Shooting terms

.177 (4.5 mm) ... The standard airgun calibre for international target shooting: Note that .
22 airgun is not used at all for competitions shot to ISSF standards. Pellet diameter is
nominally 4.5 mm, with a range of sizes in .01 mm steps to allow exact matching to specific
guns for best accuracy. This is not a calibre for home bullet making as the necessary
precision is too great to be achieved relatively cheaply.
.22 ... A rimfire calibre, much used in target shooting and often synonymous with the term,
Smallbore. It is used in International competitions over both 25 and 50 metres outdoors
and 25 metres indoors. Within the UK it is shot over 25 yards indoors and 100 outdoors. It
can be shot with reasonable accuracy out to 200 yards, but beyond this distance most
sights do not have enough vertical adjustment to allow for longer range shooting. This is
not a reloadable round. Normal diameter is .224 inch with a 40 grain unjacketed lead
bullet, but there are considerable minor variations between manufacturers, especially in
firearm chamber measurements.
.22 Long ... An old round, not much used today. It has the case of the .22 Long Rifle with a
29 grain bullet.
.22 Long Rifle ... The standard .22 rimfire cartridge for target rifle and pistol use. It can be
loaded to supersonic muzzle velocities with light bullets, but for target shooting it is
usually just subsonic with a 40 grain bullet.
.22 Short ... Only used these days as a target shooting round for timed fire pistol
competitions. The case is shorter than the Long and it is fitted with a 29 grain bullet.
.223 (5.56 mm) ... The standard NATO small arms calibre, not used very much in the UK for
long range outdoor target shooting. It is a centrefire cartridge and can be reloaded. Normal
bullet diameter is .224 inch and weights range from 40 to 70 grain, with the heavier being
favoured for long ranges.
.38/357 ... The most popular cartridge for reloading in the UK. The two dimensions are
used to distinguish between the older, low powered .38 and the Smith & Wesson uploaded .
357 Magnum, introduced in 1935. The .357 cartridge case is .135 inch longer than the .38
case so as to distinguish between the two. The nominal bullet diameter of both is .357 inch
and the standard bullet weights are 148 or 158 grains.
7.62 (or, 762 or, .308) ... 7.62 mm, or .308 inch is the NATO standard machine gun
cartridge calibre and much used in the UK for Fullbore rifle shooting outdoors at ranges
up to 1200 yards. It is a centrefire cartridge and is often reloaded. It is a shortened version
of the 30-06 cartridge, from which it has been developed since WWII. Bullets are .308 inch
diameter and range from about 110 to 200 grains, with those in the 150-160 grain bracket
being the most common.
9 mm ... A centrefire calibre, much used by the military in both handguns and sub-machine
guns. Not much used in the past as a target round, as it is not easy to download and
maintain functionality in semi-automatic guns. This is less of a problem today since the
ban on such guns in the UK. Even so it does not have much of a following, due possibly to
its relatively short range, even in carbines. The actual bullet diameter in Imperial units is .
354 inch and normally the bullets, although a bit on the light side at 115 grains, can also be
fired from .38/357 guns.

Shooting terms
.41 Magnum ... A centrefire pistol calibre, not much used in the UK. It has a higher velocity
than the .44 magnum with lighter recoil, it was introduced by Remington in 1964. Bullet
diameter is .410 inch and typical weights are 180 or 200 grains.
.44 Magnum ... Introduced in 1956 by Remington, probably the most widely known high
powered pistol cartridge, thanks to films such as "Dirty Harry". It is a centrefire cartridge,
easily reloaded and accurate at quite long ranges (up to about 300 yards, especially in a
carbine). Bullet diameter is .429 inch and an average weight is 240 grains.
.45 ACP ... Made famous by the gun that fired it, the M1911 Colt self-loading pistol (and also
the 'Tommy Gun', or Thompson Sub-Machine Gun). It is a centrefire cartridge which itself
is quite accurate at short ranges (up to 100 yards), but was originally intended for military
use rather than target shooting. It is not a 'Magnum' round. Bullet diameter is normally .
451 inch and average weight 230 grains.
ACP ... Automatic Colt Pistol.
Accidental discharge (AD) ... Sometimes called an, 'unintentional discharge'. Any firing of
a gun which is not deliberate.
Action ... The mechanism of a gun by which it is loaded, locked, fired and unloaded.
Aim ... The process of aligning the gun with the target, usually by means of the sights.
Aiming Mark ... That part of the target which is used to align the sights onto the target.
Usually, but not always the aiming mark is a black disk in the centre of the target sheet.
Aiming picture ... The appearance of both sights and target when they are correctly aligned.
See also, sighting picture.
Airgun ... A loose term applied to any rifle or pistol that uses some form of compressed gas
as the propellant. Air rifles generating over 12 ft/lb of muzzle energy and Air Pistols over 6
ft/lb are classed as firearms and must be held on a Firearms Certificate in the UK.
Air resistance ... The slowing effect on a projectile in flight, due to friction with the
atmosphere.
Ammunition ... The name given to the 'fuel' used by all types of gun. It must be realised that
'bullet', 'round', 'cartridge', 'nature', 'pellet' and 'projectile' are all parts of the make-up of
ammunition. See the individual entries below for more information.
Anti-splash Curtains ... Curtains made of a rubber compound (in the UK the material is
often called by its trade name of, Linatex) and hung in front of the Bullet Catcher (see
below) so as to stop any back-splash from the bullets when they break up on impact.
Aperture Sights ... The standard type of sights used on air rifles and .22 rifles for target
shooting. The sights consist of a rear unit with a small hole in it which is used to centralise
the eye. A fore sight containing a ring, in the centre of which the (round) aiming mark is
placed.

Shooting terms
Are you ready? ... The question asked of competitors in timed fire events just before the
timing commences.
Automatic ... A somewhat misleading term used to describe a semi-automatic pistol. A semi
automatic is a self-loading gun which fires one shot for each pull of the trigger. A full
automatic is a machine gun, i.e. a gun which continues to fire once the trigger is pulled.
Ball ... Either a standard cylindrical bullet (see below) or literally a round ball which is
often used in Black Powder guns, especially smoothbores.
Ballistic coefficient (BC) ... A measure of a given projectile's ability to overcome air
resistance in flight when compared to a standard projectile used to calculate ballistic
tables. The BC will always be less than 1 and the higher the number the better. For example
a BC of .39 is better than one of .142, especially as the range increases.
Ballistics ... The study of what happens to a fired projectile. The study is divided into,
internal, external and terminal ballistics. For target shooting purposes it is the first two
which are important.
Barrel ... That part of a gun along which the bullet or pellet(s) travel when fired, it is
usually but not always circular in cross-section.
Barrel length ... Normally this is the distance from the muzzle to the chamber and it
includes the chamber itself. This measurement does not include accessories or barrel
extensions like flash suppressers or muzzle brakes. The barrel length of a revolver is the
distance from the muzzle to the breech end immediately in front of the cylinder, it does not
include the cylinder itself.
BB ... 1) Round ball Airgun projectile of .175 inch diameter, much used in the USA for
casual 'plinking' and seldom encountered in the UK. 2) A round shotgun cartridge
projectile of .181 inch diameter.
BB Cap ... Bulleted Breech Cap, an almost obsolete .22 rimfire cartridge, usually powered
by the primer alone and firing a very light bullet. It is physically much shorter than a .22
short rimfire round.
Bedding ... The manner in which the barrel and action of a long arm are fitted to the stock:
the point(s) of contact in fact between the two.
Belted Case ... A rimless cartridge case with a raised integral belt around the case just
ahead of the extractor groove to provide a positive headspace surface while retaining the
extractor groove. This type of construction is usually used only on large capacity magnum
rifle cartridges.
Bench Rest ... a) A form of shooting done with the gun supported in some way, either partly
or wholly, on a 'bench' rather than solely by the marksman. Normally scored by measuring
the size of a 5 shot group rather than the actual numerical value shot on the target. b) A
device for testing the accuracy of guns and ammunition: see Machine Rest below.
Berdan ... A centrefire primer system developed by Hiram Berdan (an American) in 1858.
It is characterised by having multiple flash holes and an integral anvil in the case. By one of

