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ONLINE ORGAN DONATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CHITRA A/P RAMASAMY

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the


Bachelor of Computer Science (Database Management)

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY


UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2007

ABSTRACT

The Online Organ Donation Management System (OODMS) is developed


mainly for general hospitals (GH), clinics and other health centers to manage the
donor registration and user maintenance. It is an online system which only can be
access or valid in Malacca state. The public can retrieve information about organ
donation in this web site. People who interested can register themselves through this
system. The application will be processed by the administrator and each donor will
receive feedback about their application status. Furthermore, the authorized user's
account will be maintained by the administrator. The donor record will be managed
by four main users such as administrator, doctor, medical assistant and management
staff. Only administrator has the authority and privileges to print organ list report
and total donation report according to district from this system. The methodology of
this system is Structured System Analysis and Design (SSADM). An analysis study
has been done based on the current manual system and all the problems statements
and requirements have been identified. Moreover, OODMS is three tier architecture
system which involves client tier, business tier and database management tier. The
interfaces for OODMS have been designed according to the requirement and needs
of the current market. Rather than that, this system also has been tested and evaluated
in real life. This Online Organ Donation Management System will help to improve
the performance of current situation and overcome the problems that arise nowadays.

Online Organ Donation Management System (OODUS) telah dibangunkan


khasnya untuk hospital besar, klinik dan pusat-pusat kesihatan yang lain untuk
manguruskan pendaftam penderma organ. Sistem ini boleh diakses melalui internet
dan hanya sah untuk digunakan di negeri Melaka. Para pengguna boleh mendapat
maklumat mengenai pendermaan organ menerusi laman web ini. Selain itu, orang
awam yang berminat boleh mendaftar sebagai penderma organ melalui sistem hi.
Borang p e n d a h n yang telah lengkap diisi dan dihantar akan diproses oleh
pentadbir sistem. Setiap penderma yang memohon a h menerima maklum balas
daripada pihak pentadbir tentang status permohonan mereka. Tambahan pula,
pentadbir mempunyai kuasa untuk menguruskan maklumat pengguna yang lain.
Selain daripada itu, maklumat penderma akan diurus oleh empat pengguna yang
penting iaitu pentadbir, doktor, pembantu perubatan dan staf. Hanya pentadbir sistem
mempunyai kuasa and hak istimewa untuk mencetak laporan senarai organ dan
laporan pendermaan organ mengikut daerah Melaka Stnrctured System Analysis and
Design (SSADW telah pilih sebagai metodologi untuk OODMS. Satu analisa telah
dijalankan terhadap sistem semasa untuk mengenalpasti keperluan dan pernyataan
masalahnya. Antaramuka bagi OODMS telah direka berdasarkan keperluan dan
pemintaan pasaran semasa. Sejajar dengan itu, sistem ini telah diuji di persekitaran
yang sebenar. Sistem ini diharap dapat membantu dan menyokong dalam
meningkatkan prestasi sistem semasa dan mengatasi masalah yang wujud pada masa
kini.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The chapter is an overview of the proposed system which will be included in


project background. The problem statements of the existing system also will be
defined together with objectives, scopes, project significance, expected output and
conclusion for the chapter.

1.1 Project Background


Organ donation is a gift of ones body parts after death for the purpose of
transplantation. The transplantation process is an operation which involves the
replacement of diseased and defective organs and tissues with healthy one fiom
donors. There are four main organ transplant resource centers in Malaysia which are

as follows:-

* National Transplant Resource Centre, Kuala Lurnpur Hospital.


Organ Donation Resource Centre, Ipoh Hospital.
Transplant Resource Centre, Penang Hospital.
Johor Transplant Resource Centre, Sultanah Aminah Hospital.

