Much is used with uncountable nouns, many with plural countable nouns:

I haven't got much time.

Has she got many friends?
Much and many are used mainly in interrogative and in negative forms. In affirmative sentences
we use a lot (of), lots (of), loads (of), plenty (of), particularly in a colloquial style:
He's got lots of friends.
There's still plenty of time before the play starts.
Much and many are commonly found in affirmative sentences after too, so, as and very:
She spends too much money on clothes.
I've received so many gifts this year.
Write down as many words starting with 's' as you can.
Thank you very much.
In formal style, much and many are also used in affirmative forms:
There is much to say about this issue. Many experts argue that ...
Much and many can be used without a noun if the meaning is clear:
'Was there a lot of traffic?' 'No. Not much, really.'
'Have you met any interesting people at work?' 'Not many.'
Remember!
Much and many can be used with of + a determiner or a pronoun:

I haven't seen much of him lately.

Many of my friends live abroad.
Learning tip
Decide which of the following you have or haven't got: sense of humour, money, friends, free
time, future plans, ambition, patience, pair of trainers, a suit. Write short sentences in your
notebook using the words much, many and other structures from this Grammar Reference Unit,
e.g. I haven't got much money but I have a lot of friends.

I haven't got much time for reading.

We haven't got may friends in So Paulo.
He has a lot of free time because he works
part-time.
Monia spends too much in CDs.
Thank youvery much for your help.
Have we got any tomatoes? Yes but not
many.

Eu no tenho muito tempo para ler.

Ns no temos amigos de maio, em So
Paulo.
Ele tem um monte de tempo livre, porque
ele trabalha a tempo parcial.
Monia gasta muito em CDs.
Obrigado youvery muito por sua ajuda.
Ser que tem alguma tomates? Sim, mas
no muitos.

A little and little are used with uncountable nouns:

Would you like a little milk in your tea?
I have little time to finish my homework.

A few and few are used with plural countable nouns:

I'd like to ask a few questions.
Few students are really motivated.
A little and a few are used to talk about (a small) quantity in a positive way:
You need a little salt to make good sauces. (= not a lot, just some)
I've written a few essays. (= not many, but enough)
Little and few are used to talk about (a small) quantity in a negative way:
He has little interest in his father's business. (= not much)
Few students passed the test. (= not many)
Remember!
Few and little are more usual in formal speech. In informal speech we would use forms like not
much/many, or only a few/a little.
He hasn't got much interest in his father's business.
Only a few students passed the test.
Learning tip
Choose a few topics, e.g. money, friends, hobbies, fears and personal characteristics, and think
about how you relate to them. Write some sentences in your notebook to show this relationship
from both a positive and a negative point of view, e.g. I have a little confidence. (positive) I
have little confidence. (negative)

I'm afraid there's litle time left to pack. The

train leaves in one hour.
His salary is quite low. However, he
managed to put aside a litlle money each
month.
Few people think he will win which is sad
because he's an excellent candidate for the
prize.
Although it's a bank holiday, a few offices
are open.

Temo que hora do litle esquerda para

embalar. O trem sai em uma hora.
Seu salrio muito baixo. No entanto, ele
conseguiu colocar de lado um dinheiro do
litlle cada ms.
Poucas pessoas pensam que ele vai ganhar
o que triste, porque ele um excelente
candidato para o prmio.
Embora seja um feriado bancrio, alguns
escritrios esto abertos.

Five of the most common modifiers are: enough, quite, so, such and too. They all have different
meanings and uses:
1 Enough means 'the right amount or number'. It goes after an adjective or an adverb:
I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelves.
Don't worry. Your English is good enough to pass the exam.
It also goes before nouns:
There aren't enough eggs for the cake. Could you buy some more?
We can use too/enough + for + phrase:
The weather is too cold for the children.
Are there enough sweets for all the kids?
or too/enough + infinitive:
Do you feel strong enough to climb the hill?
'Have you got any money?' 'I haven't got enough (money) to buy everything.'
2 Too means 'more than is necessary or wanted'. It is used before an adjective or adverb:
I can't work with Joe. He does things too slowly.
You're too young to go to clubs at night, Jimmy.

3 Quite can mean 'fairly':

I was quite surprised to learn he had failed the exam.
However, in formal English, when it is used with non-gradable adjectives like: absurd, dead,
true, etc. it means 'completely'or 'totally':
I think the whole idea is quite absurd.
What you say is quite true.
4 So is generally used to emphasize what we say.
It was so hot that we decided to stay at the hotel.
We can use it before an adjective or an adverb:
He drove so quickly that the police stopped him.
It can be used before much, many, few and little:
There were so many people that we couldn't get into the theatre.
I regret it so much!
5 Such is also used to emphasize what we are talking about but we use it before adjective +
noun:
I had such a bad day yesterday that I decided to go to bed early.
We can also use it before a noun on its own:
They made such a mess of everything that we couldn't find a solution.
I've never seen such foolishness before! It's unbelievable!
Remember!
We use so much before comparatives:
She looks so much happier now that she's moved into her house.
Too can be used as a synonym of very in informal speech:
It's too kind of you to help me.
Learning tip

Think about what you've done over the past week. Using the modifiers from this unit, write at
least six sentences in your notebook about your experiences. For example: I was so tired last
night that I went to bed at 9.00 p.m.

Pass me the sugar, please. My cofee isn't

sweet enough.
These 12-year-old cildreen are too young to
see the film. It's over 13s.
The film was so bad that the people left
before it had finished.
Tim is such good student!
This text is quite different from what I asked
for. Please rewrite it.

Passe-me o acar, por favor. Meu cofee no

doce o suficiente.
Estes cildreen 12 anos de idade muito
jovem para ver o filme. mais de 13s.
O filme foi to ruim que as pessoas
esquerda antes que tivesse terminado.
Tim tal bom aluno!
Este texto bem diferente do que eu pedi.
Por favor reescrev-lo.

So much / so many / so few / enough / so / so little

My tea is too hot to drink at the moment.
Tom had so much homework that he had to
stay up until midnight.
There were so many people in front of us
that we couldn't see.
The room wasn't enough large for so many
guests.
Sue was so tired that she fell asleep on the
train.
We had so little money that we couldn't even
buy a sandwich.

Meu ch est muito quente para beber no

momento.
Tom tinha tanta lio de casa que ele tinha
que ficar at meia-noite.
Havia tantas pessoas na frente de ns que
no podia ver.
O quarto no era grande o suficiente para
tantos convidados.
Sue estava to cansado que ela adormeceu
no trem.
Tivemos to pouco dinheiro que no
podamos mesmo comprar um sanduche.