Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Dynamics
Branch of mechanics that deals with the motion
of bodies under the action of forces
(Accelerated Motion)
Kinetics
relates the action of forces on bodies to their
resulting motions
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Time
Mass
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Kaustubh Dasgupta
mM e
W G 2
r
W mg
g g0
R h
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Earths rotation
Actual acceleration of a freely falling body is less than
absolute g
Measured from a position attached to the surface of the
earth
Kaustubh Dasgupta
sea-level
conditions
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Kinematics of Particles
Motion
Constrained :: confined to a specific path
Unconstrained :: not confined to a specific path
Choice of coordinates
Position of P at any time t
rectangular (i.e., Cartesian) coordinates x, y, z
cylindrical coordinates r, , z
spherical coordinates R, ,
Path variables
Measurements along the tangent t and normal n to
the curve
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Kinematics of Particles
Choice of coordinates
Kaustubh Dasgupta
10
Kinematics of Particles
Rectilinear Motion
Motion along a straight line
t t+t
Kaustubh Dasgupta
11
ds
v
s
dt
Both are
vector quantities
or
d 2s
a 2 s
dt
+ve or ve depending
on +ve or ve displacement
vdv a ds
dv
a
v
dt
or
Kaustubh Dasgupta
s ds s ds
12
Kinematics of Particles
Rectilinear Motion:
Graphical Interpretations
Using s-t curve, v-t & a-t curves can be plotted.
Area under v-t curve during time dt = vdt == ds
Net disp from t1 to t2 = corresponding area under
v-t curve s
t
ds vdt
2
t1
dv adt
2
t1
Kaustubh Dasgupta
13
Kinematics of Particles
Rectilinear Motion:
Graphical Interpretations
Two additional graphical relations:
Area under a-s curve during disp ds= ads == vdv
Net area under a-s curve betn position
coordinates s1 and s2 v2
s2
vdv ads
s1
CB dv
v
ds
dv
CB v
a (accelerati on)
ds
Kaustubh Dasgupta
14
dv
dt
vdv a ds
Substituting in the following equation and integrating will give the position
coordinate:
ds
v
dt
Equations applicable for Constant Acceleration and for time interval 0 to t
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
15
dv
dv
f (t )
dt
dt
Substituting in the following equation and integrating will give the position
coordinate:
ds
v
dt
Alternatively, following second order differential equation may be solved to
get the position coordinate:
d 2s
a 2 s
dt
ME101 - Division III
s f (t )
Kaustubh Dasgupta
16
dv
dt
f (v )
dv
dt
Solve for v as a function of t and integrate the following equation to get the
position coordinate:
ds
dt
vdv a ds
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
17
ds
dt
Kaustubh Dasgupta
18
Solution
Differentiating s = 2t3 24t + 6
v = 6t2 24 m/s
a = 12t m/s2
(a) v = 72 m/s t = 4 s
(- 4 s happened before initiation of motion no physical interest.)
t=4s
(b) v = 30 m/s t = 3 sec a = 36 m/s2
(c) t = 1 s to 4 s. Using s = 2t3 24t + 6
s = s4 s1 = [2(43) 24(4) +6] [2(13) 24(1) + 6]
s = 54 m
ME101 - Division III
Kaustubh Dasgupta
19
Kinematics of Particles
Plane Curvilinear Motion
Motion of a particle along a curved path which lies in a single plane.
Kaustubh Dasgupta
20
Kinematics of Particles
Plane Curvilinear Motion:
Between A and A:
Average velocity of the particle : vav = r/ t
A vector whose direction is that of r and whose
magnitude is magnitude of r/ t
Average speed of the particle = s/ t
Kaustubh Dasgupta
21
Kinematics of Particles
Plane Curvilinear Motion
Magnitude of the derivative:
dr / dt r s v v
Magnitude of the velocity or the speed
Derivative of the magnitude:
d r / dt dr / dt r
Rate at which the length of the position vector is changing
Velocity of the particle at A tangent vector v
Velocity of the particle at A tangent vector v
v v = v
v Depends on both the change in magnitude of v and
on the change in direction of v.
Kaustubh Dasgupta
22
Kinematics of Particles
Plane Curvilinear Motion
Between A and A:
Average acceleration of the particle : aav = v/ t
A vector whose direction is that of v and whose
magnitude is the magnitude of v/ t
Instantaneous accln of the particle is defined as
the limiting value of the average accln as the time
interval approaches zero
Kaustubh Dasgupta
23