Organ donation also can be defined as the ultimate humanitarian act of


charity. The commonly donated organs are kidney, heart, liver, lungs and pancreas
while the tissues are eyes, bones, heart valves and skin. In this modem day, not
many people who is willing to donate their organs after they die. Furthermore, public
also do not no the procedure and the way to register. There are less advertisement
and awareness about organ donation among the community. Besides that, the
interested people facing many problems to register themselves because they busy
with works and need to get the application form from the nearest hospitals or medical
centers.
The current Organ Donation System still using the manual file system which
is also known as a simple database. Ledgers and logbooks are wisely used to record
the information and events of the donors. Moreover, the current online system is only
for retrieve information about organ donation and donor's registration. There are
fewer functions for administrators where they need to calculate and organized the
total registration of donors manually. Rather than that, there is no response or
feedback to donors regarding to their registration. This Online Organ Donation
Management System (OODMS) will help the donors, administrators and staffs of the
organ donation department for a better performance.
This proposed system is the enhancement for the current Organ Donation
Management System. This system can be a single point of access for the donors and
administrators. The donors can be registered online just by clicking the mouse button
in front of their computer at home and save their time. The additional feature of the
system is the donors will get feedback about the registration.
In addition, the improvement part for this system is to help the administrators

to easily retrieve the donor's details. Other than that, it also supports the data
integrity for each and every change which is done on the system. Moreover, all kind
of queried can be done within a minutes. As a solution and to fulfill the needs this
system use the MySQL database management system. This system also assures the
data integrity and helps the management handle the donor's registration more
efficient. The data also can be shared by other applications and also known as
reusable.

The another enhancement part for this system is to help the organ donation
management or administrators to generate donor report and produce statistic with
graphical representation such as bar chart and pie graph. The system able to calculate
the total number of donors according to the district and type of organ they want to
donate. This calculation process will be represented statistic graph. These analysis
results will be hand in to the directors of the hospitals.

1.2 Problem Statements


There are several problems that identified in current manual system. The
proposed enhancement system can prevent and overcome the existing problems. First
of all, the public are less publicity and knowledge about organ donation due to the
unattractive web sites. Moreover, the current system is lack security. It is not
protected and responsible by certain people.
Most of the donor's registration processes still using the manual system
where the donors need to complete pledge form and the donor's card. Then they need
to post or forward the form to the National Transplant Resource Centre and keep the
donor card in the wallet all the time. The donors are not sure whether their
registration is succeeded or not. They do not receive any feedback or confirmation
about their application.

In additional to that, there is no single point access for both donors and
administrators or management. The current web based application for organ donation
system is more on giving information about organ transplantation and its processes.
There are fewer fbnctions for the management to handle the donor's registration with
more efficient.
There is no reporting h c t i o n where the management need to done manually
about the donor's record. All the analysis part has to complete by hand where the
probability to make mistakes are very high. For example, the management staff

makes a mistake during categorized the donors, calculate wrong amount and so forth.
This can lead to operational problems and human issues.

1.3 Objective

The objectives of the system are as follows:

To have a single point of access for donors, administrators or management.

Both donors and management will access the application to perform


different action or transaction.

To secure the data in proper way and protect fiom unauthorized person.

This system is password protected where the unauthorized people


cannot access the data. Each level of users will have their own
privileges to access the data using this system.

To provide two way communication between donors and the management

After the registration the donors will received a feedback from the
administrators or management about their status.

To make the record keeping more efficient.

All donors' infonnation will keep more systematic and populated in a


stable database.

To retrieve the donor's information easily and faster.

The management or administrators can retrieve the donor's details just


by enter their IC number or name.

To generate statistics about the donors according to the district and organ that
they want to donate in future.

The system also can generate statistic graph about the donors and show
percentage.

To generate donor report.

Based on the analysis that has been done, this system will produce
report about the donors and organs.

