Guided Caliphs (Question/Answer)

Paper 2. [optional] The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs

and their importance as leaders
Candidates should study:
the main events of the rules of the four Caliphs
their policies in maintaining and expanding the state
their approaches to leading the community
their main achievements
the main difficulties they encountered
their significance as examples of leadership
the importance of their rules as models for government today
their importance as examples for Muslim communities in their relations with
other states.
(Note that the lives and activities of the Caliphs during the Prophets lifetime are
included in the Syllabus in Paper 1.)
Candidates should know the main events of the rules of the four Caliphs, and
should explore the significance of these events for the early and later history of
Islam. They should also understand the importance of their rules as examples for
later times.
In the examination, there will be either one or two questions on this topic.
2 (a) Write short accounts of the lives of any two of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
[2 x 6] (O/N/04)
(b) Explain the significance of one of your chosen figures during his reign as
Caliph.
[4]
(a) In each case look for accounts of the caliph's life up to the time of his rule [2
marks],
and then his major achievements as caliph or the main events of his rule
marks].
Do not exceed the maximum allowed.

[4

(b) Here there should be some attempt at analysis, not further description. Look
for comments about the importance of what happened or what the individual
did: e.g. Abu Bakr's defeat of the false prophets safeguarded the young faith of
Islam; 'Umar's organisation of the state gave it a sound basis for development;
'Uthman's collection of the Qur'an preserved it for posterity.

Question 4

(a) This part seemed surprisingly difficult for many candidates. In each case
they had to give sufficient relevant facts about the two Caliphs to earn six
marks. But what many did not notice is that the question asked them to cover
the whole life of their chosen figures, including their period as caliph, and not
just the lifetime of the Prophet. After all, this was signaled in the wording of the
question itself, where it mentions them not by name but by the title of Caliph.
Good answers gave a few facts about the chosen figures activities with the
Prophet, and then went on to outline the major events of their caliphates.
(b) Here, candidates were not asked to give factual accounts, but to discuss the
significance of one of the chosen Caliphs during his time as Caliph. In their
answers, they were thus invited to build upon what they had written in part (a).
Good answers explained how the activities of the Caliph contributed to the
development of Islam as a faith (for example, the part played by Abu Bakr and
Uthman in collecting the Quran), or as an empire (the conquests under Umar).
It is interesting to note that some candidates seemed hesitant to discuss the
expansion of the
Islamic empire in terms of conquest, but instead explained it as defensive
responses to attacks
from outside. This is a departure from the early Islamic historical sources, which
speak quite
straightforwardly about conquest.
3 (a) Write a descriptive account of the important events that took place in the
caliphates of
any two of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs.
[10] [M/J/12]
In this answer candidates can choose to write about the important events that
took place in
the period of any two of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The mark is not divided 55
between the
two caliphs instead examiners must read the answer as a whole and marks
should be
awarded accordingly. For the reign of Abu Bakr candidates could write about the
apostasy
movement, the false prophets, the compilation of the Quran etc. From Umars
period they
could write about some of the famous battles when the Muslim empire
expanded greatly as
well as mention his administrative reforms etc. From the caliphate of Uthman
candidates
could talk of his contribution in preserving the Quran and also the expansion
that took place
during his reign. The disquiet that started and led to his assassination is also an
important
event that could be covered. During the reign of Ali the battles of Camel and
Siffin; the
differences and arbitration between Muawiya and Ali; the Kharijites movement

are all worthy

of mention. It is detail and development in the answer that will help candidates
gain top
marks.
(b) Briefly state why any one event you have written about in part (a) was of
special
significance.
[4]
Once again a variety of answers could be given by the candidates. The
candidates in this
answer need to write their reasons for why the event they have written about in
part (a) was
important to the Muslims e.g. if they write about an event from the reign of
Umar they can
state how the expansion strengthened the Islamic empire etc., boosted morale
etc. rather
than write about individual battles or each administrative reform. Good
evaluation rather than
repetition from part (a) should be rewarded.

Question 3

[ER] [M/J/2012]

This question was generally well answered with some candidates giving very detailed
responses with dates of events and names of the major people involved. Of the four Rightly
Guided Caliphs the most popular ones were Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Ali. Many
candidates knew Islamic history well. Very few wrote on the caliphate of Umar and when
they did the focus was primarily on the battles fought and won during his period. Not much
was written about the administrative reforms brought about during his reign which were
required by the question. When writing on Abu Bakr many candidates wrote about the
speech he made after the Prophets passing away. That speech was before him becoming
caliph so candidates simply lost time. It is very important to read the question carefully and
answer what is being asked.
Part (b) of this question had some interesting answers with candidates giving valid reasons
for their choice of event they considered most important. A few candidates made references
to events that were not raised in part (a) even though the question specifically demanded
that. Some discussed more than the one event and hence made it difficult to go beyond a
satisfactory level as the question only asked for one. The most popular caliph was Abu Bakr
and the event candidates mostly wrote about was the compilation of the Quran.

ABU BAKR(R.A.)
4 (a) Write an account of the major contributions made to Islam by Abu Bakr:
(i) during the Prophets lifetime;
[4] (M/J/05)

He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He

was the Prophets friend from childhood.

was one of the first to accept Islam.
brought others to accept Islam.
remained loyal to the Prophet at all times, good and bad.
expressed belief in the Prophets Night Journey.
bought slaves who were Muslim and freed them.
accompanied the Prophet on the hijra.
gave his daughter `Aisha to be the Prophets wife.
made a financial contribution to the expedition to Tabuk.

(ii) during his caliphate. [8]

He steadied the mourning community after the Prophets death.
He continued the Prophets intention to send expeditions to the north. [1 mark
for
the basic point, and 1 extra mark for details]
He fought against the tribes who withheld zakat.
He fought against the false prophets.
These were Musaylima, Tulayha, Aswad al-Ansi and Sajjah. [1 mark, but 2
marks
if all four names are given]
He arranged to have the first collection of the Quran made. [1 mark, but 2
marks
for details of how this happened]
Question 4
This was a popular question, and it brought some very good answers, though
there were also some common errors. (a) Most candidates were able to describe
the two parts of Abu Bakrs career very fully. The best answers included the
following points: he brought others to Islam, he accompanied the Prophet on the
hijra (this is referred to in the Quran), he remained loyal to the Prophet at all
times, during his caliphate he fought against the apostate tribes and against the
false prophets (three marks were allowed for details of this point, and some
candidates gained them by naming the four best-known false prophets and
saying a little about them), and he arranged a collection of the Quran.Some
candidates seemed to mix him up with Umar, and so wrote about his financial
arrangements for the empire, and about conquests that were made not under
him but under his successor.
(b) Few candidates answered this part well. While many explained how he
earned the title Saviour of Islam by his quick actions to put down dissent and
opposition to the young state, very few linked the title al-Siddiq with his
unhesitating expression of belief in the Prophets Night Journey, though some
linked it with his general character of trustworthiness.