Shooting terms
those curiosities of fate, the Berdan system is used by the British armed forces and the
Boxer system (by a Briton, Edward Boxer) by the Americans. Berdan cases are not as easy
as Boxer cases to reload, due to the multiple, non central flash holes making removal of the
fired primer more difficult: see below for Boxer.
Bigbore ... Centrefire calibres larger than .22 rimfire. Generally taken as a synonym for
Fullbore: see below.
Bipod ... A twin legged support for a rifle, musket or carbine, usually fixed at the end of the
stock away from the shooter and now illegal for competition use under ISSF rules.
Bisley ... The outdoor range located at Bisley, Surrey, England. It is the home range for
both the NRA and the NSRA and has available distances of up to 1200 yards.
Black Powder or Black-Powder or Blackpowder (BP) ... Gunpowder used to operate muzzle
loading guns. BP is classed in the UK as an explosive not a propellant and so an explosives
licence , which is issued at no cost on application, is needed to both buy and store it.
Although it is not normally called, 'smoky powder', it is notorious for the clouds of greywhite fog that it produces on being fired (the origin of the term, "The fog of war"). This can
be a real problem on indoor ranges unless equipped with adequate ventilation. See the
entry for smokeless powder below. The basic ingredients are saltpetre (potassium nitrate),
charcoal (carbon) and sulphur: see Gunpowder below. As a matter of historical interest,
Black Powder was used in the early metallic cartridges, both for rifle and pistol.
Blank ... A cartridge loaded without a bullet. On firing it produces the usual loud 'bang' but
with little danger to life. Note a) 'Blanks' are not to be considered as being 'safe' as close to
the body the blast of hot gas and wads from the muzzle are distinctly dangerous. Note b)
Some blanks do in fact have a bullet, usually made of either wood, or more usually these
days, wax. This is so that automatic and semi-automatic weapons can function normally
when shooting such ammunition. These blanks can kill, especially at close range.
Blow-back ... The method of operating low-powered semi-automatic guns. The bolt is
literally 'blown' open by the cartridge when the gun is fired. It is normally used for .22
rimfire ammunition only, as any more powerful cartridge would require either an
excessively heavy bolt and / or a very strong spring to keep the breech sealed until the
pressure had dropped to a safe level before opening the chamber.
Bluing ... An oxidation (rusting) process normally applied to firearm metal parts. It is
controlled by applying oil (usually heated) which mixes with the nitrates used in the
process. The oil prevents further rusting by sealing the metal. This gives the metal a
blue/black colour. It is also possible to "brown" or "black" guns by a similar process.
Boat Tail ... The tapered rear end of some bullets, used to increase ballistic efficiency at
long range by reducing atmospheric drag. So-called because in plan view the bullet outline
resembles that of a boat.
Body twist ... The effect whereby the shooters body is twisted, or turned by the recoil forces
when the gun is held on one side of the body.
Bolt ... a) A steel rod-like assembly similar in design and operation to a normal door bolt,
which moves back and forth in the action when operated by the shooter's hand. It seals the

Shooting terms
cartridge in the chamber during firing and extracts it afterwards. b) In automatic and
semi-automatic repeating guns, it loads the rounds from the magazine and unloads the
fired cases, it may only have a passing resemblance to a door bolt and may not necessarily
be turned to lock or unlock.
Bolt Action ... A type of gun, usually, but not always a rifle, which is loaded and unloaded
by means of a manually operated bolt. It can be either a single shot, or a multi shot gun.
Bore ... a) The interior diameter of the barrel of a firearm between the chamber and the
muzzle. b) The British word for the calibre of a shotgun (in America they use 'Gauge'). A 12
bore shotgun has an internal barrel diameter of .729 inch and this is derived from the
diameter of a lead ball of such size as 12 of them would weigh one pound.
Bore diameter ... In rifled arms, the diameter formed by the top of the lands, in smooth
bores, the diameter of the barrel just ahead of the chamber.
Bore line ... An imaginary line projected from the muzzle of a gun along the centre of the
bore.
Bottleneck Case ... Cartridge case with a neck diameter smaller than its body diameter thus
creating a shoulder and giving the case the appearance of a wine bottle in profile.
Boxer ... A centrefire primer system developed by Edward Boxer (a Briton) in 1858. It is
characterised by having one central flash hole and the anvil as an integral part of the
primer. Very easy to reload and used by the American armed forces and most home
reloaders in the UK. See above for Berdan.
Brass ... 1) A term used to mean empty, reloadable cartridge cases. 2) An alloy of copper
and zinc, the usual ratio for cartridges being, copper 70% and zinc 30%. 3) A Yorkshire
dialect word for money.
Breech ... The end part of the barrel nearest the shooter with the chamber into which the
cartridge or projectile is loaded.
Breech loader ... A firearm loaded through the breech end. Note that this does not
automatically imply a gun firing metallic cartridge cases: see muzzle loader below.
Brisance ... In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is
their shattering effect or brisance (from the French meaning to "break"), which is
distinguished from their total work capacity. This characteristic is of practical importance
in determining the effectiveness of an explosion in fragmenting shells, bomb casings,
grenades, and the like. The rapidity with which an explosive reaches its peak pressure is a
measure of its brisance. This term is often misused to indicate a primer's ability to set-off
the main charge in a metallic cartridge.
BSA ... Birmingham Small Arms.
Bull ... The centre of a target, usually scoring 10 when hit. There are targets with lower
value centres, such as 5, or 7, which are used for specific competitions.

Shooting terms
Bull Barrel ... A firearm built with an extra thick-walled barrel that adds weight to the gun
and especially to the muzzle end. It thus reduces recoil and minimises the effects caused by
heating when firing rapidly.
Bullseye Bull's Eye ... a) The centre of a target (see Bull above). b) A type of fast burning
smokeless powder originally made by the American Hercules Company (now called, Alliant
Powder Company) and particularly suited to cartridges intended to be shot by short
barrelled guns such as handguns.
Bullet ... The name given to the single, usually cylindrical projectile that comes out of the
barrel of a gun. If there is more than one projectile, then usually the term used is 'pellet', as
in a shotgun cartridge. Note: a) only the ignorant use terms such as, 'live bullets' or 'bullet
heads'. b) only the ignorant use the term, 'bullets' when they mean either 'ammunition', or
'cartridges'. A bullet by itself is harmless, it is just a lump of metal and is not subject to any
licensing conditions within the UK.
Bullet Catcher ... The part of the butts (see below) which actually stops and retains the fired
bullet.
Bullet Mould ... A device of either steel or aluminium used to cast bullets for home
reloading. The molten material (usually lead, or an alloy of lead) is poured into the mould
and when set, the bullet can be removed and loaded to make a complete cartridge.
Bullet path ... The track or path taken by a bullet in flight. It is described by the position of
the bullet as being above (+) or below (-) the line of sight at any given distance. Also known
as the bullet trajectory.
Bullet puller ... A device used to 'pull' a bullet from its cartridge case. Normally, either a
collet is clamped round the bullet and it is literally pulled from the case, or an inertia
hammer is used, whereby the case is held and the bullet 'pulled' by its own inertia, when
the tool is struck against a hard object.
Burning rate ... The relative speed at which a propellant powder burns in comparison to
other powders in a controlled combustion chamber. A fast burning powder is used in short
barrelled guns, such as pistols and a slow burning one in rifles, especially magnum guns
with long barrels. It is potentially hazardous to use fast burning powders in long barrelled
guns, because the pressure may rise to dangerous levels before the bullet exits the muzzle.
Butt ... The rear end of a rifle or shotgun stock (the part that rests against the shoulder). In
a handgun, the bottom part of the grip.
Butt Plate ... The plate, usually of some rubber, or plastic compound that cushions the
shooters shoulder from recoil when a long-arm is fired. It is fitted onto the end of the
stock.
Butts ... The name given to that part of the range which contains the target frames and the
bullet catcher which traps and safely contains the fired projectiles.
Calibre ... The diameter of a projectile, or the bore of a firearm. In rifled arms this
measurement is from top of land to top of land across the bore diameter. This is not always
quite what it seems, for example a .38 and a .357 calibre bullet are exactly the same

Shooting terms
diameter (the same bullet in fact). Quite often the name given to a particular gun, such as
a .44 magnum, is a label or a name, not an actual measurement of calibre. In fact the actual
diameter of a .44 magnum barrel is .429 inch.
Calling the shot ... The action of stating the position on the target of the last shot fired,
before looking through the spotting scope, or retrieving the target. This is used as a
training aid, so as to enable errors to be recognised.
Cannelure ... The circumferential groove or indentation in a cartridge case and / or bullet
used to hold the projectile in place and prevent its rearward movement on loading, or
whilst in the magazine during recoil.
Cant ... The angle of lean from the vertical that the firearm has whilst being held by the
shooter.
Cap ... An explosive device fitted over the nipple of a percussion Black Powder gun in order
to initiate ignition of the main charge and fire the bullet.
Capping off ... The process of firing a cap on its own before attempting to load a percussion
fired Black Powder gun, in order to clear any oil or other residue from the nipple and
chamber: see Flashing pans below.
Carbine ... Usually taken to be a shortened version of a long arm (see below), held in two
hands and firing a pistol calibre cartridge.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ... Used as a propellant for 'air' guns. It is stored on the gun in liquid
form under pressure and typically will give around 180 shots per fill from a purpose
designed reservoir.
Card ... Another word for target.
Cartridge ... A complete round (see below) of ammunition (see above).
Cartridge Case ... The cylindrical case, usually of brass (but other metals such as steel and
aluminium have been used) that holds the primer, main charge and bullet of a complete
round of ammunition. The brass case is the most expensive part of a cartridge and in the
instance of centrefire cartridges they can be reloaded.
Cast ... a) The type of bullet produced by a lead melting process. b) The process of making
bullets for reloading by melting lead, or an alloy of lead. These bullets are normally not
jacketed and so are only suitable for relatively low velocities. The process is quite suitable
for home production. c) The lateral displacement of the centreline of the butt plate from
the centreline of the bore. For a right-handed shooter when the centreline of the butt plate
is to the left of the bore, it is expressed as cast-on and to the right as cast-off. The opposite
is true for left-handed shooters. This is done to better align the shooters eye with the centre
line of the bore.
Centrefire or Centre-Fire or Centre Fire... A cartridge ignited by a primer located in the
centre of the case head. The system is suitable for reloading the cartridge case and is suited
to high pressure ammunition. See also the entries for Berdan and Boxer.

