2168.2-2009 Computerized Radiography Testing of Mettalic Materials Using X-Rays and Gamma Rays

AS 2168.
22009
AS 2168.22009
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Australian Standard
Non-destructive testingComputerized
radiography
Part 2: Testing of metallic materials
using X-rays and gamma rays
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of

Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
17 June 2009.
This Standard was published on 30 June 2009.
The following are represented on Committee MT-007:
Australian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing Committee

Australian Industry Group
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation
Australian Pipeline Industry Association
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Engineers Australia
Metals Trade Industry Association
National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia
New Zealand Non-Destructive Testing Association
NSW WorkCover Authority
Victorian WorkCover Authority
Welding Technology Institute of Australia
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 06539.

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date

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systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to
notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 2168.22009
Australian Standard
Non-destructive testingComputerized
radiography
Part 2: Testing of metallic materials
using X-rays and gamma rays
First published as AS 2168.22009.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 9178 6
AS 2168.22009
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Australian members of the Joint Standards
Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of Metals
and Materials. After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia
and Standards New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard
rather than an Australian/New Zealand Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to ensure that the parameter of computed radiography
systems as a progression for the next generation of radiographic methods are achieved.
In the preparation of this Standard cognizance was taken of the following Standards:
EN
14784
14784-1
14784-2
Non-destructive testingIndustrial computed radiograph with storage

phosphor imaging plates
Part 1: Classification of systems
Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
This Standard is one of a series of Standards covering the range radiography of metals and
materials.
AS
2168
2168.1
2168.2
Non-destructive testingComputerized radiography

Part 1: Systems
Part 2: Testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (this
Standard)
2177
Non-destructive testingRadiography of welded butt joints in metal
2314
Radiography of metalsImage quality indicators (IQI) and recommendations

for their use
3507
3507.1
3507.2
Non-destructive testing
Part 1: Guide to radiography for ferrous castings
Part 2: Radiographic determination of quality of ferrous castings
3669
Non-destructive testingQualification and approval of personnelAerospace
4749
Non-destructive testingTerminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld

imperfections as revealed by radiography
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in footnotes to tables are deemed to be

requirements of this Standard.
AS 2168.22009
CONTENTS
Page
SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 4
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................................. 4
DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................ 4
4
5
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ......................................................................................... 5

PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION AND VISION REQUIREMENTS........................ 5
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES................. 6
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................... 6
RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING COMPUTED

RADIOGRAPHS ........................................................................................................ 7
PRESENTATION DATA ......................................................................................... 16
AS 2168.22009
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Part 2: Testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays
1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of
enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are
based on the fundamental theory of the subject and test measurements. This Standard
specifies the general rules for industrial computed X-ray and gamma radiography for flaw
detection purposes, using storage phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general
principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials on the basis of films, (refer to
AS 2177.)
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1929
Non-destructive testingGlossary of terms
2177
Non-destructive testingRadiography of welded butt joints in metals
2314
Radiography of metalsImage quality indicators (IQI) and recommendations

for their use
2168
2168.1

Part 1: Systems
2243
2243.4
Safety in laboratories
Part 4: Ionizing radiations
2452
2452.1
Non-destructive testingDetermination of thickness

Part 1: Determination of wall thickness of pipe by the use of radiography
3507
3507.1
Non-destructive testing
Part 1: Guide to radiography for ferrous castings
3669
Non-destructive testingQualification and approval of personnelAerospace
3998
Non-destructive testingQualification and certification of personnel
EN
462
462-5
Non-destructive testingImage quality of radiographs

Part 5: Image quality indicators (duplex wire type), determination of image
unsharpness value
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard the following definitions and those in AS 1929 apply.
3.1 Computed radiography system (CR system)
Complete system of a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and corresponding read out unit
(scanner or reader), and system software, which converts the information of the IP into a
digital image.
Standards Australia
www.standards.org.au
AS 2168.22009
3.2 Computed radiography system class

Particular group of storage phosphor imaging plate systems, which is characterized by a
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) range shown in Table 1 and by a certain basic spatial
resolution value (e.g. derived from duplex wire IQI) in a specified exposure range.
3.3 Nominal thickness (t)
Thickness of the material in the region under examination. Manufacturing tolerances do not
have to be taken into account.
3.4 Object-to-detector distance (b)
Distance between the radiation side of the test object and the detector surface measured
along the central axis of the radiation beam.
3.5 Penetrated thickness (w)
Thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the
nominal thickness. For multiple wall techniques the penetrated thickness is calculated from
the nominal thickness.
3.6 Effective source size (d)
Size of the source of radiation.