1.4 Scope

This system is enhancement of the manual and web based Organ Donation
Management System. The current system has features of giving information and
donor's registration. The additional feature of the proposed system is to generate the
statistic graph about the donors according to the district and organs. After the
analysis process, a report about the whole donor's details will be generated. This
system only limited in the Malacca state.
The specific users for this system are:
Public
Administrators
Doctors
Medical Assistant
Management Staff

The modules that will include in the Online Organ Donation Management
System are:i) Login and password function to access the system
ii) Donor Registration
iii) Donor Maintenance
iv) Feedback for the donors
v) Generate statistic graph
vi) Generate report of donor's information.

1.5 Project Significance

This Online Organ Donation Management System (OODMS) will


computerize the existing system with better performance. This system will ease the
donors and administrators to get a single point of access regarding to organ donation.
This will save the donors time to register online.
Donor's information and record can be managed more efficiently when they

are stored in database. This project is fully computerized by using XAMPP which is
combination of MySQL and Apache Server. A collection of data will build a block of
information. Information is can be produce by processing data. Good relevant and
effective information is a key to make a good decision-making. Good decisionmaking can lead and guide an organization to survive in a global environment.
Moreover, this system also will help the management and administrators to
track the total number of donors who have been registered. This enhanced system
will have the capability to generate report which is consistent and precise and a
powerfbl DBMS in analyzing the donors according to the district and organ that they
want to donate in future. This function will be fast and effective with minimum
human errors.

Database security is most important aspect in order to save and access data
from the system. The proposed system will be protected with login password where
each level of users will have their own privileges to access the data. In addition to
that, fully computerized database helps to do backup for the system and it will save
the space to store the data. Each and every updates and changes are reliable to the
database system.

1.6 Expected Output

At the end of this project, there will be a complete and interactive wed based
system ready to serve. This Online Organ Donation Management System will help to
improve the current situation and overcome the problems which arise nowadays.

1.7 Conclusion
This chapter gives an overview of the system that will be developed. The
topics covered in this chapter includes the introduction of the current system with the
enhancement, objectives of the proposed system, problems that facing with the
current system and scope of the system. The proposed system gives a single point of
access for the donors and administrators or management.
Two ways communication will established among donors and administrators.
The donors will get feedback h m the management regarding to their registration
status. This improved system will have the potential to produce report based on user

requirement with a powerfbl DBMS in analyzing. The proposed system can


overcome the current problems with more effective and efficient.
This chapter will be continued in detail in the next phases, which are the
Literature Review and Project Methodology. A proper methodology will be
developed for the proposed system.

CHAPTER I1

LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT METHODOLOGY

The chapter will give a detailed description about what has been published on
a topic by scholars and researchers. The project methodology is a clear overview
about the database design. The project requirement s such as software, hardware and
other related requirement will be identified in this session.

2.1 Introduction

A literature review is an evaluative report of information which related to the


Online Organ Donation Management System (OODMS). The main purpose of
writing this literature review is to know what knowledge and ideas that have been
established about organ donation management system. It also will show the strength
and weakness of the system.
Besides that, there are resources on the topic of organ donation have been
widely published. The information has been collected from different resources such
as published documentation, whitepaper and journals in web site.

Project methodology is a set of guidelines which used to develop a perfect


database design. In the proposed project, Structured Systems Analysis and Design
Methodology (SSADM) has selected as the main methodology. Database Life Cycle

(DBLC) is chosen as the database development for this project.

2.2 Facts and Findings


Basically facts and frndings is a result after reading, analyzing different types
of resources, collecting information fiom websites, books, and other materials.
Furthermore, the facts and finding also can based on the major components of the
enhanced system such as backup and recovery, system architecture, export and
import data and the integrity within different application.

2.2.1 Domain

Computer-based support in health care and bioinformatics is becoming very


important aspects. Compare to other fields healthcare and bioinformatics has many
innovative changes which have a high social impact. There has already been a long
standing tradition for computer-based decision support, dealing with complex
problems in medicine such as diagnosing disease and assisting in the prescription of
appropriate treatment. Recent trends in medicine focus on topics like a national
electronic patient record or tele-medicine applications. According to a report of the
Institute of Medicine, in the United States at least 44.000 people and maybe even as
many as 98.000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that
could have been prevented. ICT can be a best solution to overcome these kinds of
problems fiom occurs in future.