Shooting terms
Chain Fire ... This is what happens when a black powder revolver unintentionally fires
several cylinders at once. It is caused by a flashover from the cylinder being fired, igniting
adjacent unfired cylinders due to poor sealing of the chambers. In effect the gun fires more
than one shot at the same time: this can be hazardous.
Chamber ... a) The part of a firearm containing the cartridge (or separate powder and ball)
at the moment of firing it, normally at the opposite end of the barrel to the muzzle. b) The
action of loading a round of ammunition into the gun.
Charge ... a) In the case of nitro powder and Black Powder, the amount, by weight, of the
powder in a cartridge or load. b) In the case of Pyrodex, the amount, by volume, of the
powder used. c) To fill a magazine with cartridges.
Cheek Piece ... A lateral projection from the comb of the stock. Provides additional support
and contact to the shooter's cheek when the rifle is shouldered in the firing position. It is
used to assist positioning the aiming eye correctly behind the sights.
Choke ... The restriction at the muzzle of a shotgun used to control the dispersion of the
shot.
Chronograph ... A device to measure the velocity of projectiles fired from a gun or other
device. Chronographs are essential equipment on ranges so as to be able to ensure that the
velocity and energy limits of the range are not exceeded. Modern chronographs are
electronic in operation and work by detecting the shadow of the bullet passing over a
sensor and measuring the time before it passes over another sensor at a fixed distance
behind the first. An inbuilt calculator then works out the velocity based on the simple
formula of distance divided by time equals velocity. Most chronographs will record the
maximum, minimum and average velocity of a group of shots and either display the results
on a screen, or on a paper print-out.
Class, or Division ... The grouping into which competitors are placed according to ability,
so as to allow for more even competition. Normally the classes run from, "X-Class", "AClass", "B-Class" to "C-Class" in descending order of ability. Divisions follow the usual
form of, "Division-1" to "Division-10" or as required in descending order.
Cleaning rod ... A rod, usually of plastic coated metal, longer than the barrel to be cleaned
and often fitted with a ball-bearing handle. This rod takes a variety of cloths, or other
attachments and pulls and pushes them through the barrel in order to clean it of any
deposits.
Click ... The name given to the smallest adjustment of a sight, it is an onomatopoeic word.
Clip ... a) The name given to a (usually) metallic device to hold a group of cartridges
together prior to loading them into the gun's magazine. b) An incorrect word used to
describe a magazine and / or its contents.
Cock or Full-Cock ... To set the action (see above) into position for firing. On most muzzle
loading firearms, the action has an intermediate position called half-cock (see below).
Comb ... The upper part of the stock where the shooter's cheek rests during aiming.

Shooting terms
Compensator ... A muzzle brake, designed to reduce the felt effects of recoil by redirecting
the escaping gases and to limit the muzzle jump on firing so as to assist rapid subsequent
shots.
Cordite ... The trade name of one of the earliest smokeless propellants made in Britain, so
called because of its long, cord-like appearance. It is not used today for smallarms, mainly
because its high burning temperature leads to premature bore erosion.
Count back ... The system used to break a tie between two or more competitors with the
same total score. It works by comparing the number of 10's shot by each person and the
one with the highest number is awarded the higher ranking. If the competitors have an
equal number of 10's, then the 9's are compared, then 8's etc, until the tie is broken.
Crimp ... The inward folding of a cartridge case used to retain the projectile (or shot charge
in a shotgun). It can be either tapered, or rolled. Whilst a rolled crimp is more secure it
cannot be used on cartridges such as the 9 mm, which headspace on the rim of the case
mouth, as a rolled crimp would not provide a positive stop to the forward movement of the
cartridge into the chamber.
Cross-ignition, or Chain-firing, or Flashover ... The term used to describe the dangerous
possibility with a Black Powder revolver of multiple discharges when the primary cylinder
is fired. This is as a result of the other cylinders being set off as a result of sparks from the
primary cylinder igniting them when they are not lined up with the barrel. The original
precaution was to put grease over the open ends of all cylinders as a sealant; the modern
idea is to use impregnated felt wads as this is considerably less messy.
Crown ... The bevelled, countersunk, or rounded muzzle surface of a barrel, done thus to
protect the point of exit from accidental damage.
C.U.P. ... Copper Units of Pressure. One of the standard methods of estimating the
pressure inside a gun when it is being fired. Of great importance for safe reloading, as
cartridge cases are quoted by their manufacturers as having a particular maximum c.u.p.
which must not be exceeded.
Cylinder ... That part of a revolving firearm which holds the ammunition in individual
chambers. The cylinder then rotates as the gun is used to present each round in turn to the
barrel for firing.
Cylinder gap ... The gap between the front of the cylinder and the rear of the barrel of a
revolver. This can be as small as 1/1000 of an inch in a high quality gun, but is usually
nearer 1/100 of an inch. Some gas escapes as a result of the gap and bullet velocity is
reduced, typically by about 5%.
Damascus ... An early method of making barrels out of welding together two or more rods
of twisted iron and rolling them into a ribbon. This ribbon was then wrapped round a
mandrel and hammered so that the edges became fused together. The result was a pretty
patterned barrel of considerable aesthetic appeal and relatively little strength, for Black
Powder use only and not to be used with nitro powder.
Density ... In the context of reloading this means, 'sectional density', or SD, which is the
mass of a bullet in proportion to its cross-section. For simplicity the SD is usually

Shooting terms
calculated by dividing the weight (in grains) by the square of the diameter. As an example
take a 150 grain bullet from a .308 Winchester: divide 150 by the square of .308 (.0949) to
get 1581.2 and divide again by 7000 (the number of grains in a pound weight) to get .226
which is the SD.
Die ... A tool used in reloading metallic cartridge cases to resize the case to the specified
dimensions, or a tool used to de-prime fired cases, or a tool used to seat bullets in cases, or
a tool used to load powder into cases prior to seating the bullet.
Dioptre ... Refractive power of a lens. A lens having a focal length of one metre is said to
have a power of one dioptre, a lens of 20 centimetre focal length has a power of +5
dioptres, one of 5 metres focal length has a power of +0.20 dioptres. The "+" sign indicates
a converging lens, a "-" sign would indicate a diverging lens as is commonly seen in
prescriptions for reading glasses.
Disconnector ... Mechanical device in a semi-automatic gun that is designed to prevent the
firing of more than one shot from one pull of the trigger.
Division ... See, Class, above
Dominant Eye (and Hand) ... The stronger, or 'master' eye and hand. The dominant eye is
the one through which a person would usually view an object when using a telescope. The
dominant hand is what the shooter would describe himself as being: for example, 'righthanded'. This causes the shooter a problem when the dominant eye is on the other side of
the body to the dominant hand. In about 15% of the population the dominant hand and eye
are on opposite sides. This is much less of a problem for pistol shooters than anyone using
a long arm.
Double Action ... The type of firearm action whereby one pull of the trigger performs the
two separate functions of, a) cocking the gun and b) firing the gun. This term is often used
to refer to revolvers, but it applies to all classes of firearm (see Single Action below).
Double-base ... Propellant powder in which nitro-cellulose is supplemented by nitroglycerine.
Drag ... See air resistance above.
Drift ... 1) The lateral movement of a projectile due to rotation in flight through the
atmosphere. If the gun has rifling with a left hand twist, the movement will be to left and
vice versa. 2) The lateral movement of a projectile due to wind.
Drop ... a) The distance that a projectile falls at any given distance from the gun. b) The
distance that the centre of the butt of a long-arm is below the centre line of the barrel. Both
distances are measured in inches using the Imperial system.
Dry Fire ... Firing of an unloaded firearm to practice handling and shooting techniques.
This can damage some types of actions, particularly rimfire unless a Dummy Cartridge, or
Snap Cap (see below) is loaded to absorb the shock to the firing pin.
Dum-Dum ... Not a target shooting term, but mentioned for interest. It has become a slang
word for any expanding bullet, especially one which has been modified by the end user and

Shooting terms
not manufactured that way. The term originated as a result of experiments done at DumDum arsenal, India around 1898.
Dummy Cartridge ... Sometimes called, 'Drill rounds', these are cartridges assembled
without either propellant or primer and use to test the functioning of guns and magazines
without any danger of an accidental discharge. These special cartridges have to be indelibly
marked to avoid fatal confusion.
Ears ... The name given to hearing protectors of whatever type.
Ears on ... The command by the Range Officer to put on hearing protection prior to
commencing firing.
Ejector ... The mechanism which expels the cartridge or case from the breech of the gun.
This is not the same as the Extractor (see below).
Elevation ... Vertical sight movement so as to raise (or lower) the point of impact on the
target.
Equipment Control ... The person(s) who checks all shooting equipment and clothing
before a shooter is allowed to take part in a competition, so as to ensure that it all complies
with the current specifications. Normally the gun will be marked with a sticker to show
that it has passed inspection.
Energy ... The force of a projectile at any given distance. The energy in ft/lbs. (foot-pounds)
can be calculated from the weight of the projectile and its velocity. For example take a 150
grain bullet moving at 2800 fps (feet per second): Energy = (Bullet Mass x Velocity
Squared) divided by 450,400 = 2611 ft/lbs. This formula is based on: k=mv 2 and includes
allowing for converting bullet weight from grains to pounds and assumes that the
acceleration due to gravity is 32.174 fps2.
English Match ... A 60 shot course of fire for .22 rimfire rifles shot from the prone position
over 50 metres.
Eye Piece ... The lens of a telescopic sight nearest the shooters eye.
Eye Relief ... The distance that the shooters eye is positioned behind the ocular (eye) lens of
a telescopic sight in order to obtain the best view of the target and to avoid a black-eye on
firing. Somewhere between 2 to 4 inches is the usual distance.
Explosive ... Explosives are classified as low or high according to the detonating velocity or
speed at which they change from being a solid or liquid to gas and other pertinent
characteristics such as their shattering effect (or brisance). An arbitrary figure of 3300 fps
is used to distinguish between burning / deflagration (low explosive) and detonation (high
explosive). A propellant is said to burn at less than the speed of sound (approximately 1100
fps). Within the UK the possession and use of any explosive is subject to having the
necessary licence.
Extractor ... The device which extracts, or removes the cartridge or cartridge case from the
chamber of the gun. This is not the same as the Ejector (see above).

