Reg. No.

MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(A Constituent Institute of MU Deemed University)

Manipal 576 104

VI SEMESTER B.Tech. (BME) DEGREE END SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS MAY 2014
SUBJECT: MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING (BME-306)
(REVISED CREDIT SYSTEM)
Monday, May 05, 2014: 2.00 p.m. 5.00 p.m.

TIME: 3 HOURS

MAX. MARKS: 100

Instructions to Candidates:

(1) Answer any FIVE full questions. (2) Read the questions carefully (3) Please answer to the point.
.

1. (a)

(b)

Find out if the system defined by the input-output relationship:

y(m,n) = 0.5 [x(m 1, n) + x(m+1,n)] + b, is (i) linear, (ii) shift-invariant, & (iii) causal.

Consider the sequence x(m,n) shown in Fig. 1.

Sketch the circularly shifted version of x(m,n) as
specified: x( (m5)7, (n2)7)

3
2

Figure 1

(c)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(1)

(0)

(0)

(1)

(2)

(0)

It is often sufficient to understand the action of a 2D filter, by analyzing its 1D version.

With such a goal in mind, consider the unit-sample (impulse) response of an LSI
system: h(n) 3 (n) [ (n 1) (n 1)].
(i) Plot the magnitude and phase of the frequency-response of the filter.

(ii) Find the response of the filter to the input x(n), sketched below in Fig. 2.
(iii) Interpret the results.

2
2

x(n)
4
2
1

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 2

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2.

(a)

(i) Find the response of the image in Figure 3 (b), to the transformation sketched in
Fig. 3 (a). li and lo are the input and output gray-levels, respectively.

(ii) Given that the just noticeable difference is 3 units, find out if the transformation
achieved anything.

lo
14

2
0

10

15

li

7 7 6

7 7 7

7 7

7
7
7
7
10

7
7
7
9
9

7
9
9
9
7

9
9
9
9
7

7
9
9
9
9

7
7
9
9
9

7
7
7
10
9

9 7 7

7
7
9
9
9

Figure 3 (a)
(b)

In the context of image compression using the

DCT, consider the zonal mask with the bits
allocated as sketched in the adjacent figure. Find
the overall compression ratio achieved, when a
256256 image is coded by the zonal mask
specified in the adjacent (Figure 4).

Figure 3 (b)

0
1
2
3
4
5
7
8

0
0
0
1
2
3
5
7

0
0
0
0
1
2
3
5

0
0
0
0
0
1
2
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Figure 4

3.

(c)

Explain the match-band effect, and bring-out the relevant conclusions.

(a)

(i) Find the response of a 33 median filter to the image in Fig. 5.

(ii) Based on the results, list the advantages and disadvantages of the 33 median filter.

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15

15

15

15

15

15

25

15

Figure 5
(b)

(i) Given the filer mask in the adjacent figure (Fig. 6), find another filter
mask, based on it, to sharpen an image without losing the background,
and without altering the average value of the input image.

Figure 6

(ii) Apply the filter-mask derived (in Q. 3 (b)) on the image in Fig. 5.

4.

(a)

With reference to the adjacent figure (Fig. 7),

sketch the components connected by:
(i) 8-neighborhood, and
(ii) diagonal neighborhood.

Figure 7

(b)

5.

(i) Write down the discrete version of the CBP formula for image reconstruction from parallelprojection data. NOTE: every symbol in the formula must be defined/identified.

(ii) Based on the discrete formula, write down the pseudo code for implementing the
same on a computer. Indicate how you arrived at the code.

(c)

How would you compute the discrete projection of an image at 60o, by using the DFT?
Write down the steps in the algorithm clearly.

(a)

(i) With a schematic sketch, explain the working of a typical X-ray generator.

(ii) What is beam-hardening?

3
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(b)

With a schematic sketch, explain the working of a typical X-ray generator.

(c)

Sketch the projections of the point-image of intensity 10 as shown in Fig. 8, at: 0o, 30o,
and 120o. All the relevant parameters and their values must be shown clearly.

y
(10)

Figure 8

(a)

(b)

(i) What is electronic collimation?

(ii) Describe a PET system with a diagram, and explain its working.

In the context of MRI:

(i) Consider a subject under the influence of an external magnetic field, and also of a
90o RF excitation (of Larmor frequency). What happens when the excitation is
turned off?
(ii) What are the factors that affect the value of T1? What is the main reason behind
the factors?
(iii) Explain how frequency-encoding gradient can be used to resolve spatial locations
along one of the two directions.

4
4
4

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