4 (a) Write about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph and how he dealt with the
false
prophets during his reign.
[10] [O/N/12]

Candidates could give a simple answer about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph
by stating
that 'Umar took bait at the hand of Abu Bakr and the people from all sides
rushed to pledge
their loyalty to him. Other answers will describe the gathering of the ansar at
Saqifah-i-Bani to discuss the appointment of a caliph where they were joined by
Abu Bakr, Umar and other eminent muhajireen. Whether the caliph was to be
from the ansar or the Quraish could be discussed here, Abu Bakr's nomination of
'Ubaidah bin Jana could also be mentioned. The general pledge was taken the
next day. Good answers may well include an extract from Abu Bakrs address.
In answering the second part of the question the candidates could simply say
that Abu Bakr
dealt very effectively with the false prophets who were a great threat to the
unity of the
Muslims. Names of the prominent false prophets and the tribes they belonged to
need to be
given. Better answers will also give details of how Abu Bakr sent forces against
all of them
and write about the fighting against Musaylima in the battle of Yamama which
was the most
fiercest, and one in which many memorizers of the Qur'an were killed.
Candidates should not
be credited for writing about the ridda wars or Abu Bakr's contribution in
compiling the Quran
as the question is focussing on his election and how he dealt with the false
prophets.
It must be noted that marks are not divided between the two parts of the
answer equally but
are given on the overall answer.
(b) Was Abu Bakr a good choice as caliph? Give reasons to support your answer.
[4]
Candidates could give a variety of reasons to support their answer, if they agree
to him being
a good choice as caliph, they could refer to him being the first male Muslim, to
his being the
Prophet's closest friend and father-in law, for being appointed as the first Amir al
Hajj by the
Prophet when it first became obligatory in the 9th year of Hijra and for all his
contributions to
Islam etc. If they disagree they will need to support their view. All valid points
must be
credited.

3 (a) Describe Abu Bakr's activities against the false prophets and apostate

tribes. [10] (O/N/09)

Answers could have basic references to the false prophets, the tribes
withholding zakat and
the apostate tribes. Some could go on to give fuller accounts of these
challenges, faced by
Abu Bakr. In the answers it could be described that at the time of Abu Bakr's
caliphate there
were a number of people in Arabia who claimed to be prophets like Muhammad.
The main
ones were Musaylima among the Hanifa tribes in Yamama, Tulayha among the
tribes of
Asad and Ghatafan, al-Aswad in the Yemen and Sajjah among the Tamim tribe.
Answers
could give accounts of how Abu Bakr sent forces against all of them and write
about the
fighting against Musaylima in the battle of Yamama, which was the most fierce,
and one in
which many memorizers of the Qur'an were killed. The revolt against Islam by
tribes that had
pledged loyalty to the Prophet and the refusal of some tribes to send taxes to
Medina could
also be described. Excellent answers will give a full account.
(b) Why is Abu Bakr called the Saviour of Islam?

[4]

To gain top marks in this question candidates need to show a good

understanding of the
reason why he was called the Saviour of Islam. A satisfactory answer would
simply explain
that he fought to prevent the break-up of Islam. However, more complete
answers will
explain that the false prophets and apostates threatened the uniqueness and
unity of Islam
and could not be allowed to continue their activities. Hence when he became
caliph he not
only gave new heart to the Muslims after the Prophet passed away but helped
the
community of Muslims against its many enemies. In his short term as caliph he
defeated the
tribes who withdrew from Islam and made them stay Muslim and he fought and
won against
tribes who refused to pay zakat. He also defeated the false prophets and thus
kept the unity
of Islam when there was much danger. Candidates could mention his
contribution in the
compilation of the Quran as well.
Question 3
This was the most popular of the optional questions with good responses for both parts. The

candidates confidently wrote about the false prophets and Abu Bakrs activities against
them. Here I would again like to add that candidates should be encouraged to write
relevantly e.g. in the case of the false prophets there was a lot more to write on Musaylima
than the other three. Candidates however went on to write reams on the other three as well
which was not necessary. Their understanding and knowledge about the apostate tribes
was, in comparison to the false prophets, not thorough. Also, very few gave dates in their
answers to this question.
3 (a) Write an account of the major challenges that faced Abu Bakr during his
caliphate. ,
[10](S/P/09)
(b) Explain why he was known as the Honest One (al-Siddiq), and the Saviour of
Islam. [4]

(a) L1 for basic references to the false prophets, the tribes withholding zakat and
the
apostate tribes
L2 for a fuller account of these, including details
L3 and above for a full account, together with suggestions of why these were
challenges and why it was important for the Caliph to overcome them.
(b) L1 for a basic reason for one title
L2 for links between al-Siddiq and the Prophets night journey, and the Saviour
of Islam and holding the early community together
L3 for more developed explanations of the links between both titles and the
incidents behind them
L4 for how these titles reflect Abu Bakrs character

3 (b) Explain why Abu Bakr was known as the Honest One (al-Siddiq), and the
Saviour
of Islam.
[4]
Answer 1
Hazrat Abu Bakr was the closest companion of the holy Prophet. He always
acted in an upright
way, and so the holy Prophet called him Al-Siddiq. He is called the Saviour of
Islam because he
saved Islam after the demise of the holy Prophet when the Muslims were
uncertain, and he led
them.
Level: 1
There is little detail here, showing either little knowledge or little interest to give
any more than a
basic answer

Answer 2
Hazrat Abu Bakr was a good man even before the time of Islam. He never drank
or gambled.
He believed the holy Prophet when he told about the isra, and so the Prophet
called him alSiddiq. When he became the first caliph he gave the Muslims strength in their
hearts and he
made the tribes who refused to pay zakat pay it. He performed many services
for Islam. So he
is called the Saviour of Islam.
Level: 2
There is some more detail here, and more precise reasons for the two titles. But
the answer is
still rather brief and not well thought through.
Answer 3
When the holy Prophet declared that he had been taken to Jerusalem in one
night, many people
said this did not happen. But when Hazrat Abu Bakr was told this he said that
the believed the
Prophet. So the holy Prophet called him al-Siddiq. He was also a good man and
lived a clean
life even before Islam. After the sad demise of the holy Prophet the Muslims did
not know what they should do. Hazrat Abu Bakr gave them a lead at this time.
He also fought against the tribes who refused to pay zakat, and against the false
prophets. So he saved Islam.
Level 3
This is much fuller. It gives some detail about the actions of Abu Bakr that
earned him these
titles, and more importantly shows the link between these actions and the titles.
Answer 4
The holy Prophet travelled on Buraq from Makka to Jerusalem and from there to
the presence of Allah himself in heaven. He returned from there to Makka in one
night. When he told people
they did not believe him. But when Abu Bakr heard this he believed that
moment without
hesitation. So the holy Prophet called him al-Siddiq. He was called the Saviour of
Islam because when he was caliph he helped the community of Muslims to
survive against many enemies. In the first place, he gave new heart to the
Muslims after the Prophet passed away. He told them that the Prophet must die
and that only Allah never dies. Then in his short time as Caliph he defeated the
tribes who withdrew from Islam and made them stay Muslim, and he fought and
won against the tribes who refused to pay zakat. He also defeated the false
prophets who claimed that they were real prophets. So he kept the unity of
Islam at a time when there was much danger.
Level: 4

This answer shows extensive understanding of the reason why Abu Bakr was
given these titles.
Like the L3 answer it links the titles with precise action of the caliph, but it gives
fuller details, for
example saying that Abu Bakr expressed instant belief in the Night Journey of
the Prophet, and
explaining the importance of his suppressing insurrections at a sensitive time.