2.2.2 Existing System


According to Department of Medical Informatics (2005) in USA, an
electronic medical report is very important to store information about the transplant
patients and donors. A model to store donor's information also needs to be deigned
to allow the management staffs or clinicians to access the donor's information. The
main strategy considered in this electronic medical report is allows that allows donor
information to be stored in transplant patient's record by allowing the source of data
(donor) and name of result (organ type) to be postcoordinated in the transplant
patient's record. Moreover, this strategy also provides an extendable information
model to store the donor data.
The following is an example of current system in oversea. The system is
more on retrieve information about the organ donation and the programs they
arranged for the donors.

Solicltino or Actve~tiS1ILzfor Deceased


Alabama Oman Donor Reaistry

AOC Mission
AOC Oulck Fa!&
AOC St& (under mnstmction)

?gan Donation Can Save


- Your
. - - Life!
Trans~lantSuooort Gmuos in
Alabama

.!3alitlonDonation

m e Donor Familv Pmaram

- .

The A(X k comr


better qua
...
of rrm mr rnose peopw wno require organ or
e transplank, while respecting the families
whc7 share the

0720

Figure 2.1: Welcome Page for Alabama Organ Center

The donor needs to fill up the registration form and sign up to be an organ
donor. Below is the example form to become a donor: -

ORGAN 6 TIZPJI: 3 0 N O R REGSTKT


i)r!on w.lt* me A a o D 3 n r o &goo C c c ? u

i l A f l

If you would like to update your information. click here.

I Personal Information:
. ~.

Birlh Date:

' ~ ~ h. ( h

Social Security:

Social Security:

(Again for security purpous) - -

v [ ~ & - vyear"
~l
'

- -

- - ~, --........
-

.~.

. .- .
..

.....

.
~

...
. ~ .

@Mr. 0 ~ t - s CMS.
.
Name: (First, MI, Last)

~.

%re?%

-..

=itv._

..

. ....

State

.
. -.

~-

~-

'

-~ - --..-..
Zip

-~

~.

lC0""tY

--.Email- address-^

I Donation Information:
@

I would like to donate all of my organs.

I would like to choose from a list of organs and tlssues to


donate

Sign Up T o Be An Organ-Donor

Figure 2.2: Registration Form for Alabama Organ Center

In addition to that, there are some web sites that created by Malaysian Society

of Transplantation in order to created awareness about organ donation. This exiting


system is more on give information and donor registration. Besides that, there are no
any functions for the management. Below are two different web based system that
related to organ donation management system:-

i) Developed by Malaysian Society of Transplantation

Organ donation is the gilt of ones body parts after death for the purpose of
transplantation. Transplantation is an operation which involves the replacement of
diseased and defective organs and tissues with healthy ones from donors. This
treatment helps save lives of people. Organ and tissue donation is the ultimate
humanitarian act of charity.

g. This situation occurs in brain death where there is ineversible


of brain function but the heart and lungs can still be supported by drugs

s been confirmed by

Figure 23: Welcome Page for Malaysian Society of Transplantation

Below is the complete registration form that the donor needs to print out and
send back to the organization.
national organ donor registration form
PLEDGE YOUR ORGANS & T I S S U E S B Y FILLING THIS FONM.
1 . YOUR PERSONAL DATA - Name
-i
:[ - Old I C No.
-

N e w I C No.

:;

Race

Sex
Atltlress

O
O

:j

T e l No.

L.-

Etnail

1- I

1-

0 Female
p

Chinese
p

Indian

Others

~-

--

..

_- _

.~

!
! . . -

-- I
-- - - - -.

L--

----

--

.
.

--

2. M Y NEXT OF KIN
. I
Name
I
Relatiotmsiiip

..