Shooting terms
Eye relief ... The distance, usually between 3 - 4 inches, from the shooter's eye to the
rearmost part of the sights. This distance is important both for good vision of the target
and to prevent injury when shooting a gun with significant recoil. In the case of Telescopic
Sights there are special models available for use with hand guns which have extended eye
relief, so as to allow their use at about 18 inches from the eye.
Feinwekbau ... A popular German make of guns, especially air rifle and air pistol models.
The name translates literally as: "Fine work company".
Felt recoil ... The way that a shooter actually feels the recoil, or 'kick' of a gun when it is
fired. In general, guns firing ammunition with a nitro powder will have a sharper, more
jarring recoil that those firing Black Powder. Guns with some form of automatic, or semiautomatic loading mechanism feel less harsh than those without, due to the operation of
the gun 'spreading' the recoil out over a longer time period.
Felt Wad ... Currently the preferred method of sealing the open ends of black powder
revolver cylinders is to use felt wads. These wads make far less mess, especially on indoor
ranges than the older method of using grease or some other paste-type sealer.
Fg, FFg, FFFg, FFFFg ... Grades of size of Black Powder particles, from coarsest to finest.
The "F" stands for "Fine" and the "g" stands for "grain", so FFg should have particles half
the size of Fg, etc. FFFFg is mainly used as a priming powder for flintlocks, wheel locks
and matchlocks. Also see 'Swiss' below.
Filler ... Filler is any kind of inert substance, such as semolina, which is used to fill
chamber / cartridge space in black powder guns, so as to allow the black powder to be
compressed properly when using light loads.
Firearm ... Any gun which uses the combustion of a propellant or an explosive to discharge
a projectile.
Firearms Certificate (FAC) ... The necessary permit to hold any firearm or ammunition in
the UK, it lasts for 5 years before renewal, a simpler form of licence is required for
shotguns. FAC are in different Sections and the type of guns used in target shooting are all
in Section 1. Other Sections cover the whole range of firearms, for example machine guns
are in Section 5 and historic breech-loading guns are in Section 7.
Fireform ... The process of changing the shape (and volume) of a cartridge case by firing
with (normally) a light load in the gun in which it is to be used. This is a means of
improving accuracy and functioning by matching the case to the exact size of the chamber
of a particular gun.
Firing Pin ... The part of a gun's action which actually strikes the primer so as to set it off
and initiate firing the cartridge's main charge of propellant.
Firing Point ... The physical position from which shooting takes place, they should be
numbered consecutively from 1 upwards with contrasting colours i.e. if 1 is painted black, 2
should be white, etc.
Fixed Sights ... Non-adjustable sights, not used for serious target work.

Shooting terms
Flash Hole ... 1) The small diameter hole through which the 'flash' from the priming charge
of a muzzle loading gun travels to ignite the main charge of black powder. 2) The small
diameter hole (Boxer: see above) or holes (Berdan: see above) through which the flame
from the primer of a centrefire cartridge passes to ignite the main charge (usually of
smokeless propellant) in the cartridge case.
Flashing Pans ... The action before the commencement of shooting, of firing off a priming
charge of powder from the pan of a matchlock, wheel lock or flintlock muzzle loading gun
in order to clear any oil or other residue from the flash hole and chamber, before loading
the main charge: see Capping off above.
Flash in the pan ... a) What happens when the priming powder in the pan of a matchlock,
wheel lock or flintlock gun goes off without igniting the main charge. b) A short-lived
enterprise of some sort.
Flinch or Flinching ... The involuntary physical reaction by the shooter to the firing of the
gun. This movement spoils the accuracy of the shot and can be a difficult problem to cure.
Flintlock ... A muzzle loading firearm with its powder charge ignited by a flint striking a
metal surface (the frizzen) to produce sparks which ignite fine priming powder, which in
turn sets off the main charge.
Flyer ... A shot well outside the normal group on a target and not representative of the rifle
or the cartridge's potential accuracy, almost always due to shooter error.
Fog of War ... The name given to the smoke produced on firing Black Powder weapons, this
could be a serious problem in the Napoleonic era and could definitely hamper observation
on the field of battle, for an example see the photo of a Colt Walker revolver being fired. It
can also be a problem on indoor target ranges unless sufficient attention is paid to
ventilation.
Follow-through ... Staying in the same position after pulling the trigger, or continuing the
swing when firing at a moving target. This is done in order to assist in, 'calling the shot'
(see above).
Foot-pound ... The energy required to lift one pound through a distance of one foot (strictly
speaking this is only true at the earth's surface).
Forcing Cone ... The tapered section of a shotgun or revolver barrel where the pellets or
bullet is guided into the bore.
Fouling ... The deposits that build up in the barrel of a gun after it is fired. Fouling can
either be soft and harmless carbon residue, or more persistent lead or copper, both of
which are detrimental to accuracy.
Fouling Shot ... The process of firing a shot off before starting trying to shoot accurately, so
as to remove any oil from the barrel and to coat the bore with a layer of powder residue.
This process is most important for muzzle loading guns in order to obtain consistent
accuracy.

Shooting terms
f.p.s. (or, fps) ... Feet per second, the standard measure of projectile velocity in the
Imperial measurement system.
Free Bore ... The unrifled portion of the bore, if any, in front of the chamber, it can be up to
about a half the length of the barrel. Not much used these days and normally only for lowpowered cartridges such as the .22 rimfire.
Free Pistol ... A .22 calibre target pistol which is 'free' of most constraints as to barrel
length, sight radius, weight etc.
Free Rifle ... A .22 or centrefire rifle which is 'free' of most constraints in the same way as a
free pistol.
Frizzen ... The upright steel plate in a flintlock gun which is struck by the flint in order to
produce the sparks for igniting the priming powder. Note: the sparks come from the steel
NOT the flint!
Ft.-lb, or ft/lb ... Foot-pound, the standard unit of energy in the Imperial measurement
system, used as a measure of the energy contained in a bullet in flight.
Fullbore or Full-Bore or Full Bore ... Generally taken to mean centrefire calibres,
especially those of .22 and greater: synonymous with the term Bigbore: see above.
Full-Cock ... The action of setting the action (see above) into the ready to fire position. See
half-cock and cock.
Full Metal Jacket ... A jacket, usually of copper completely covering a bullet, so as to leave
no lead exposed. Much used for military ammunition as it helps to comply with the Geneva
Convention on Land Warfare, which specifies that expanding ammunition must not be
used against human targets. It also allows the bullet to be driven up the barrel much faster
than a plain lead projectile.
Gain twist ... A system of rifling with the pitch increasing towards the muzzle.
Gas cutting ... What happens when using high pressure cartridges in a revolver and the
gasses literally cut the metal of the top strap of the frame when they escape through the
cylinder / barrel gap.
Gauge ... a) A plug device used to accurately score a shot target, it has a diameter exactly
that of the calibre used and when inserted into the target shows the edge nearest to, or in
some cases, farthest from, the centre. b) In American usage it is the bore, or calibre of a
shotgun or other smoothbore gun.
Grain ... a) A unit of weight used to measure powder charges and bullets. By definition it is
1/437.5 of an ounce avoirdupois and therefore there are 7000 grains to the pound. b) The
natural pattern of wood.
Grease ... Grease used to be the preferred method of applying a flash-proof seal over the
ends of black powder revolvers. Due to the mess grease makes on indoor ranges, it has
been largely superseded by felt wads.

Shooting terms
Greenhill's Formula ... An empirical formula that relates bullet weight and length to rifling
twist. One must bear in mind that the formula assumes cylindrical pure lead bullets and
doesn't work as well for small calibres as it does for large ones. Twist in inches (T) = [150/
(L/D)]xD where L = bullet length in inches and D = bullet diameter in inches. It is best
regarded as a starting point when determining rifling twist rates and not as an exact
measure. See, Rate-Of-Twist below.
Groove ... The sunken part of rifling.
Groove diameter ... The distance across the bore of a rifled barrel from the bottom of one
groove to the bottom of the one opposite, this is easily measured by means of a lead slug. In
the case of a barrel with an odd number of grooves this is measured by driving a soft lead
slug into the barrel and then measuring the slug's diameter over a land-to-groove cross
section and then subtracting the bore diameter. The next step is to double this figure and
add it to the bore diameter to get the groove diameter.
Group ... The pattern of shots on a target.
Group Size ... It is the distance between the centres of the two farthest apart shots in a
group. The easiest way to measure this, is to measure from the outside edge of one bullet
hole to the inside edge of the one farthest away. Another method is to measure the distance
from outside edge to outside edge of the farthest apart holes and then subtract the bullet
hole diameter.
Guncotton ... Nitro-cellulose: a form of smokeless propellant.
Gunpowder ... An explosive made up of 75% saltpetre, 15% sulphur and 10% charcoal. It has
been used as both an explosive for blasting and mining operations as well as to fire
projectiles from firearms. Also known as, Black Powder: see above
Half-Cock ... a) The safety position for a matchlock, wheel lock, flintlock or percussion gun.
The hammer is moved to a halfway position from which it cannot be released by the trigger
and the gun can then be carried loaded in safety. b) "To go off at half-cock" means to start
an abortive, or failure-ridden enterprise and it is derived from the unfortunate practice of
early guns to slip off the half-cock position and fire prematurely. See, cock and full-cock
above.
Hammer ... a) The part of the action which drives the firing pin to strike the primer in a
cartridge gun. b) the part of the action which carries the flint for a Flintlock gun. c) The
part of the action which strikes the cap in a Percussion gun: see Serpent below for
Matchlock guns.
Handload(ing) ... The practice of loading and reloading centrefire cartridges to either save
money and / or produce specific cartridge characteristics; for example low velocity,
minimum recoil rounds for rapid-fire target shooting. This is most easily done using Boxer
primed centrefire cases: see Boxer above.
Hang fire ... A term applied to an excessive delay in ignition of the main charge after the
primer has fired, this is mainly a problem for Black Powder muzzle loaders and especially
Matchlocks.