2 (a) Give an account of how the Quran was compiled in the years following the
Prophets
death.
[10](M/J/10)
For this answer candidates should write a clear and comprehensive account of
the
compilation of the Quran, after the Prophet died and not during his life,
including the figures
involved.
Candidates could start from the events/consequences of the battle of Yamama
and the need
to compile the revelation, as well as mentioning the role played by Abu Bakr,
Umar, Zayd Ibn
Thabit and Uthman in the compilation. Candidates could further elaborate on
this by
mentioning the roles of Hafsa, and the other Companions who worked with
Zayd.
They could also mention how there were different, competing versions of the
Quran in
different parts of the Islamic Empire.
(b) Explain why the first community of Muslims thought it was necessary to
compile the
Quran.
[4]
For this part, candidates should mention why Abu Bakr and Umar, and later
Uthman, feared
the Quran would be lost and the implications of not compiling it or ensuring its
authenticity.
They should be able to discuss the implications of the initial compilation to the
modern world,
and how it has remained the same since.
Question 2
(a) Most answers to this part of the question were good with accurate details. A good
number of candidates gave a detailed description of the compilation of the Quran under
both Caliphs. The question was usually well answered with less triviality than in some of the
others. There were very good answers for the compilation under Abu Bakrs period, with
candidates mentioning the battle of Yamama, Abu Bakr being persuaded to make the
compilation, and the way in which Zaid bin Thabit went about gathering the verses, with a
lot of details being written. The relating of events in the Uthman era was usually more
vague and less well done than the detailed descriptions of the efforts of Umar and Abu Bakr
in compiling the Quran. There were

some inaccuracies in answers, e.g. saying at the time of Uthman copies of the Quran with
mistakes in it were circulating. Where it was answered poorly, candidates wrote about the
revelation and the scribes writing verses on bones, etc. Some candidates did not write
about the compilation under Uthman at all. A fair number of candidates gained full marks.
(b) There were some good answers to this question, but generally answers were vague.
The best answers offered insightful reasons for the need to compile the Quran, e.g. that the
Quran needed to be compiled for future generation who would not learn it by heart or would
not have Arabic as their first language and the fact that the compilation allows Muslims to
have access to the Quran in all times and places without any changes. However, there was
also a tendency amongst a fair number of candidates to repeat some description from (a)
e.g. the loss of hafiz and merely add that Caliphs feared the Quran would be lost, without
any explanation of the implications of the Quran being lost and why it was then compiled.

4. (a) Trace the major stages in the compilation of the Qur'an in the time of the
caliphs Abu Bakr
and `Uthman.
[2 x 5] (O/N/06)
(b) Why did these caliphs think it was important to make a compilation of the
Quran?
[6]
(a)
Under Abu Bakr a number of memorisers were killed.
This was at the battle of Yamama.
`Umar suggested that the Qur'an should be written down for safety.
Abu Bakr was reluctant because this had not been done under the Prophet.
But a compilation was made.
It eventually was given into the keeping of Hafsa.
Zayd ibn Thabit was the chief scribe.
Under `Uthman it became known that different forms (dialects) of the Qur'an
were being circulated.
He ordered a single authoritative copy to be made.
Zayd Ibn Thabit was given this responsibility.
He was helped by a group of leading Muslims.
`Uthman had four copies of this edition made and circulated these.
He ordered all other versions to be destroyed.
The official version was made in the dialect of Quraysh.
(b)
Abu Bakr came to see that the Quran could not be kept in memories alone.
Although the Prophet had not made a written compilation, Abu Bakr realised
that this would have to be
done if the authentic Quran was to be preserved.
`Uthman realised that the original message might be lost.
If different versions were allowed to exist the original meaning might no longer
survive.
Muslims would not have a single source of guidance.
Rival interpretations might break the unity of the community.
Only the original revelation given to the Prophet could preserve unity.

Question 4
(a) A high number of candidates answered this question and it was generally
well answered. Most candidates gained more marks in the description of the
compilation under Abu Bakr. Many
candidates confused Caliph Uthman with Caliph Umar. Candidates could have
given better details of the way in which the Quran was compiled under Uthman.
(b) This part was not as well answered, as candidates gave short answers even
though this part of the question is worth six marks. Candidates could have
mentioned that the Quran would not survive in the memories of the
companions alone, that Muslims needed a single source of guidance and that
only the original revelation would ensure unity.

2 (a) Trace the main stages in the compilation of the Qur'an in the time of the
caliphs Abu
Bakr and `Uthman.
[10] (S/P/09)
L1 for mention of the main outline, including the part played by Abu Bakr,
Umar,
Uthman and Zayd Ibn Thabit
L2 for further detail, including the parts played by Musaylima, Hafsa, and the
Companions who worked with Zayd
L3 for adding the reasons why Abu Bakr and Uthman ordered collections
L4 for a full account of all the above details, together with references to the
methods
used by Zayd and his colleagues
2 (a) Trace the main stages in the compilation of the Qur'an in the time of the
caliphs
Abu Bakr and Uthman.
[10]
Answer 1
The holy Quran was finished by the Prophet before his demise. Hazrat Uthman
faced many
difficulties. In one battle many huffaz were killed so Hazrat Umar said to make a
copy of the
Quran. Hazrat Abu Bakr did not agree at first but then agreed. He asked Zaid
ibn Sabit to do
this work. The Quran was kept by Hazrat Hafsa. In the time of Hazrat Uthman
many people read different things in the holy Quran, so he ordered a full copy
to be made. Zaid was asked to do this, and he worked very hard, and some
others helped him. He collected everything from all Muslims, and he made a
complete copy. Hazrat Uthman burnt other copies of the Quran, and this copy
we have until today.
Level: 1
This account reproduces most of the main details, and is a good example of a