--

Male
~-

--

Malay

- -

--

-- - .-

I
-J

4. YOUR W I S H

I wish that after my death:a) All my organs and tissues 0


b] OR
r
0 Kidneys
r
O Heart
r
O Liver
0 Lungs

--

0 Eyes
0 Bones

Skin

be removed for the purposes of transplantation.

PRINT OUT and MAIL thls form to the below address


as your SIGNATURE Is required.

Print This Form

Figure 2.4: National Organ Registration Form

ii) Maintained by B i e b Communication Pte Ltd


This web application also giving information related to the procedures and
about the National Transplant Resource Center to the public.

: ::How
- - - - to
- - Become
- - - - - - a- -Donor?
-: National Transplant
: Reso!.rce Ce?tre- - - : Donors
- - - - - -and
- - - Recipients
------Anyone, young and old alike can sign up to he a donor, Indiv~duals
below 18 years o f age will need parental / guardian consent.
Simply complete the organ donor registration fonn, print it, sign it and
post it to the National Transplant Resource Centre
Please inform your family o f your wish to be an organ and tissue donor
after your d~ath,Thiswill relieve them o f the difficult task o f making a

Figure 2.5: Welcome Page National Transplant Resource Center

Below is the sample of registration form for the donors:

P l e d g e y o u r o r g a n s & t i s s u e s by f i l l i n g t h i s form
f H o w to fill un f o r m >

Name:
-

1.C No Old IC: -

New IC:,
Date o f Birth
Race:
sex:

-- ---- 7

--

Malay

0 Male

I-LL

--

'

Indian 0 Others

Chinese

0- ema ale

Current
Address:

1
7-

No. Tel:

--

--

--

I request t h a t after my death:[A] All my organ & tissues

Kidneys
0
Heart
0
Liver
0
Lungs
0
Eyes
0
Bones
0
Skin
0
May be removed for t h e purposes o f transplantation

CB1 Or

SIGNATURE:
DATE:

Name:

I-

_ __

~ e l a t i o n s h i ~ : l ------ L-

Please l e t y o u r f a m i l y k n o w of y o u r decision t o b e an
o r g a n 8r t i s s u e d o n o r u p o n d e a t h

C Back to

main pages ]

Figure 2.6: Donor Registration Form

16

Below is the comparison table between the existing system and new system:

Table 2.1: Comparison between Existing System and OODMS


-

Functions

Existing System

Online Organ Donation


Management System (OODMS)
X

I) Single access point for

donors and administrator


11) Donor Registration

III) Feedback
IV) User Maintenance
V) Frequent Ask Question

(FAQ)
VI) Generate Report

VII) Council Membership

X
X
X
X

X
X

Application

2.23 Importance of Web Based Application


The web based application can be developed with using many languages such
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and Active Server Page (ASP). For the OODMS, PHP
has been selected as the main programming language. PHP is originally stood for
Personal Home Page ad now it stands Hypertext Preprocessor.
By PHP an enhanced organ donation system can be delivered through secured
internet connection. PHP also bring a lot of benefits such as below: Opensource
Has a single and centralized database
Lowcost
Can be access worldwide
Faster and scalable deployment

2.2.4 Importance of Database Management System


According to Lilanor Ibrahirn (2001), database management system is very
important in healthme and bioinformatics field because it is a vital system for the
effective planning, development, coordination and evaluation. It also can define as a
decision support system for health management and a system that links information
to managerial concern. For the outputs, the central part of the system is a set of
indicators to be used in the monitoring and evaluation of programs.
Database Security also one of the main methods in handling the report in
proper way. According to J Health Serv Res Policy (2001), database security can be
categorized as follows: Restricting Database Access
Table Access Control
ServerSecurity
Database Connections
Server security is the process of limiting actual access to the database server
itself, and in my humble opinion it is the most important angle of security and should

be carefilly planned. Table access control is one of the most overlooked forms of
database security because of the inherent difficult in applying it. Properly using
Table access control will require the collaboration of both system administration and
database development. This system enables to protect the backbone that is the
database with high secure procedure with password. This Online Organ Donation
Management System has its own database security, database connection, table access
control and restricting database access according to the user's level.

