the Ark.
It rained for continuous 40 days and killed all the population of the area but those who were in the ark
remained safe. After the end of rainfall the Ark rested on a highland and all men and animals disembarked
the Ark and dwelled on the land thereafter. The flood waters retrieved to its original position in 150 years.
Logical Conclusion: The text in black with its meanings discussed as above is all logical and seems to be
a part of original script of early Iron age, but the text in blue is all illogical and seems to be a deliberate
late addition of engineered material to support the event in mid Medieval period, though it was not needed
at all, if the correct meanings of the words as per logic were selected at its appropriate positions.
Thanks to the interpreters of mid medieval period who didnt delete or change any of the original verse of
Genesis, but added something of their own in the main text of Genesis. This is a corruption. If someone
removes the blue portion from the present text of Genesis, it will be a bigger corruption.
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Appendix C
(Quranic Verses in support of the event)

029.014


And We certainly sent

Noah to his people, and he remained in them for a thousand year (by virtue of original Ark), except fifty
years when the flood caught them, and they were defaulters.
023.027

So We inspired him to Construct a vessel with Our
sight and under Our guidance. Then when comes Our command, and the oven (lowest one dug in earth)
gushes, on board with pairs of male and female of each kind, and your family except those (family
members) for whom it is told, and do not request us (for their mercy) who are unjust, for sure they will be
drowned.
011.040




Until when Our command came, and the oven gushed, We said: "Embark therein, with a pair of male
and female of each kind, your family [except those for whom it was already told] and the believers. But
the believers were very few.
054.011

So We opened the gates of heaven, with water pouring forth.
054.012


And caused the earth to burst with springs, so the waters
met for an order already made
054.013


And We carried him on a body of slabs and dowels
054.014 It floated with Our Eyes, a reward for one who was denied

011.044
And






said "O earth swallow up thy water, and O sky withhold" and the water abated, and the order
implemented, and it rested on Judean highland and said "Away from defaulters"
029.015

So We saved him and the companions of the Ark, and We

made it a sign for Worlds
054.015 And We certainly conserved the remains as a sign. Is there anyone who
got it?

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