bare summary.
But there is little additional material to give these details meaning or to show
that the
candidate knows the reason for the main stages in compilation.
Answer 2
In the time of the holy Prophet the Quran was written by different men who
heard him recite
it. In the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr it was kept in mens hearts. Many men who
memorized the
Quran were killed at the battle of Yamama, so Hazrat Umar suggested to
Hazrat Abu Bakr to
make a collection. Hazrat Abu Bakr was not sure, but then agreed. He asked
Zayd Ibn Sabit
to do this work. Zayd collected the Quran from pieces written and compared it
with what
people knew. This Quran was kept by Hazrat Hafsa, the widow of the holy
Prophet. In the time of Hazrat Uthman many different people with their
languages read the Quran in different ways. Hazrat Uthamn was afraid the
Quran would be lost, so he asked Zayd ibn Sabit to make a full collection. Zayd
and some senior Muslims did this difficult job, and collected everything they
could, and they tested each part to make sure it was from the Quran. Hazrat
Uthman ordered the other copies to be burnt so that only the correct copy
would be read. Muslims read this copy of Hazrat Uthman until today.
Level: 2
This answer is fuller than the one above, offering reasons why the two caliphs
ordered the
collections and giving more details. It is certainly above L1, though it is still
something of a
bare summary.
Answer 3
During the lifetime of the holy Prophet, the scribes took down the revelations
when they came
to him. They wrote on what they could find, including palm leaves and stones.
After the
Prophets death the Quran remained like this, because men had memorized it in
their hearts.
The first Caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr, faced many problems. One of these was the
false
prophets. He fought against them, and in a battle against Musaylima in Yamama
many huffaz
were killed. Hazrat Umar was troubled, and said to Hazrat Abu Bakr that the
Quran might be
lost so a copy should be written down. Hazrat Abu Bakr did not agree because
he followed
what the Prophet did. But then Hazrat Umar persuaded him, and he asked Zayd
Ibn Thabit
to make a copy. Zayd worked very hard. He met with senior Muslims and took
from them

their copies of what they had. Finally he made a full collection. After Hazrat Abu
Bakrs death
this copy was given to Hafsa, the holy Prophets widow. She kept it with her. In
the time of Hazrat Uthman the empire stretched very far, and people from
many races and languages were in it. Hazrat Uthman was told that people who
were not Arabs were reading the holy Quran in different ways, so he ordered a
full collection to be made. He asked Zayd Ibn Thabit to do this, and he asked
senior Muslims to help him. They collected all the authentic parts of the Quran
and made sure they were correct. Zayd said this was a very difficult task, but he
succeeded. He gave the copy to Uthman and it is what Muslims have today.
Hazrat Uthman burnt all the other copies and sent this copy to the parts of the
empire.
Level: 3
This is clearly much fuller than the L1 or L2 versions, giving important details of
each stage,
and generally showing understanding of why the collections had to be made. In
particular, it
ascribes motives to the two caliphs, and it gives some idea of the approach
taken by Zayd Ibn
Thabit.
Answer 4
The holy Prophet could not read or write. When revelations came to him by
Hazrat Jibril the
scribes wrote them down. They used bones of animals, leaves, pieces of pottery
and any
other things they could find. The Quran was complete by the holy Prophets
death, but it was
not written down in one copy. The first caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr experienced many
difficulties.
One of the main difficulties was the false prophets. The worst of these was
Musaylima.
Hazrat Abu Bakr fought against him in the Garden of Blood at Yamama. In this
battle many
Muslims who memorized the Quran were killed, so Hazrat Umar suggested to
Hazrat Abu
Bakr to make a written collection of the Quran. He was worried that if more
huffaz were killed
the Quran may be lost. Hazrat Abu Bakr did not want to do this, because the
Prophet had
not done it. But Hazrat Umar persuaded him, and so he asked Zayd Ibn Thabit,
the
Prophets secretary, to do the work. Zayd worked very hard. He consulted all the
senior
Muslims and at last found all the parts of the Quran. The collection was made. It
was given
to Hazrat Hafsa, who had been married to the holy Prophet, and she kept it safe.
It was
known as mushaf Hafsa.
In the time of Uthman, the third caliph, the Muslim empire expanded very

widely.
Many people with different languages not Arabic became Muslim. Hazrat
Uthman learnt that
some of these people were reading the Quran differently from the Arabs. They
were reciting
the words in a different way. Hazrat Uthman thought the true Quran may be
lost, so he
ordered a true collection to be made. Zayd Ibn Thabit did this work with other
senior Muslims.
They collected all the true copies, and they ensured these contained only the
words of the
Prophet. They checked that they were written in the dialect of Quraish, because
that was the
holy Prophets speech. After much work the collection was finished. Hazrat
Uthman send
copies of this official Quran to parts of the empire and he ordered all other
copies to be burnt.
Level: 4
This is clearly a full and comprehensive account. It still lacks some comments
attributed to
Zayd about the difficulty of the task assigned to him. But it nevertheless tells
the story fully. It
gives the links between the different stages (although it omits to say that the
mushaf Hafsa
were used by Zayd), and shows in a connected narrative how the Uthmanic
version came
into being.
4 (a) Write about:
(i) Abu Bakrs conquest of the false prophets.
(ii) `Uthmans arrangements to make a collection of the Quran. [2x5] (M/J/08)
(b) Explain why these two caliphs thought it was important to take these
actions. [2x3]
(a) (i)
One of the problems facing Abu Bakr was a number of people in Arabia who
claimed to be prophets like Muhammad
The main ones were Musaylima among the Hanifa tribes in Yamama, Tulayha
among the tribes of Asad and Ghatafan, al-Aswad al-Ansi in the Yemen and
Sajdah
among the Tamim tribe [1 mark for all four names; 1 extra mark for details
about
each]
He sent forces against all of them
The fighting against Musaylima was most fierce: in the battle of Yamama many
memorizers of the Quran were killed
(ii)
`Uthman discovered that in parts of the empire people were following different

versions of the Quran

He ordered all copies of the Quran to be destroyed
He invited Zayd Ibn Thabit and a group of Muslims to compile an authentic
copy of
the text
They took great care, consulting widely and checking the text against
memories
They referred to the collection in the keeping of Hafsa
`Uthman had copies made and distributed these to the major centres
(b) [In each case allow 1 mark for a basic explanatory comment (not
description); 1 extra mark
for a further comment that shows fuller understanding; and the third mark for
complete
explanations]
The false prophets threatened the uniqueness of the Prophet Muhammad
Their claims suggested that Muhammad was not the last prophet sent from God
Unless they were overthrown Islam could not uphold its claims
If variant readings were allowed the message of the Quran might be obscured
These readings threatened the purity of Gods instructions
If they were allowed to continue the community might be split over different
teachings
Question 4

This was about the two caliphs Abu Bakr and Uthman. Part (a) asked about (i) Abu Bakrs
conquest of the false prophets and (ii) Uthmans collection of the Quran, and part (b)
about the reasons why the two caliphs though it important to take these actions.
Good answers to part (a) (i) named the four false prophets who rose up in Abu Bakrs time,
said something about each of them, and briefly described the caliphs response to them,
and in part (a) (ii) gave details about the way in which the third caliph brought in Zayd ibn
Thabit and other senior Muslims who consulted the mushaf of Hafsa, and then arranged for
fresh copies to be circulated. Many candidates were able to give all these details, though
some did not give the false prophets names, and confused the actions taken by Uthman
with Abu Bakrs earlier actions to arrange for the first compilation of the Quran.
Most candidates made accurate comments to part (b), explaining the importance to Abu
Bakr of getting rid of claimants who might threaten the finality of Muhammad, and to
Uthman of destroying versions of the Quran that might mislead and divide Muslims. Some
gained full marks for their answers to what was a challenging question. More or less all
candidates showed some understanding of the reasons behind the two caliphs actions.
Question 4
(O/N/03)
Most candidates who attempted this question did well. In (a) they clearly knew
the main stages in the compilation of the Quran, as well as the parts played by
such major individuals as the caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and above all,
Zayd Ibn Thabit. But many seemed to think that the main compilation was made
under Abu Bakr, while under Uthman only copies of this were necessary. This
reverses the usually accepted accounts that the most thorough and careful
compilation was made under Uthman by Zayd and others, making use of the
earlier compilation.