Shooting terms
Hard hitting ... A nonsense term used by the ignorant when describing guns so as to show
how little they know or understand about shooting in general.
Headspace ... This is the distance from the breech face to that part of the chamber which
stops the forward movement of the cartridge case. Different cartridge designs obtain their
headspace in different ways. A rimmed case, such as a .22 rimfire uses the case rim to
position the cartridge within the chamber, whilst a rimless cartridge, like the 9 mm
Parabellum uses the rim of the case mouth, seating on an annulus in the chamber (this
means that 9 mm cases must be both of exact length and not use a rolled crimp to hold the
bullet in place).
Headstamp ... The manufacturers marks stamped into the primer end of a metallic
cartridge case giving various details of its construction, such as calibre, maker, load, date
of manufacture, etc. There is no universal standard for this information and its value and
content can vary widely.
Idiomatic expressions ... There are several idiomatic expressions derived from shooting
which have found their way into general usage, they include: A Flash in the Pan, Lock Stock
and Barrel, Six Shooter, Bulls eye, To go off at Half-Cock, Dum-Dum and (from the Stanley
Kubrick film) Full Metal Jacket. Definitions for all of these terms are to be found in this
Glossary.
Inertia Firing Pin ... A firing pin which is shorter than the guide in which it travels to strike
the primer. If it is propelled sufficiently quickly from its resting position, then it can
contain enough energy to detonate the primer due simply to its own inertia.
Inertia puller ... See bullet puller above.
Inner-10 ... The name given to a smaller ring enclosed by the 10 ring on a target. Normally
the Inner-10 does not have a score value, it is used as a tie-breaker between competitors
with an identical numerical score; the one with the higher number of Inner-10's being the
winner: see below for X-Ring.
International Shooting Union (ISU) ... See UIT and ISSF below.
International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) ... The successor to the UIT / ISU, it is the
regulatory body (based in Munich) that controls all international target shooting with
Airgun, Crossbow, .22 rimfire and Centre fire, both rifle and pistol. All the rules and
regulations concerning target shooting can be downloaded from their website in both
English and German, but be warned that they are of a large file size (about 10 megabytes in
PDF format). The rules for shooting are revised and re-issued in the January following the
Olympics, so as to give all competitors the maximum amount of time to prepare for the
next event.
Inward gauging ... The scoring process whereby the edge of the bullet hole nearest the
centre of the target determines its value. In this method the shot hole has only to touch
(not cut) the next higher scoring ring to be awarded the higher value: see also, Outward
gauging and muzzle-loading gauging below.
Iron Sights ... See Metallic sights below.

Shooting terms
Jacket ... A covering over the lead core of a bullet. Usually this cover is made of copper and
can be either complete (see Full Metal Jacket above), or partial. If partial, it can leave
either the nose or the tail of the bullet exposed. An exposed nose is much used in hunting,
as it allows the bullet to expand and transfer more of its energy to the game being shot. All
jackets allow the bullet to be fired with greater velocity than plain lead could withstand.
Journee's Formula ... The empirical formula used to calculate safe distances for shotgun
pellets. It says that the maximum range in yards for a round pellet is 2200 times its
diameter in inches.
Keyhole ... 1) Elongated hole made in a target by a bullet that is tumbling in flight and
hence striking the target other than point first. Caused by inadequate rotational
stabilization of the bullet, usually due to insufficient barrel twist or too low a velocity for
the calibre. 2) An example of good shooting when successive shots are so close together as
to form a 'keyhole' shaped group on the target.
Kneeling ... Kneeling is a very stable shooting position, used mostly in rifle shooting. The
degree of steadiness achieved approaches that of prone shooting, but it takes a great deal
of practice to get the best results. The position is with one knee on the ground and the
other foot flat on the floor, normally a roll of firm material is used under the instep of the
bent leg for support. A sling is often used with rifles for further support in a similar
manner to prone shooting.
Land ... The raised portion of rifling.
Lapping ... The process of repeatedly passing a lead 'slug' (usually a wadcutter bullet
mounted on a cleaning rod) through the bore of a gun barrel in order to lap, or polish it.
The polishing is assisted by means of dipping the slug in a mild metal polish, such as
Brasso. This method is used to remove rough spots from the bore which can give rise to
leading: see Leading below.
Lead ... An elemental metal from which the majority of bullets are made. Dull grey in
colour, it is highly malleable with a low melting temperature and is easily alloyed with
other metals, such as tin in order to make it harder. Plain lead bullets are limited to about
700-800 fps velocity, those of an alloy of lead, tin and antimony can go up to about 1400
fps, but beyond that velocity, they must be jacketed in order to prevent leading: see Jacket
above and Leading below.
Leading ... The deposition of lead in the bore of a gun due to the passage of lead projectiles
(pronounced: "ledding"). Often caused by firing the bullets at too great a velocity, or by a
slight roughness in the barrel, stripping a sliver of metal off as they pass: see Lapping
above.
Leade ... The short unrifled section of the bore, if any, in front of the chamber, into which
the bullet's nose is introduced (pronounced: "leed").
Let-off ... A somewhat vague term used to describe the release of the sear when the trigger
is pulled to fire the gun. A 'crisp' let-off denotes a sudden release, like the click of a light
switch, a 'rollover' let-off denotes a rather more vague firing point.

Shooting terms
Lever Action ... Usually a repeating type of action with a reciprocating breechblock
powered by a finger operated lever. Commonly these guns have a tubular magazine held
parallel to and under the barrel; a common sight in 'cowboy' films.
Linatex ... A self-healing, or self-sealing rubber sheet material, used in the UK to reduce
splatter from bullets impacting on the bullet catcher: see Anti-splash and Bullet Catcher
above).
Load ... a) To place a round of ammunition in a firearm chamber or magazine. b) A specific
type or composition of ammunition.
Lock ... The firing mechanism of a muzzle loading firearm.
Lock and Load ... A Range Command meaning to close the breach and chamber a cartridge
prior to commencing shooting.
Lock, Stock and Barrel ... a) The three main parts of a muzzle loading gun. b) A general
term used to mean everything associated with some enterprise.
Lock time ... The time taken from the release of the sear by the trigger to the moment the
primer is struck, usually very short, less than two milliseconds being the aim.
Long-arm ... Any gun held in two hands with a butt piece held against the shoulder.
Machine Rest ... A device for securely holding a gun in a consistent position so as to allow
accuracy testing of gun and ammunition: see Bench Rest above.
Macrae Handicap system ... A handicapping system for competitions that tries to ensure
that all participants have an equal chance of winning by recognising that it takes more
effort for a skilled shot to improve their scores than a beginner. It is available to use in the
form of tables and are rather like a set of mathematical Log tables in appearance.
Magazine ... a) A device for holding ammunition ready for loading into the chamber of a
repeating firearm. b) A storage room for ammunition and, or explosives.
Magnum (Mag) ... a) A loose term used to signify a cartridge, either rimfire or centrefire of
any size, for either rifle or pistol, which is loaded to higher than normal pressures. b) A
term used to describe firearms which are designed to fire magnum ammunition e.g. a
Smith & Wesson model 29 .44 Magnum revolver. c) A bottle of champagne or other drink
of 1.5 litre capacity i.e. with a volume equal to two normal bottles.
Malfunction ... The name given to any kind of inability to discharge a shot when required.
Malfunctions come in two types, Allowable and Non-Allowable. Depending on the type of
competition there may not be any allowance for malfunctions at all. Allowable
malfunctions are those due to gun failure, ammunition failure and target failure. NonAllowable malfunctions are due to forgetting to load the gun, forgetting to insert the
magazine, not releasing the trigger enough to allow the next shot to load etc. The basic rule
is that if the malfunction was attributable to the shooter, then it is not allowed, if it was due
to some other, external factor over which the shooter had no control, then it is allowed. An
allowed shot may be retaken under the same conditions as the original shot.