2.2.5 The Importance of Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology

(SSADM-1
Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) is a systems
approach to the analysis and design of information systems. According to Central
Computing and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) (1981), SSADM has
standardized many and varied IT projects which are being developed across
government departments. CCTA also has carried out many investigations about other
approaches before accepting SSADM as the major approach.

In 1990, SSADM has fbrther refined and version 4 was successfilly


launched. Moreover, SSADM also known as an open standard and k l y available
for use in industry and many companies offers support, training and Case tool for it.
In addition, this approach has been used within government departments. SSADM is
used by many companies because the use of a discipline engineering approach will
eventually improve the quality of the systems. Many companies are willing to incur
the considerable expense in order to implement SSADM.
There are about three main techniques in SSADM which are Logical Data
Modeling, Data Flow Modeling and Entity or Event Modeling. The detail p a s s e s
are as follows:

a) Logical Data Modeling

This is the process to identifl, model and document the data requirements of
OODMS. A logical Data Model consists of a Logical Data Structure (LDS).
Moreover, LDS will represent the Entities and Relationships.

b) Data Flow Modeling

This is the process of identifl, model and document the data flows which
happens in OODMS. The Data Flow Model consists of a set of integrated
Data Flow Diagrams which supported by appropriate documentation. DFD
will represents the processes (Example: Donor registration process), data

stores (Example: The information will b kept in MySQL as database),


external entities (Example: Donors, Medical Assistant, Administrators) and
data flows.
c) Entity Event Modeling

This is the process of identify, model and document the business events in
OODMS. It consists of a set of Entity Life Histories and appropriate
documentation.

Spiral approach was chosen for OODMS. According to Boehm, Barry W.,
1986 there are several steps need to be conduct in this approach before develop
OODMS as follows:a) The Online Organ Donation Management System requirements are defined in
as much detail as possible. It involves the interview with number of users
representing all the external or internal users (Example: Donor, management
staff, medical assistants) and other aspects of the existing system.
b) A preliminary design is created for the new proposed system.
c) A fvst prototype of the new system is constructed fiom the preliminary
design. This is usually a scaleddown system, and represents an
approximation of the characteristics of the final product.
d) A second prototype is developed using four steps:
i) Evaluate the first prototype and identify its strengths, weaknesses, and
risks of the current existing system.
ii) Define the requirements of the second prototype (proposed system).
iii) Plan and design the second prototype.
iv) Construct and test the second prototype.

e) The development of the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too
great. Risk factors might involve development cost overruns, operating-cost
miscalculation, or any other factor that could result in a less-than-satisfkctory
final product.
f ) The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous

prototype.
g) The preceding steps are iterated until the donor, administrators and other
related uses are satisfied that the refmed prototype represents the fmal
product desired.
h) The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.
i) The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is
carried out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to
minimize downtime.

2.2.6 Techniques for Data Collection

There are many different methods and techniques were used to gather data
which related to Online Organ Donation Management System. For this system, the
techniques which used to collect data and information are as follows:-

a) Interview

According to the Marketing Resource Centre (2005-2006), verbal


communication is efficient especially when trying to discover underlying
attitudes, expectation, motivations, relies towards system. An interview
session was carried out with a management staff at Malacca General
Hospital to collect information regarding to the current system that
supports the organ donation process.

b) Archival Collection

The journals which download fiom the internet provide a clear overview
about the problems that facing by the current system. It also gives some
guides related to the management system.

c) Documents

Some documents, research papers and thesis were collected to get a better
understanding about the current system. Reference books also play the
main role in providing information related to organ donation.

d) Experiments or Case study

Some case study was carried out in order to find out the real problem that
facing by the donors and hospital management. By this, some important
information managed to collect about the limitation in current organ
donation system.