3 (a) Briefly describe the main events of the caliphate of any two of the rightly
guided
caliphs given below:
(i) Abu Bakr
(ii) Umar
(iii) Uthman
[10] (O/N/2011)
In answering this part of the question the candidate needs to give an account of
what the
individual caliphs did. Focus should be on the main events of their rule.
Abu Bakrs short caliphate is very important as he steadied the mourning
community after the
Prophets death. He continued the Prophets intention to send expeditions to the
north and
fought against tribes who withheld zakat as well as the false prophets, his
caliphate is also
significant as he arranged to have the first collection of the Quran made.
Umar continued the expansion policy started by the Prophet and Abu Bakr. After
fighting
decisive battles Muslim armies gained vast territories in Syria, Iraq, Persia and
Egypt during
his caliphate. Names and dates of the important battles could be given here.
Umars
caliphate is also significant for the administrative measures he put into place, he
set up the
diwan and laid the foundations for the office of judge, qadi. He was a gifted
administrator who
laid the basis on which many institutions of later Islam relied upon.
Uthman too continued the policy of expanding Muslim territory. Under his rule
the Muslim
territory expanded to Persia, Armenia and North Africa. He placed close relatives
in
important positions of control and was the one who requested an authentic
version of the
Quran and ordered Zayd Ibn Thabit to lead its compilation. He destroyed all
other copies of
the Quran which led to disquiet and several uprisings.
(b) In your opinion what was the most important task that faced Abu Bakr on
becoming
caliph? Briefly discuss.
[4]
Candidates need to choose any one of the points that they feel made his
caliphate significant
and state it clearly. They need to go on to give a clear explanation of why the

task they have

selected to discuss was important, what benefit came out of it and perhaps what
may have
happened had it not been dealt with effectively by Abu Bakr. This is an
evaluative answer
which gives the candidate a chance to show their understanding of the topic.

Question 3 (Examiners Report)

Most candidates chose to write about Abu Bakr and Uthman. When writing about Umar it
was important to include the administrative reforms brought in by him. It was also important
not to mix up events between the three.
In Part (b) some candidates wrote about the speech Abu Bakr made when the Prophet
passed away but the speech was made before his election and so was not relevant.
However, if candidates wrote about him unifying the Muslims then that was relevant. For
this question candidates needed to choose one task and state why it was important, what
would have happened if it had not been dealt with and what benefit came of it, not just write
a list of the tasks.

UMAR (R.A.)
4 (a) Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat `Umar
(i) during the lifetime of the Prophet,
and (ii) during his caliphate.
[2 x 6]
(b) What does the manner of Hazrat `Umars death tell us about his character?
[4] (O/N/06)
(a) (i) He converted to Islam when he heard a passage of the Quran being
recited [here allow 1
mark for the basic point, and allow a further 1 mark for details, e.g. that he was
on his way
to kill the Prophet; that he surprised his sister and her husband hearing the
Quran recited;
that he was going to destroy this passage, but relented when he read it].
In Makka he had a reputation as a fierce and strong fighter.
His conversion gave courage to the Muslims in Makka.
In Makka he proved a great help because he was able to protect the Prophet
from attacks.
He made the Hijra to Madina with the other Muslims.
There he was always close to the Prophet in battles [allow a further 1 mark for
details, such
as his defending the Prophet at Uhud, and his digging the trench before
Khandaq].
His ties with the Prophet were strengthened when the Prophet married his
daughter Hafsa.
He objected to the terms of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya because they

disadvantaged the
Prophet.
He took part in the expeditions to the north that were organised towards the
end of the
Prophets life.
(ii) He oversaw the expansion of the empire into Syria, Persia, Iraq and Egypt
[allow 1 mark for
the basic point, a further 1 mark for details, and an additional 1 mark for names
of battles
and dates].
He personally accepted the surrender of Jerusalem [1 mark for the basic point,
and a further
1 mark for details].
The agreements he made with conquered non-Muslims formed the basis of
later legislation
about Dhimmis.
He oversaw many important administrative measures [1 mark for the basic
point, a further 1
mark for details such as the diwan which listed those entitled to pensions from
the state, the
institution of the position of judge, and a further 1 mark for full details of more
than one of his
measures].

(b) `Umar was killed by his slave (Abu Lulua).

The reason was that he refused to excuse him from paying a tax.
This is characteristic of `Umars total impartiality and refusal to allow
concessions even to those
close to him.
He was stern about the correct observance of all regulations [allow 1 mark for
any examples
that illustrate this characteristic].
He was buried near the Prophet, which shows he was held in high honour.

Question 4
This was about the Caliph Umar. In part (a) candidates were asked to describe his life (i)
during the Prophets lifetime, and (ii) during his caliphate. While there were some very
thorough answers, a surprising number of candidates did not appear to have a clear idea of
what distinguished Umar. Some thought he was one of the earliest converts, or had married
two of the Prophets daughters (that was Uthman). Others thought he had fought the false
prophets (that was Abu Bakr), or compiled the Quran. Through such mistakes they missed
easy marks.
Part (b) was more demanding, requiring candidates to know how Umar died, and also to
suggest what this indicates about his character. A few did explain that his assassination by
his slave was the result of his refusal to give his slave special concessions, which shows his
unflinching fairness in treating everyone in exactly the same way (a trait that is exemplified
in a great number of his actions in his earlier life). But most either did not know how he had

died or failed to show how his assassination bore any significance as an indication to his
character.

3 (a) Trace the expansion of the Islamic empire under the rule of the caliph
Umar. [10] (M/J/09)
Basic answers may show some knowledge of the main battles and areas brought
under
Muslim rule during the caliphate of Umar. Better answers will be able to expand
on the
points made earlier and be able to name and date the main battles. Some of the
important
dates/battles are: 636AD/15AH battle of Yarmuk, 638AD/17AH battle of alQadisiyya,
642AD/21AH battle of Nihawand. Better candidates should be able to give a
coherent
account of the progress of Muslim armies, the battles won and the land
captured. Fully
detailed and dated answers showing a gradual expansion of the answer will
enable the
candidates to get top range marks.
(b) What does the way he died tell us about his character?