Shooting terms
Martini Rifle ... A type of falling block action used in single shot guns. In the case of BSA .22
rimfire rifles the block is hinged at the rear. Viewed from the side with the breech open
these guns bear a passing resemblance to Winchester under lever repeating centre fire
rifles.
Match ... a) A string soaked in nitrate so as to burn slowly and steadily without going out in
wind, used to fire a Matchlock gun. b) A shooting competition.
Matchlock ... A muzzle loading firearm which is fired by means of a slowly burning match
being applied to a flash hole by means of the trigger.
Mean Point of Impact, or, MPI ... The mathematical centre of a group of shot holes on the
target.
Metallic Sights ... A somewhat loose term used to describe non-optical sights, especially
open sights as fitted to handguns. Also known as, Iron sights.
Metplat ... The diameter of the tip of a projectile. This is a somewhat difficult term to define
exactly, but is usually taken to mean that part of the projectile after the dramatic change in
radius as the tip is approached. In a full wadcutter bullet, the metplat and the calibre are
one and the same diameter.
Mil ... An angular unit of measurement much used by the army and equal to 1/6400 of a
complete revolution (thus there are 6400 Mils in 360 degrees and so 1 Mil equals 0.05625
degrees). One Mil subtends an arc of one metre at a distance of one thousand metres. Some telescopic
sights, especially those intended for military use, are calibrated in Mil and are referred to
as "Mil-Dot" scopes. Given that the shooter can accurately estimate the size of the target
(for example a particular type of vehicle), the gradations in the reticule of the Mil-Dot
telescopic sight can then be used to estimate the distance (or vice-versa). See also MOA
below.
Millisecond ... One thousandth of a second (1/1000 second).
Minute of Angle (MOA) ... An angular unit of measurement equal to the radial distance
represented by 1/60 of a degree (there being 360 degrees in one revolution and therefore
21,600 minutes). The MOA is used in target shooting as a handy reference of accuracy and
for sight adjustment. At a range of 100 yards 1 MOA represents a distance of 1.0472 inches
(or approximately 1 inch). Sights are normally calibrated in fractions of a minute, a
typical .22 target rifle with aperture sights will have 1/8 minute adjustments i.e. at 100
yards range, 1 click (see above) of the sight will move the point of impact 1/8 inch. General
purpose telescopic sights normally have 1/4 minute adjustments. See also Mil above.
Minie ... A cylindrical shaped bullet used in muzzle-loaders. It has a pointed tip and a
hollow base which spreads to give a good seal to the barrel when it is fired; in a similar
manner to a pellet in an airgun.
Ministry of Defence Ranges (MOD Ranges) ... The armed forces of the UK owned shooting
ranges, especially those ranges which allow their use by civilian clubs to practice outdoor
target shooting. There is an (over 130 year long) arrangement within the UK, which allows
civilian clubs to use MOD ranges when they are not being used by the armed forces. Being

Shooting terms
military ranges they usually have a high value Range Safety Certificate, which means that
full loads can be used in the guns.
Mirage ... The observed apparent movement and or distortion of a target, due only to
temperature created air disturbance between the shooter and the target. Usually, but not
always this is an outdoor, long range phenomena.
Monte Carlo Stock ... A stock with a raised comb which provides elevated eye alignment
when using a telescopic sight, which stands higher above the bore line than metallic sights.
Musket ... The name of a shoulder fired muzzle loading, flintlock which is usually, but not
always, a smoothbore gun held in both hands. Note that 'Rifled Muskets' have been made
and the main distinguishing feature of such a gun to distinguish it from a true muzzle
loading rifle is that it will have a short stock and thus be intended to be fired from the
standing position.
Muzzle ... The end of the barrel from which the projectile exits.
Muzzle blast ... The blast, or shockwave felt by a shooter and observers when the bullet
exits from the barrel.
Muzzle Brake ... A device consisting of various vents either attached to, or integral with the
end of the barrel which is designed to reduce the amount of felt recoil and muzzle jump.
See compensator above.
Muzzle Crown ... The process whereby the muzzle is rebated, or 'crowned' so as to provide
some measure of protection from accidental damage to the bore of the barrel when it
comes into contact with a hard object.
Muzzle energy ... The energy, often measured in Foot-Pounds (ft/lb) that a projectile
contains when it leaves the barrel of a gun.
Muzzle Flash ... The flash, caused by unburned powder burning-up in free air after the
bullet has left the barrel.
Muzzle jump (or, climb) ... The vertical movement of the muzzle on firing the gun caused
by the centre of the barrel being higher than the centre of support for the gun.
Muzzle Loader ... Any gun which is loaded from the muzzle end, usually by means of a
separate powder charge, with the bullet seated afterwards. Muzzle loaders can be,
Matchlocks, Wheel Locks, Flintlocks, or Percussion fired. See Breech loader, above.
Muzzle Loaders Association of Great Britain (MLAGB) ... As the name implies, the group
that deals with muzzle loading regulation and competition within the UK.
Muzzle Loaders Association International Committee (MLAIC) ... The body that governs all
International muzzle loading competitive target shooting.
Muzzle-Loading gauging ... The scoring process whereby the centre of the bullet hole
nearest the centre of the target determines its value. In this method, the shot hole has to

Shooting terms
cut the scoring ring to be awarded the higher value. This scoring process allows
competitors using different calibre guns to compete on an equal basis without the use of
scoring gauges for each calibre: see also, Outward gauging below and Inward gauging
above.
Muzzle velocity ... The velocity of a projectile as it leaves the barrel of a gun, normally this
is the maximum velocity reached (some military ammunition can be fitted with a
secondary charge which can be fired later on to act as a booster).
Nature ... What the British army calls bullets, pellets, rockets and shells. See also the entry
for, projectile.
Nipple ... A drilled cone shaped part of a Black Powder gun, fitted at the end of the barrel,
or chamber at the closed end and used to hold the percussion cap(s) needed to fire the
main charge(s).
Nitro ... a) Short for Nitro-cellulose, the standard form of smokeless propellant used today
for cartridge guns of all types b) A term used to describe both the propellant nitro-cellulose
and the guns themselves that have been made to use it.
Nitro-cellulose ... Otherwise called guncotton. This is the basis of all modern smokeless
propellants, it is made by dissolving cotton in nitric acid (do not try this at home).
N.R.A or NRA ... National Rifle Association (of Great Britain). The body that deals with
fullbore rifle and pistol target shooting in the UK.
N.S.R.A. or NSRA ... National Smallbore Rifle Association. The body that deals with .22,
airgun and crossbow target shooting in the UK.
Object lens ... The lens of a telescopic sight (or any optical device) nearest the object being
viewed.
Obturation ... The expansion of a cartridge case on firing to seal off the chamber and
prevent gases from escaping.
Ocular Lens ... The lens at the rear of an optical device and nearest the user's eye.
Ogive ... The curved portion of a projectile between the cylindrical radius and the metplat
(diameter of the tip of the projectile).
Olympic final ... A 10 shot shoot-off between the top 8 shooters in an ISSF competition.
Scoring is done to 1/10 of a point for each shot, with a maximum score for a perfectly
central shot of 10.9 and thus a maximum total score for all 10 shots of 109.
Open Sights ... See metallic sights above.
Outward gauging ... The scoring process whereby the edge of the bullet hole furthest from
the centre determines its value. In this method, the shot hole has only to touch (not cut) the
next lower scoring ring to be awarded the lower value: see also, Inward gauging and
muzzle-loading gauging above.

Shooting terms
Over-and-under (O/U) ... Firearms (often shotguns, especially those used for clay-pigeon
shooting) with two barrels placed one above the other, as distinct from side-by-side (see
below).
Over bore capacity ... Common term used to describe cartridges with a propellant capacity
overly large in relation to the bore. Expanding gas produced by propellant combustion can
only be forced through a given aperture at a certain rate. Thereafter increasing the amount
of gas by increasing the amount of propellant merely raises pressures without raising
velocity. For example a .300 H&H case necked down to .22 calibre has twice the powder
capacity of a .22-250 and produces maximum pressures that are much higher, but without
noticeably higher velocities.
Over-pressure ... The rise in local air pressure caused by the firing of a gun, something that
is especially noticeable with the muzzle blast from a black powder pistol which can often be
felt by the shooter and bystanders.
Over-travel ... The amount of rearward travel of the trigger after the release of the sear.
Palm Rest ... 1) A height adjustable support for the non-firing hand of the user of a target
rifle, extending downward from the forearm of the stock. 2) A height adjustable rest at the
base of the grip of a handgun.
Pan ... That part of a matchlock, wheel lock or flintlock muzzle loading gun that holds the
priming powder next to the flash hole so that the main charge can be ignited by it.
Parabellum ... a) A term synonymous with the 9 mm pistol calibre cartridge. b) A
contraction of the quotation from Vegetius in the 4th century AD, the original Latin of
which is, "Qui desidererat pacem praeparet bellum", or in English, "If you wish peace,
prepare for war".
Parallax ... The apparent shift in position of a viewed object attributable to the difference
between two separate and distinct points of view. A major problem for users of telescopic
sights without parallax adjustment, as these sights will only be free of error at one
distance, which is usually 100 yards. Note that this is not the same thing as focussing and if
a telescopic sight does not have an adjuster ring near the object lens, then almost certainly
it does not have parallax adjustment. This means that apart from the one distance at which
it is parallax free (usually 100 yards) it will be of little value for accurate target shooting
purposes, no matter with what gun or ammunition it is used.
Patch ... a) A small piece of leather or cloth that is greased and placed around a bullet
before ramming it down the barrel of a muzzle-loader so as to hold it firmly in place and
prevent it rolling out. b) A piece of cloth drawn through the bore of a firearm to clean it. c)
The action of covering bullet holes in a target using small adhesive disks, so as to extend its
useful life.
Pellet ... Either an airgun projectile, usually of lead, or a component of a shotgun cartridge
which is fired out of the gun. Normally shotgun pellets are round balls of lead, or often
these days, of steel.
Percussion (gun and / or method of firing) ... The name given to firing a gun by means of a
percussion cap placed over the flash hole (called a 'nipple' on a percussion gun).