2 3 Project Methodology
Project methodology is an important component in developing a system. It
influences the system quality and excellence. Rather than that, methodology also can
be define as the analysis of the principles of methods, rules and hypothesizes

employed by a discipline. A methodology includes the following concepts as it


related to a particular field:
a) A collection of theories, concepts or ideas.
b) Comparative study of different approaches.
c) Critique of the individual methods.

In this proposed Online Organ Donation Management System, Structured

Systems Analysis and Design (SSADM) is used as the main methodology whereas
Database Life Cycle (DBLC) is used as the methodology in database development.
Spiral Model has been chose as the approach model and Data Flow Diagrams will be
represented the system flows, describe how the current system works and to visualize
known problems.
According to Rob and Coronel(2004), DBLC contains six (6) stages such as
database initial study, database design, implementation and loading, testing and
evaluation, operation, maintenance and evaluation.

i) Database Initial Study


According to Gary (1996), database initial study can be define as preliminary
planning before develop a system. This phase is mainly to analyze the current
situation of organ donation management system, recognize the problems and
constraints, define objective, scope and boundaries. The functional components of

organ donation department will be identified together with how they interact.
During the process of observation, the problem statements will be identified
and it will become the objectives for the enhanced system. Then, the process will
continue defining the scope for developing the database management system for the
Online Organ Donation Management System.
The system's scope will define the extent of the design related to the
operational requirement. By knowing the scope, it will help to define the required
data structures, the type and numbers of entities (public, administrators, doctors,
medical assistants and management staffs), the physical size of the database and so
on. The boundaries are known as external to the system. Boundaries also required by
existing hardware and software. A better hardware and software will be used to
accomplish the system goals.

ii) Database Design

The second phase mainly focuses on the design of the database model that
will support proposed system operations and objectives. Firstly, a conceptual design
will be modeled where it create an abstract database structure. This structure will
represent the real world objects in more natural. Abstraction level can define where
the h d w a r e and the database model not yet identified.
The design must be software and hardware independent, where the enhanced
system can be built within any hardware and software platform which will be chosen
later. Then, proper and suitable DBMS software will be chosen for a smooth
operation. MySQL has been chosen as database management system where it can be
obtain as stable network database server. Furthermore, logical design will be defined
as the major component where it will used to translate the conceptual design into
internal model for the MySQL DBMS. The logical design for a relational DBMS is
included by tables, indexes, views, transactions, access authorities and so on.
Finally, physical design will be identified as a process of select the data
storage and data access characteristics. The physical design will affect the location of
the data in the storage device and also the performance of the system. Other than
that, can also say that the physical design described the technical job and more
typical of the client or server.

iii) Database Implementation and Loading

In this phase, some important aspects such as security, backup and recovery,
performance, integrity and concurrency control need to concentrate in order to
develop the proposed system more robust.
Database performance is one of the most important factors in certain database
implementation. The important hctors in database performance are access path
definition, configuration parameters, buffer size and use of indexes. In addition to
that, security also known as a major component in database implementation where

the data will be protected from access by unauthorized users. The basic securities
that need to be given for a system are physical security, password security, access
rights and diskless workstation.
Moreover, backup and recovery p d u r e s create a safety valve where it
allows the administrator to ensure the availability of consistent data. Data integrity
also implement through the proper use of primary and foreign key rules.
Concurrency control allows simultaneous access to the database. Failure to maintain
concurrency control can quickly destroy the database effectiveness.

iv) Database Testing and Evaluation


In this fourth phase, the enhanced system will be tested and fine-tune with the
database performance, integrity, security constraints and concurrent access. The
testing and evaluation phase will happens parallel with application programming. If
the database implementation is fails to meet the system's evolution criteria or
requirement, several options will be considered such as follows: Consider DBMS configuration parameters.
Modifjl the physical design.
Modifjl the logical design.
Upgrade or change the DBMS software or the hardware platform.

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