[4]

Candidates might begin by showing signs that they have some knowledge of
how the caliph
died. Some might go on to describe how Umar was assassinated by his servant.
However a
more complete answer will explain why the servant killed his master, and will
show an
awareness of the severe fairness of Umar this reveals. It was Umars
scrupulous sense of
fairness that was the reason for his refusal to give preferential treatment to his
slave despite
his relationship with him which led to his assassination.
Another version regarding Umars assassination is that he was killed by a
Persian slave
Firoz, who was owned by Mughira b. Shuba. Firoz wanted a reduction in the daily
payment
he made to his master. Umar rejected his claim and so in anger Firoz stabbed
him at dawn
prayers the next day.

Question 3
This was not a very popular question and amongst those who did attempt it the answers

were mixed. Some candidates gave detailed and coherent accounts of the progress of
Muslim battles under the caliphate of Umar whereas others confused dates, wars and the
names of the commanders. They seemed more confident about the Persian wars and
concentrated more on them. In part (b) candidates found it challenging to move beyond
describing how the caliph Umar died to show how his manner of death reflected his
character.

3 (a) Write a detailed account of the administrative measures put in place by

Umar during
his caliphate.
[10] (M/J/11)
Candidates could give a basic answer by saying that the Islamic empire
expanded rapidly
during his caliphate and he undertook many administrative measures to
manage the affairs of
the state in an effective manner and they could go on to list a few of the
measures he took. A
few examples are: he divided the state into several provinces and appointed
qualified
governors called Wali; he separated the judiciary from the executive to make it
completely
impartial. The Qadi was the head of the judiciary; he established a department
of finance
under the name of Dewan etc. Candidates could discuss some or many of
Umars
administrative measures, however the more developed answers would discuss
the more
important measures in some detail.
(b) Umars caliphate is regarded as the golden period of early Islamic history.
Discuss.
[4]
Some candidates could compare Umars caliphate with those of other caliphs
and give
comparisons between them to support their answer. If candidates agree with the
statement
then they need to show why and similarly if they disagree they need to back up
their answer
with reasons. Answers could write about how this period witnessed a lasting
process of
internal consolidation, peace and stability as well as prosperity as a direct result
of a
comprehensive and well built infrastructure and at the same time how the
borders of the
empire were hugely expanded and made secure.
Question 3
Two approaches could have been taken in answering this question. Candidates could have
briefly discussed many of Umars administrative reforms or listed the reforms and discussed

the more important ones. As in all part (a) answers, it is detail and development that achieve
high marks. Most candidates who attempted this question answered it well. Some, however,
went on to write about all the battles fought during Umars reign and the expansion made.
Such answers were given no credit as they did not relate to the question. Candidates
should be encouraged to answer the question that is being asked. In part (b) there were
some good responses. Here candidates who mentioned Umars expansion were credited as
well as those who wrote of the prosperity during his reign and the internal consolidation etc.
Question 4

(O/N/03)

Some comments have already been made about answers to this question (see
General comments earlier). In (a) most candidates who wrote about Umar
displayed an impressive amount of knowledge of the territorial conquests under
him and were able to gain high marks by giving details of battles, dates and
places conquered. Those who were also able to comment on his organisational
arrangements within the empire gained high marks in this part.
Candidates who wrote on Ali in (a) also usually knew about the difficulties he
encountered and the internal strife within the empire in his time. The best
answers detailed the events surrounding the battle of the Camel, the battle of
Siffin and the break-up among his supporters following the latter. Strangely,
some answers stated that he was the last caliph; while he is known as the last of
the Righty-Guided Caliphs, he was among the first in a long line that stretched
for many centuries through Islamic history. A noticeable absence from answers
was any comment about Ali from a Shia perspective (which was part of the
purpose of including Ali in the question). Such comments would have vindicated
his actions against all the criticisms he received. This absence of a Shii
perspective was also noticeable in (b) in the answers which commented on Ali.
In fact, many answers here gave details already provided in (a) or mentioned
events from the life of Umar or Ali during the lifetime of the Prophet.
Good answers to (b) discussed such elements as Umar as a model organiser in
government and fair ruler, or Ali as a leader who inspired strong loyalty and
also strong disloyalty. But there were not many of these.
3 (a) Write about how the four Rightly Guided Caliphs are role models for
leaders today.
[10] [O/N/12]
Candidates could write about some of the following:
They did not think of themselves as above the common man. Candidates could
write
from the famous speech made by Abu Bakr on his election as the first caliph.
Also they
could write about how the other caliphs were elected, e.g. Abu Bakr nominated
Umar and
since there was no opposition to him all the companions took allegiance on his
hand. On
his death bed he appointed a panel of six to choose the next caliph. Ali too was
elected
by the Muslims in the mosque of the Prophet. These elections show that
leadership or

caliphate was not a hereditary concept in Islam and a form of democracy was
practised.
They consulted the majlis e shura in all affairs of the state.
Everyone was free to express their opinion and criticise the caliph.
The caliphs were available to all and at all times.
The judiciary was independent and no one was above the law.
The bait ul maal was public property and was so treated by the caliphs.
Examples to all or some of the points given above could be given by the
candidates to show
how the caliphs were examples of leadership, not only to the people of their
age, but to
todays leaders as well.
(b) How does Umars conduct at the surrender of Jerusalem set an example for
Muslims?
[4]
Here candidates could write about any one or more examples of Umars conduct
at the time
of the surrender of Jerusalem and discuss how it sets an example for todays
Muslims. He
entered Jerusalem accompanied by just one servant and a camel between them
which they
rode in turns. He signed a treaty according to which the inhabitants of Jerusalem
were
granted complete security of their life and property. The peoples freedom to
practice their
own religion and the protection given to their places of worship are some of the
points that
could be mentioned and discussed. His conduct therefore sets an example of
simplicity,
humility, a respect for all faiths and tolerance.

USMAN (R.A.)
4 (a) Write an account of the main activities of Hazrat `Uthman
(i) during the lifetime of the Prophet,
[6] (M/J/06)
and (ii) during his caliphate.

[6]

(b) Explain why Hazrat `Uthman encountered difficulties in the latter years of his
caliphate and was assassinated.
[4]
(a) (i) He was one of the first converts.
He experienced persecution for his faith.
He married the Prophets daughter Ruqayya.
With her he migrated to Abyssinia.