3.7 Source-to-detector distance (SDD)
Distance between the source of radiation and the detector measured in the direction of the
beam.
3.8 Source-to-object distance (f)
Distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object measured
along the central axis of the radiation beam.
3.9 Storage phosphor imaging plate systems
Complete system of a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a corresponding read out
unit (scanner or reader), which converts the information of the IP into a digital image.
4 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Prolonged exposure of any part of the human body to ionizing radiation is hazardous to
your health. Adequate precautions shall be taken to protect testing personnel and any other
persons in the vicinity, when X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are being used.
NOTES:
1
The use of radioactive substance and irradiation apparatus is controlled by various statutory
regulations. Reference should be made to the Radiation Health Series No. 31 Code of Practice
for the safe use of industrial radiographic equipment.
Reference should also be made to AS 2243.4 for ionizing radiation safety precautions.
5 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION AND VISION REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Personnel qualifications
Radiographic testing interpretation for compliance, and report shall be made by personnel
having qualification and experience for their job function acceptable to the testing body, the
manufacturer and where required by the purchaser.
Operators of CR systems shall have documented proof of competency in using the
equipment.
Operators shall have the qualification detailed below or shall carry out their duties under
the supervision of persons responsible for the performance of the test.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
Qualifications normally acceptable for the radiographic testing or welds or metallic

materials include the following:
(a)
Certification by the Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (AINDT)

Certification Board in accordance with AS 3998 or approval in accordance with AS
3669 in radiographic testing.
(b)
Equivalent qualifications.
5.2 Vision requirements

The personnel shall provide documented evidence of satisfactory vision in accordance with
AS 3998 or AS 3669.
Subsequent to certification, the tests of visual acuity shall be carried out annually and be
verified by the employer or the responsible agency.
6 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Computed radiographic techniques are subdivided into two classes:

(a)
Class A: basic technique.
(b)
Class B: improved technique.
Class B technique will be used when Class A may be insufficiently sensitive.

NOTE: Better techniques, compared with Class B, are possible and may be agreed between the
purchaser and the supplier by specification of all appropriate test parameters.
Before commencing the radiographic examination the type of techniques to be used shall be
predetermined.
NOTE: The agreement between the purchaser and supplier should be negotiated upon at the time
of enquiry or placement of order.
Due to image parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), un-sharpness and sensitivity
to scattered radiation and hardening, differences exist between film radiographs and
computed radiographs.
Nevertheless, the perception of flaws using film radiography or computed radiography is
comparable by using Class A and Class B techniques, respectively. The perceptibility shall
be proven by the use of IQIs according to AS 2314.
If it is not possible for technical reasons to meet one of the conditions specified for the
Class B, such as the type of radiation source or the source-to-object distance f, it may be
agreed between the contracting parties that the condition selected may be that specified for
Class A. The loss of sensitivity shall be compensated for, by doubling the required
minimum exposure time with the goal to increase the minimum SNR by a factor of 1.4
(additional to the SNR required from the plate-scanner classes given by Tables 2 to 3).
Because of the resulting improved sensitivity compared to Class A, the test sections may be
regarded as examined within Class B.
NOTE: This applies only to those IP-scanner systems whose SNR is not limited by the inhomogeneity of the phosphor layer or the scanner dynamic at the required minimum exposure
time (see Clause 7.5).
7 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings
might cause difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the
coatings shall be removed.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
7.2 Identification of radiographs

Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of
these symbols shall appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible
and shall ensure unequivocal identification of the section.
7.3 Marking
Position markings on the object to be examined shall be made in order to locate accurately
the position of each radiograph.
Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit position
marking, the location may be recorded by means of accurate sketches or photographs.
7.4 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates
When radiographing an area with two or more separate phosphor imaging plates (IP), the
IPs shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that the complete region of interest is radiographed.
This shall be verified by a high-density marker on the surface of the object that will appear
on each image.
7.5 Image quality indicators