Shooting terms
Percussion guns are normally muzzle loaders and can be either single shot, or multi shot
like the first Colt revolvers ('Six Shooters').
Pistol ... A relatively short barrelled gun, usually under 24 inches long overall and held in
one or both hands without any other support. Typically it will fire a reduced load cartridge
compared to a rifle and normally in modern construction the barrel will be rifled to
improve accuracy. See also the entries for Automatic and Revolver.
Plinking ... An American term for casual, non-precision shooting, usually aimed at
informal targets such as tin cans etc.
Police Pistol 1 (PP1) ... A competition where 12 shots are fired (in two groups of 6) at a mansized target at 25 metres in two minutes (including reloading). This is followed by 12 shots,
one shot every 2 seconds with 5 second intervals, at 15 metres, followed by 6 shots, two
shots at a time in 2 second bursts with 5 second intervals, at 10 metres. Total number of
shots is thus 30 and there are no allowances for any kind of malfunctions.
Position ... The position of the body of the shooter when firing, for competition under ISSF
rules, this will be either, standing, kneeling or prone (lying face down): see Prone,
Standing and Kneeling below. Other positions used for non-ISSF shooting are, sitting,
which is quite rare and supine (lying on the back) which is used for long range rifle
shooting.
Possible, Poss, Highest possible score, HPS ... The highest possible score on competition
targets, normally this has a value of 100 when shot to international rules. Exceptionally, in
the case of a 10 shot Olympic Final, where scoring is done in 1/10 points, the maximum is
109.
Primer ... a) An explosive compound fitted either all around the rim of a rimfire cartridge
case, or in a centrally mounted cap (usually replaceable) for centre fire cartridges. It is
used to set off the main charge. b) The small charge of fine grained Black Powder used to
ignite the main charge of a Matchlock, Wheel Lock or Flintlock gun.
Primer Pocket ... The recess in the base of the cartridge case that accepts the primer. In
military ammunition it is usually crimped and sealed with a red coloured lacquer sealant
for water-proofing.
Progressive ... Name given to a type of reloading press whereby one pull of the operating
lever competes one stage of the process and allows the press to be moved to the next stage.
Projectile ... The name given to any item coming out of the barrel of any type of gun when it
is fired. See also the item for, nature.
Proof ... The process of proving a gun safe for use, usually done by firing a special test
cartridge which will apply at least 30% more pressure to the gun than its quoted limit. In
the UK this work is carried out at either the Birmingham, or London Proof Houses.
Proof mark ... The stamping on the barrel of a firearm to how that it has passed the proof
test. In the case of a revolver, each chamber is separately proofed. Note that European
countries accept each others proof system, but guns imported from the USA into the UK
have to be proofed before they can be sold (this is because there is no universal Federal

Shooting terms
system of proof across the USA). In the UK, currently a new proof mark for nitro powder
from Birmingham is shown as, "BNP" and from London as, "NP"
Prone ... Prone shooting is mostly for rifle and is done lying face down, supporting the
upper body on the elbows. The rifle is held by both hands and often braced by a sling,
which attaches to the fore end of the gun at one end and the shooters upper arm by means
of a cuff at the other. Pistol can be shot prone, but it is an uncomfortable experience
involving considerable neck strain and requires the use of both hands.
Prone, Standing and Kneeling, PSK, Three Positional, 3P ... As the name implies, a
competition which is shot using three different body positions to support the gun. It is for
rifle only and shot at 50 metres for international competition over a total of 60 shots, 20
from each position and is for the .22 rimfire calibre using single shot guns.
Propellant ... Any substance which can be used to operate a gun by burning in a controlled
manner. In the UK propellants are not subject to the laws governing explosives and so can
be freely bought by anyone over the age of 16 without a licence. Propellants are substances
that support the spread of combustion at speeds below that of sound (approximately 1100
fps). They cannot be sent through the post within the UK.
Proving safe ... The action of demonstrating that a gun is not loaded.
Pyrodex ... A Black Powder substitute: in the UK it is classed as a propellant and is thus
free of licensing restrictions. It is corrosive to steel both before and after firing and guns
have to be cleaned thoroughly after use.
Ramrod ... A rod of non ferrous construction used to 'ram' the ball (or bullet) down the
barrel of a muzzle loading gun so as to seat it firmly on the charge of Black Powder. It must
be made of a material which cannot strike sparks off the steel of the barrel. The ramrod
can also be used to determine if a muzzle loading gun is actually loaded, by marking it so
that one can tell when it reaches the end of the chamber and thus indicates that there is no
charge present.
Range ... a) The distance from the firing point to the target. b) The location, either indoors
or outdoors at which shooting takes place.
Range Commands ... The instructions given by the Range Officer to the shooters, detailing
how the current course of fire is to be carried out. These can vary from the very simple,
"Fire" and "Cease Fire", to quite elaborate instructions, depending on the event.
Range Officer, RO, Range Conducting Officer, RCO ... The person in charge of shooting on
the range.
Range Safety Certificate ... The certificate supplied by the Army (in the UK), stating the
maximum calibre, muzzle velocity and muzzle energy that can be used and over what
distances and from what firing positions for any given Range. It is not permitted to operate
a Range without this document having been issued by the Army following a formal
inspection of the premises.
Rate Of Twist ... The length over which the rifling grooves in a barrel make one complete
revolution of 360 degrees. For example, a rate of 1:10 equates to one revolution in 10

Shooting terms
inches. The required rate differs from calibre to calibre and in general is more rapid for
small diameters than for large. Bullet weight must be appropriate to the rate of twist or
bullets will not be stabilised in flight. The heavier and therefore the longer the bullet for
any given calibre, the faster the rate of twist must be. See Greenhill's formula above.
Receiver ... The part of a breech loading firearm comprising of the chamber end of the
barrel with the loading / unloading port.
Recoil ... The rearward movement of a gun when fired. Note that it is in general more
comfortable to fire a gun with heavy recoil from the standing, rather than the prone
position. See also: felt recoil.
Regulate / Barrel Regulation ... In double-barrel rifles, the process of getting both barrels
to shoot to the same point of impact with a given load at a given distance. This distance is
normally set to the range for which the gun is intended to be used and for big game rifles it
is often quite short (under 100 yards). The further away from this regulated distance one
shoots, the more one must compensate for left/right point of impact, also it is normal for
the manufacturer to specify which barrel should be fired first for best accuracy. The points
of impact for the two barrels are usually quite badly affected by heating and so these guns
are not intended for sustained rates of fire.
Reloading ... The practice of reloading brass cartridge cases with primer, propellant and
bullet so as to use them again. With light target loads straight-walled brass cartridge cases
can be reloaded 20+ times. Note that other materials than brass have been used for cases,
but brass is the only material to date which has demonstrated sufficient flexibility and
elasticity to allow successful reloading of high pressure ammunition.
Reticule ... The aiming device built into a telescopic sight, usually in the form of cross-hairs
for target shooting purposes. There are many different forms of reticule for sporting use.
Retina ... The light sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye. It consists of two main
types of cell, rods, for mainly black & white sensitive vision and cones for colour sensitive
vision. The point where the optic nerve connects to the retina is bereft of light sensitive
cells and is known as, 'the blind spot'.
Revolver ... A pistol with a revolving cylinder that can hold (usually) 5 or 6 rounds. They
can be either front loaded Black Powder guns, or fire metallic cartridges from boredthrough cylinders.
Rifle ... A long gun with a rifled barrel that is held in both hands and is further supported
by the shoulder, normally the shooters cheek rests on the rear stock of the gun.
Rifling ... Spiral grooving in the bore of a firearm that is used to spin-stabilise the projectile
and thus improve its accuracy after leaving the barrel. Rifling can be either clock, or anticlockwise in direction and can have either an even, or an odd number of grooves. Pistols
can and usually do have rifled barrels, the system is not unique to 'rifles'.
Rim ... On a cartridge case, the lip or flange around the case head, which provides purchase
for the extractor claw. Initially all cases had projecting rims, i.e. rims larger in diameter
than the case body, for example the .303 cartridge (today these cases are known as
"rimmed" or "flanged" cases). The next type of case to be developed was the so-called

Shooting terms
"rimless" and in this instance the rim is of the same diameter as the body of the case, for
example the 7.62 cartridge. There are a small group of cartridges with "rebated rim" cases,
where the rim is smaller than the diameter of the case, for example the .284 Winchester.
Rimfire or Rim-Fire or Rim Fire ... A system of priming a cartridge case where the primer
is held in the rim of the case and is set off by the cartridge case rim being struck and
crushed. The cases cannot be reloaded and the system is only suitable for low pressure
ammunition such as the .22 Long Rifle cartridge commonly used for target shooting.
Round ... A complete item of ammunition with all components present to allow the firing of
one shot. It can take several forms: a) for modern metallic ammunition it consists of a
cartridge case with fitted primer, main charge and projectile(s) all assembled together,
that is all the components together required to fire one shot. Or b) for muzzle loading guns
it refers to all the required components either in loose, or part assembled form to fire one
shot (see this glossary for description of individual items).
Round nose ... A bullet with a rounded head such as used in most .22 rimfire target
cartridges. These bullets need the use of a scoring gauge on the target in order to
determine the true value of the shot, due to the way that the hole closes up after they have
passed through the paper.
SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufactures Institute) ... The American body
that quotes many of the data used in reloading, such as the maximum working pressures
for cartridge cases.
Sabot ... A lightweight carrier in which a sub-calibre projectile is carried: it comes from the
French for a clog or shoe. The term, Sabotage, comes from the practice, during the
Industrial Revolution, of disenchanted workers throwing their sabots into the new-fangled
machines in order to break them.
Safety (Safety Catch) ... A mechanical device to reduce the likelihood of accidental
discharge of any gun to which it is fitted (provided that it has been engaged at the time):
not much used in target shooting circles.
Sear ... The part of a gun's action that is 'tripped' by the trigger to release the hammer, or
firing pin and initiate firing the cartridge.
Sectional density (SD) ... The ratio of the bullet mass to the square of its diameter in
inches, so therefore SD=bullet weight in pounds / bullet diameter in inches x 2.
Semi-automatic ... See the entry for, automatic, above.
Semi-wadcutter ... A bullet shape halfway between roundnose and wadcutter. Often used in
semi-automatic guns to facilitate easy feeding of ammunition from the magazine to the
chamber. The shape of the bullet head makes for a neater hole that is easier to score than
that of a roundnose.
Semolina ... The inner, granular, starchy endosperm of hard or durum wheat, used as a
filler material for black powder guns, it is more or less inert and being readily biodegradable is very suitable for use on outdoor ranges.