 He migrated to Madina.
He did not take part in the Battle of Badr because of his sick wife.
When Ruqayya died, he was given her sister Umm Kulthum as wife.
He acted as the Prophets ambassador to Quraysh when the Muslims neared
Makka.
He contributed his wealth to pay for expeditions, particularly Tabuk.
(ii) He continued the policy of expanding Muslim territory.
The empire expanded into Persia, Armenia and North Africa.
He placed relatives in important positions of control.
He requested an authentic version of the Quran.
He ordered Zayd Ibn Thabit to lead the compilation of this.
He destroyed all other copies.
His rule caused disquiet and led to several uprisings.
(b) His appointment of family members was seen as favouritism.
His destruction of the Quran was seen by some as destroying Gods Word.
Some Muslims questioned his ability to rule.
He pacified a force from Egypt by making concessions, but sent word to have
them killed on their return home.
They returned to Madina and killed him.
Question 4
This was a popular question, and part (a) was generally well answered, though
part (b) caused problems.
(a) Most candidates were able to describe the two parts of `Uthmans career
very fully. The best
answers included the following points: he was one of the first converts; he
married two of the
Prophets daughters; he migrated to Ethiopia and Madina; he contributed his
wealth to help the
community; as Caliph he continued the policy of expanding the empire; he
placed relatives in
prominent positions; he ordered a full collection of the Quran to replace copies
that were allowing wrong readings.
(b) Fewer candidates answered this part well, and some described how he met
his death rather than explaining why he was killed. They did not appear to know
about the accusations levelled against him, or the grievances brought to him
that were the immediate cause of his killing.

3 (a) What major events took place during the caliphate of Uthman? [10]
(M/J/2010)
Uthman was the third caliph. He continued the policy of expanding the Islamic
territories. He
expanded the state towards the east and in the Mediterranean and crushed
many rebellions.

Details of areas conquered and rebellions put down could be given here. The
first Muslim
naval fleet was built during the reign of Uthman. It was Uthman who during his
term as
caliph ordered a full edition of the Quran to be made and for this appointed
Zayd Ibn Thabit
to lead the compilation. He ordered all unofficial copies of the Quran to be
burnt. Some
candidates may well discuss that it was because of this action of his and the
charge that he
had appointed inefficient relatives as governors that his rule caused disquiet and
led to
several uprisings. They could go on to mention the uprisings in Iraq, Kufa and
Egypt and say
how finally in 35 AH troops from all three provinces arrived at Medina to take
their complaints
directly to the caliph.
(b) Explain why Uthman encountered difficulties in the later years of his
caliphate and
was assassinated.
[4]
His appointment of family members in important positions was regarded as
favouritism. The
burning of the copies of the Quran to be replaced by the official version
prepared by Zayd
Ibn Thabit was seen as destroying the word of Allah. Yet another reason was that
some
Muslims questioned his ability to rule. To get to the higher level of marks the
candidates must
write about his assassination as well. Here the stronger candidates could state
that after
Uthman had pacified the Egyptians they were on their way home when they got
a hold of a
letter supposedly from Uthman to the Governor of Egypt to have the leaders of
the group put
to death on their return. Seeking vengeance they returned and killed him.
Evaluation of
some of the points discussed above is needed to get to the top levels.

Question 3
Not a very popular question. From the ones who did attempt this question there was a wide
spectrum of answers from average to good ones. Average answers dealt with Uthmans
compilation of the Quran and appointment of relatives as governors without too much detail

but the better answers not only dealt with the two aforementioned points but also dealt with
the expansion of Muslim territories that took place during his time giving names of territories
added sometimes even with dates, they wrote of rebellions that arose in Azerbaijan and
Armenia and how they were crushed. The revolt of the Romans was mentioned by some
and good answers also went on to write about how the first Muslim naval fleet was started
in the caliphate of
Uthman. Once again it was detail and development which earned the candidates higher
marks.
Part (b) answer to this question saw a lot of repetition from Part (a). Evaluation of some of
the points made in Part (a) was needed. Also candidates needed to write about Uthmans
assassination.

ALI (R.A.)
4 (a) Describe the main events of the caliphate of Ali.

[10] (M/J/09)

A very basic answer will show some knowledge of the main events, including the
battle of
Camel and the battle of Siffin. A slightly more developed answer will describe
the problems
faced by the caliph in some detail. The better candidates will give a full account
of the
caliphs rule and show the difficulties he faced, giving names and dates e.g. they
could give
an account of Talha and Zubayrs opposition to him with the support of Hazrat
Aisha, Alis
dismissal of the governors appointed by Uthman and the consequent problem
that resulted
from it, as well as the separatist movement of the Kharijites and the battle
fought with them in
658AD/37AH. Answers may go on to give a comprehensive account that reflects
both
knowledge and understanding of the reasons for the upsets during Alis rule.
(b) Explain why Talha and Zubayr opposed Ali.

[4]

The candidates could give a mainly descriptive account of the opposition of

Talha and
Zubayr. Better answers could give an explanation of their action stemming from

their
disagreement over Alis reaction to the death of Uthman. Candidates may well
discuss Alis
problem of having to act against law-breakers while not yet in a secure position.
However focussing on reasons rather than description and pointing towards the
complexity of
motivations on both sides will enable candidates to get top marks.

Question 4
A very popular question and generally well answered by most who attempted it. The
candidates confidently wrote about the battles of Camel and Siffin giving detailed and
descriptive answers. They were able to chart the events of the caliphate of Ali in great
detail, however some candidates were confused about details of the arbitration and the role
of the Kharijites. Part (b) as in the previous questions proved to be more challenging and
candidates found it difficult to discuss the complexity of motivations and resorted to
summarizing the points made in part (a), having said that some Examiners found that some
candidates gave some very insightful accounts and perspectives on why Talha and Zubayr
opposed Ali but such answers were few.

Q4 In this question you should answer part (a) and either part (b) or part (c)
(a) Write an account of the life of `Ali ibn Abi Talib, paying particular
attention to:
(i) his companionship of the Prophet;
[6] (O/N/05)
(ii) his caliphate. [6]
Either (b) Explain why `Ali was opposed by Mu`awiya during his rule as
caliph. [4]
Or (c) Explain why `Alis leadership of the community is regarded as
important by Shi`i
Muslims. [4]

(a) (i)
He was close to the Prophet from childhood.
He became one of the first Muslims.
He married the Prophets daughter Fatima.
He took the Prophets place in his bed at the time of the hijra.

 He was taken by the Prophet as his brother when pairing Ansar and
Muhajirun.
He was one of the foremost warriors of the Islamic community.
He offered to fight single-handedly before a number of battles.
[1 mark for details, e.g. his feats at the battle of Hunayn.]
He was a scribe of the Prophet.
He wrote the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya.
[Shi`as believe the Prophet designated him as his successor.]
(ii)
He became caliph after the murder of `Uthman.
He did not immediately take steps to punish `Uthmans killers.
For this Talha and Zubayr, supported by `Aisha, opposed him.
They fought him at the battle of the Camel.
[+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
`Uthmans nephew Mu`awiya also opposed him.
They fought at the battle of Siffin.
This was indecisive so they agreed to arbitration.
[+1 for a full account of this opposition and its outcome.]
Some of `Alis supporters disagreed with this and abandoned him.
He defeated them at the battle of Nahrawan.
He was killed by one of these while at prayer.
(b)
`Ali ordered Mu`awiya to surrender his position as governor of Syria.
Since Mu`awiya would not accept `Ali as caliph he did not do this.
`Ali refused to take steps against the killers of Mu`awiyas uncle `Uthman.
Mu`awiya insisted that `Ali should punish them before he would obey him.
Mu`awiyas opposition was a combination of personal ambition and desire
for
justice.
(c)
The Prophet designated `Ali his successor at Ghadir Qumm.
He also showed `Ali other unique signs of recognition.
E.g. he said: I am the city of knowledge and `Ali is the gate.
`Ali was married to the Prophets daughter Fatima.
The Quran gives special recognition to him as one of the five members of
the
Prophets family.
He was the father of the only descendants of the Prophet Hasan and
Husayn.

Question 4
This proved a challenging question, and while it brought a few very good
answers, there were also some muddled answers, in which the Battles of the
Camel and Siffin were mixed up, or the achievements of Ali and Umar or even
Abu Bakr were confused. In (a) most candidates were able to describe the two
parts of Alis life in full, particularly his youth during the lifetime of the Prophet,
though there was confusion over the events of his caliphate. In this latter part,
extra
marks were allocated to detailed accounts of the Battles of the Camel and Siffin,
though few candidates gave these, particularly the indecisiveness of Siffin and
the arbitration that ensued. It appears that the facts of this part of Alis life were
not clear in most minds, and future candidates would benefit from fuller
explanation. For (b) most candidates were able to make factual points about
Muawiyas insistence that Ali should punish the assassins of Uthman, and his
own self-interest in holding on to the governorship of Syria. But very few were
able to use these to explain, as the question asked, in what way these
contributed to the governors
opposition.
In (d) very few candidates attempted this part, and those who did often talked
about Alis descendants rather than the Imam himself. Marks were allowed for
the special regard in which the Prophet held Ali, the significant statements he
made about Alis relationship to him, and his closeness to Ali through Fatima.
But few mentioned these significant points.
4 (a) Describe the main activities of 'Ali during the lifetime of the Prophet. [6]
(O/N/08)
He was brought up in the Prophets house.
He was among the first converts to Islam/the first child to become a Muslim.
He lay in the Prophets bed on the night of the hijra/He was entrusted by the
Prophet to
return the belongings of the Makkans.
He married the Prophets daughter Fatima.
He fought in single combat before the battle of Badr.
He fought fiercely during the capture of Khaybar.
He wrote down the text of the Treaty of Hudaybiya.
During the Tabuk expedition Ali was the Prophets deputy in Madina and did
not
participate in the battle.
(b) Describe the main events of 'Alis rule as caliph.

[6]

 He was confronted with the decision of how to treat the assassins of 'Uthman.
Talha and Zubayr, with the support of 'Aisha, opposed him.
He defeated them at the battle of the Camel.
Mu'awiya refused to give him allegiance or vacate his position as Governor of
Syria.
The armies led by the two met at Siffin.
The battle proved indecisive.
'Ali agreed to arbitration.
Some of his supporters deserted him.
(c) Explain why close Companions of the Prophet opposed 'Ali, and why his
supporters
deserted him towards the end of his life.
[2 2]
Talha and Zubayr thought he should punish 'Uthmans assassins as soon as
possible.
This was the just action and they thought `Ali was wrong not to do it.
'Alis supporters at Siffin thought he was the leader of the community and
those who
opposed him were wrong.
So they thought he was wrong to arbitrate with sinners.
Question 4
This question was not attempted by many candidates. Those who did attempt it managed to
do relatively well in part (a). A few candidates did reasonably well in part (b) as well, though
there was confusion between the battles of Camel and Siffin and very few went on to state
that Alis supporters deserted him because they were against the arbitration he had with
Muawiya.
Part (c) was further sub-divided; the first part required an explanation of why the close
companions of the Prophet opposed Ali and the second part required the candidates to
explain why Alis supporters deserted him towards the end of his life. The answers to part
(c) were on the whole very weak. Here some candidates just stated that Alis close
companions opposed him as he failed to take action against Uthmans assassins. They
however needed to further expand their answer by saying that the companions felt their
demand was a just one and that Ali was wrong in not taking swift action against the
assassins. The second section of this part required an answer highlighting that Alis
supporters at Siffin thought he was the leader
and those who opposed him were wrong and that they felt Ali was wrong to arbitrate with
sinners.
5 (a) What were the main events of the caliphate of Ali.

[10] (O/N/2010)

Ali became caliph after the murder of Uthman. He did not immediately take

steps to punish
Uthmans killers for which he was opposed by Talha and Zubayr. The better
answers will
give further details like he was also opposed by Ayesha who supported Talha and
Zubayr
and by Uthmans nephew Muawiya. The two main battles fought during his
caliphate, those
of the Camel and Siffin, will also be mentioned here by the better candidates
and some
details may well be given. Good candidates will focus on the point that after the
battle of
Siffin proved indecisive, arbitration was agreed to and so some of Alis
supporters deserted
him as they disagreed with his decision to arbitrate with whom they believed
were sinners.
He defeated them at the battle of Nahrawan and was killed by one of them while
at prayer.
(b) Explain why you think Muawiya refused to accept Ali?

[4]

Candidates could give a range of reasons when answering this question. Some
could say
e.g. that he wanted Ali to take immediate steps to punish the killers of Uthman
whilst others
could give personal ambition and a desire for justice as his reasons. All valid
points should
be credited.
Question 5

This was a question in which the well prepared candidates showed their knowledge. Events,
names of key figures, battles fought, dates, names of commanding officers, aftermath of the
battles, and result were all aspects that needed to be given in good answers and some
candidates wrote very good responses. It was important not to get the events of the two
battles mixed up. In part (b) candidates needed to evaluate the feelings of Muawiya in
relation to the events to produce good answers.

Question 5

(M/J/03)

Surprisingly, this question was generally not answered accurately and many
candidates did not appear to have a thorough grasp of the facts relating to `Alis
dealings with Mu`awiya. Again, there was scope here for answers to give Shi`i

interpretations of the events, though hardly any candidates took the opportunity
to do so. In (a) most attempts referred to `Alis decision to remove Mu`awiya
from his position, though few went on to make the point about Mu`awiyas
dispute over `Alis treatment of the murderers of `Uthman. Good answers would
have mentioned the events following the third Caliphs death, and especially
Mu`awiyas insistence that `Ali should punish his uncles murderers. The best
answers would have briefly mentioned `Alis
difficulties over taking any action, and Mu`awiyas continuing refusal to
recognise him until he acted.
Part (b) required accurate descriptions of the main events of the Battle of Siffin,
including the meetings of the two forces, the indecisiveness of the engagement,
the ploy of Mu`awiyas troops to tie Qurans to their lances, and the decision
about arbitration. There were some complete answers to this part, of which the
best hinted at the unease felt among some of `Alis side about this outcome.
Part (c) was the least well answered, mainly because most candidates did not
know about the events it refers to. Some were able to identify the supporters
who abandoned `Ali as Kharijites/Khawarij, but almost no-one knew much about
their refusal to accept his agreement to arbitrate and their condemnation of
him. In most candidates minds they were simply rebels.