Shooting terms
Serpent ... The part of the action of a Matchlock gun which carries the match to the pan
when the trigger is pulled in order to ignite the priming powder and hence fire the gun.
Set Trigger ... A very light trigger that is prepared, or set, by the operation of either another
lever, or by manipulating the trigger itself.
Side-by-side ... A double-barrelled gun, the barrels of which are horizontally aligned, one
beside the other, as distinct from an, over-and-under. This is the traditional arrangement
for shotguns and big game rifles.
Sight ... Device fitted to a gun to assist the aiming of it in relation to a target. Non optical
sights are in two parts, the fore sight mounted at the muzzle end and the rear sight
mounted as far to the rear as practical.
Sight adjustment ... 1) With adjustable rear sights, move the sight adjuster in the direction
you wish the shot to go on the target. To move the shot right, move the rear sight to the
right etc. Usually sights have right-hand threads on their adjusting screws and this means
that clockwise = up on the elevation adjuster and clockwise = right on the lateral (or
'windage') adjuster. 2) With adjustable front sights, move the sight adjuster in the opposite
direction that you wish the shot to go on the target. 3) Note that some sights, especially
those of German make, use the system whereby if the shots are going to the left, then
turning the adjuster in the direction marked "L" will move the point of impact to the right:
this needs to be thoroughly understood if disaster is to be avoided! 4) In German, "L"
stands for "Links", which means "Left". "R" stands for "Recht", which means "Right". "H"
stands for "Hoch", which means "High" and "T" stands for "Tief", which means "Low".
Sighting picture ... The appearance of the sights when they are correctly aligned with each
other before the target is in view. See also, aiming picture.
Single Action ... The type of firearm action whereby one pull of the trigger performs the
single function of firing the gun. This term is often used to refer to revolvers, but it applies
to all classes of firearm (see Double Action above).
Six Shooter ... The name given to any six shot revolver, especially those associated with the
Wild West of America.
Skid shot ... A shot that hits a turning target whilst it is turning and thus produces an
elongated hole. Depending on the length of the 'skid' the shot may be discounted from the
total score and thus count as a miss.
Smallarm(s) ... A military term used to mean any gun designed to be held in the hand when
fired.
Smallbore ... Generally taken to mean .22 rimfire.
Smokeless powder ... A term usually used to refer to nitro powders. Note that nitro is not
totally smoke-free, but compared to Black Powder (gun powder) it is a huge improvement.
Smoothbore ... A gun which is not rifled and whose barrel is completely 'smooth' all the
way from breech to muzzle. The projectile is not spin-stabilised and hence the guns are
relatively inaccurate. The most common modern hand-held gun that is a smoothbore is a

Shooting terms
shotgun. Some military large calibre guns are smoothbores, but they use fin-stabilised
projectiles to ensure good accuracy.
Snap Cap ... An inert cartridge with a spring loaded primer, used to check gun functioning
and for dry fire practice: see Dry Fire above.
Spotter ... A companion to the shooter on the firing point, who undertakes recording the
accuracy of shooting and can advise on wind conditions, especially for long range shooting.
Spotting Scope ... A telescope on a stand, used to observe the position of a shot on the
target from a distance and without having to retrieve it. This is done either by directly
viewing the hole, or watching the signals of a marker in the butts (especially at long
ranges). Normally a magnification of between 20 and 30 times is used.
Standing ... Shooting from the unraced standing position is the most difficult of all, as it is
the most unstable of all the positions. Training can help a great deal, but nothing can
remove all the wobble experienced by the marksman. A rifle is held in both hands and a
pistol can be held in either one, or two hands depending on competition rules, or shooter
preference.
Swaging ... A process of manufacturing bullets out of lead wire using great pressure to cut
and 'swage', or 'squeeze' the bullet into shape. Swaged bullets can be jacketed. This is not
usually a practical proposition for home manufacture, due to the large forces and relatively
expensive equipment involved.
Swarfega ... This is a propriety hand-cleaner much used in the past within the UK to seal
the open ends of revolver chambers, so as to prevent a chain-fire taking place. Not much
used today due to the mess it makes on indoor ranges: see Grease and Felt Wads above for
more detail.
Swiss ... Very fine Black Powder, finer than FFFFg and used as a primer in muzzle loading
guns.
Target ... The object, usually made of thin card, at which shooting is directed and which
enables scoring of the results.
Telescopic Sight ... A sight built into a telescope and designed such that the reticule and the
target are in focus at the same time. For target shooting purposes the sight must have
parallax correction to be of any use.
Throat ... The unrifled part of the bore immediately in front of the chamber.
Throat erosion ... The erosion of the throat area caused by the hot gasses of the propellant
burning away the metal and limiting the barrel's useful life. This is mainly a problem of
high pressure rifle cartridges.
Torque reaction ... The tendency for the gun when fired to twist in the opposite direction to
the rifling. This can be a real problem for pistols when shot single handed, less so for rifles
due to their greater bulk and increased support, but the phenomena still exists to some
extent in all rifled weapons.

Shooting terms
Trajectory ... See bullet path above.
Trigger ... The device normally operated by the shooter's index finger that initiates the
firing of a gun.
Trigger Shoe ... A device which fits over the standard trigger so as to offer a wider surface
to the trigger finger and thus give the impression of reducing its apparent weight.
Trigger stop ... A device to limit the over-travel of a trigger when pulled: see over-travel
above.
Trigger Weight ... a) The weight that a trigger must support to comply with competition
rules e.g. for air pistol it is 500 grams, for air rifle there is no lower limit as long as the gun
is safe to use. b) The weight (often made of brass) used to check a competitor's trigger
before passing the gun as complying with the rules for shooting.
Turning Targets ... A device, usually electrically operated (but may be pneumatic) that
twists a target through 90o very rapidly so as to present the target to the shooter. Used in
timed fire events and controlled by an electronic timer.
Twist ... The turn of the rifling. For example a barrel with a 12 inch twist means that for
every 12 inches of movement down the barrel towards the muzzle, the projectile makes one
complete turn (revolution).
Two stage trigger ... A type of trigger which has (normally) about half the trigger weight to
fire the gun taken up by a relatively long rearward movement and the remainder by a crisp
sudden let off. This is a device to enable easier shooting, by giving the shooter some idea as
to how much weight has been taken up before the shot is fired.
Union International de Tir (UIT) ... The old (French) name for the International governing
body of target shooting. It means, International shooting union: see also ISU and ISSF
above.
Velocity ... The speed of a projectile after it has left the barrel, usually quoted as so many,
fps (feet per second): see above.
Wad ... A disk, or series of disks of soft material used to seal the projectile and powder into
the cartridge and or, gun.
Wadcutter ... A bullet with a flat, circular head the same diameter all the way along its
length. Especially used in target shooting as they punch a neat round hole the same
diameter as the bullet and thus make scoring easier.
Wheel Lock ... An early type of muzzle loader lock system which came before the flintlock.
A spring driven wheel was released by the trigger. This spinning wheel struck a shower of
sparks off a lump of pyrite which led to ignition of the priming charge and hence the main
charge. Wheel Lock guns were expensive to make and relatively difficult to keep in good
working order; as a consequence many were converted to Flintlock operation.

Shooting terms
Wildcat ... A cartridge designed and made by a handloader by altering an existing cartridge
case and usually displaying enhanced velocity over the original donor cartridge.
Windage ... The lateral sight adjustment so as to move the point of impact sideways on the
target, this is usually, but not always done by the rear sight.
Wind-doping ... The ability to read the changing wind conditions at long range outdoors, so
as to be able to compensate for them on a shot-by-shot basis.
Wiping-out ... A somewhat vague term, used to indicate the removal of oil from a muzzle
loading gun before attempting to load it for the first time at a shoot and also the quick
clean and squirt of oil down the barrel at the end of a shoot before packing up to leave the
range.
X-Ring ... The name given to a smaller inner ring enclosed within the 10 ring and used as a
tie-breaker. Normally the X-Ring does not have a numerical value: see also 'Inner 10'
above.
Yaw ... The motion of a bullet in flight spinning erratically around its own axis, this is
mostly due to air pressure on the nose of the rotating projectile.
Zero ... The sight settings in windage (lateral) and elevation (vertical) where the point of
aim and the point of impact coincide. It can be set to any range desired.
Zoom ... A term used to describe variable magnification optical devices. In the case of
telescopic sights a magnification of about 4x is the maximum for shooting from the
unsupported standing position, 10x for prone shooting and anything up to 30x and above,
for bench-rest shooting.