The quality of image shall be verified by use of IQIs, in accordance with the specific
application of AS 2314 for the contrast resolution and EN 462-5 for measurement of unsharpness. Therefore two IQIs are always required on each image. The minimum IQI-values
are dependent on wall thickness and geometry as defined by AS 2314.
This document may be applied to non-ferrous metals if appropriate IQIs are used.
In specific cases, as-agreed minimum IQI-values may be specified in accordance with
AS 2314.
IQIs of the step-hole type should not be applied because the wire IQIs are more suitable to
encourage the operator to compensate for limited sharpness with increased contrast. This
compensation can be achieved either by reduction of the source voltage or by longer
exposure time to increase the SNR of the computed radiograph.
8 RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHS
8.1 Test arrangements
Test arrangements shall be determined from the specific application standards for film
radiography, refer to AS 2177, AS 2452.1 and AS 3507.1.
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source
8.2.1 X-ray equipment
To maintain good flaw detection sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage should be as low as
possible. The maximum values of tube voltage versus thickness are given in Figure 1.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
Y
50 0
40 0
Cu
300
Fe
20 0
X- R AY VO LTAG E, k V
Ti
10 0
Al
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
5 6 7 8 910
20
30
40 50 6 0
8 0 10 0
X
PEN E T R AT ED T HICK N ES S (w), m m

LEGEND:
X = penetrated thickness w, in millimetres
Y = X-ray voltage, in kilovolts
FIGURE 1 MAXIMUM X-RAY VOLTAGE FOR X-RAY DEVICES UP TO 500 kV AS

FUNCTION OF PENETRATED WALL THICKNESS
8.2.2 Other radiation sources

The permitted penetrated thickness ranges for gamma ray sources and X-ray equipment
above 1 MeV are given in Table 1.
The value for Ir 192 may be reduced further to 10 mm and for Se 75 to 5 mm penetrated wall
thickness. This is the subject of agreement between contracting parties.
On thin specimens, gamma rays from Ir 192 and Co 60 will not produce computed radiographs
having as good a defect detection sensitivity as X-rays used with appropriate technique
parameters.
NOTE: Due to the advantages of gamma ray sources in handling and accessibility, Table 1 gives a
range of thickness for which each of these gamma ray sources may be used when the use of Xrays is not practicable.
In cases where radiographs are produced using gamma rays, the travel time to position the
source shall not exceed 10% of the total exposure time.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
TABLE 1
PENETRATION THICKNESS RANGE FOR GAMMA RAY SOURCES AND X-RAY
EQUIPMENT WITH ENERGY FROM 1 MeV AND ABOVE FOR STEEL, COPPER
AND NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS
Radiation source
Penetrated thickness range (w)

mm
170
Tm
169
Test Class B
w5
w5
1 w 15
2 w 12
75
Se
10 w 40
14 w 40
192
20 w 100
20 w 90
60
40 w 200
60 w 150
X-ray equipment with energy 1 to 4 MeV
30 w 200
50 w 180
X-ray equipment with energy 4 to 12 MeV
50 w
80 w
X-ray equipment with energy > 12 MeV
80 w
100 w
Yb
Ir
Co
Test Class A
For aluminium and titanium the penetrated material thickness range is 10 w 70 for Class A and 25 w
55 for Class B.
For aluminium and titanium the penetrated material thickness range is 35 w 120 for Class A.
8.3 Phosphor imaging plate-scanner systems and screens

For computer radiographic examination, IP-scanner system classes shall be used
corresponding to the definitions given in AS 2168.1. The IP system classes are defined in
AS 2168.1 by the minimum normalized SNR-values (SNR IPx) and are reproduced in
Table 2.
For different radiation sources and wall thickness ranges, the minimum IP-system classes
are given in Tables 3 and 4. These Tables show the recommended screen materials and
metal thickness. When using lead screens, good contact between IP and screens is required.
Other screen thicknesses and materials may also be applied if described in the specification
provided the required image quality is achieved.
TABLE 2
CR SYSTEM EVALUATION ACCORDING TO THE MINIMUM
NORMALIZED SNR AT THE MINIMUM SIGNAL INTENSITY IIPX
System Class CEN
Minimum normalized SNR
IP1/Y
130
IP2/Y
117
IP3/Y
78
IP4/Y
65
IP5/Y
52
IP6/Y
43
NOTES:
1
The normalized SNR values of Table 1 are similar to those of EN 584-1. They
are calculated by SNR = log (e) (Gradient/Granularity) of Table 1 in EN 5841.
The measured SNR values are calculated from linearized signal data.
Y is the maximum basic spatial resolution (see Clause 6.3.2).
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
10
The classification statement consists of two values:

(a)
The assignment to an IP-class in agreement with Table 1. The measured normalized

SNR shall be greater or equal to the assigned value of the minimum normalized SNR
in Table 1.
(b)
The measured maximum basic spatial resolution, rounded to the nearest 10 m step.
The statement shall be given in the following form:

IP X/Y
NOTE: For example, a system classified as IP 3/100 is characterized by a normalized

SNR 78 (see Table 1) and a maximum basic spatial resolution 100 m.
Standards Australia
TABLE 3
IP-SYSTEM CLASSES AND METAL SCREENS FOR THE COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY OF STEEL,
COPPER AND NICKEL BASED ALLOYS
Radiation source
Penetrated wall thickness (w)

mm
IP system class*
Type and minimum thickness in mm of metal screen
Front
Back
< 50 kV
None
None
X-ray
< 50 kV to 150 kV
Pb 0.1
Pb 0.1
X-ray
> 150 kV to 250 kV
Pb 0.1
Pb 0.1
X-ray
> 250 kV to 350 kV
w < 50
Pb 0.2
Pb 0.2
w > 50
Pb 0.3
Pb 0.3
w < 50
Pb 0.3
Pb 0.3
w > 50
Pb 0.3
Pb 0.3
w<5
Pb 0.1
Pb 0.1
w>5
Pb 0.1
Pb 0.1
w < 50
Pb 0.3
Pb 0.3
w > 50
Pb 0.4
Pb 0.4
w < 100
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.5
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.0
w > 100
Fe 0.5 + Pb 2.0
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.0
w < 100
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.5
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.0
w > 100
Fe 0.5 + Pb 2.0
Fe 0.5 + Pb 1.0
X-ray
Yb
Ir
169
192
Co
> 350 kV to 450 kV
, Tm
, Se
170
75
60
X-ray
> 1 MV
11
X-ray
* Better IP-system classes may also be used.

AS 2168.22009
Standards Australia
In case of multiple screens (Fe + Pb) the steel screen shall be located between the IP and the lead screen. Instead of Fe or Fe + Pb also copper, tantalum or tungsten
screen screens
may be used in if the image quality can be proven.
AS 2168.22009
12
TABLE 4
IP SYSTEM CLASSES AND METAL SCREENS FOR ALUMINIUM AND
TITANIUM
IP system class*
Radiation source
Class A
Class B
Type and minimum

thickness in mm of
front and back screens
X-ray
< 50 kV
X-ray
50 kV to 150 kV
X-ray
> 150 kV to 250 kV
X-ray
Yb
Se
169
,Tm
> 250 kV
IP 5
170
75
IP3
Pb 0.02
Pb 0.1
Pb 0.02
Pb 0.1
* Better IP-system classes may be also used.
8.4 System unsharpness

Computed radiography systems shall provide sufficient image quality for a certain
probability of detection of material discontinuities. Table 4 defines the required maximum
un-sharpness (duplex wire IQI-value) and pixel size of the scanner depending on radiation
energy and wall thickness.
The system unsharpness shall be proven for all exposures by the duplex wire IQI (refer to
EN 462-5).
Standards Australia
TABLE 5
REQUIRED SPATIAL SYSTEM RESOLUTION IN DEPENDENCE ON ENERGY AND WALL THICKNESS
Radiation source
Wall thickness
(w)
mm
Class IPA
Class IPB
Max. pixel* size

m
Duplex wire IQI number
Max. pixel* size

m
Duplex wire IQI number
w<4
40
> 13
30
>> 13
50 kV
4w
60
13
40
> 13
X-ray
w<4
60
13
30
>> 13
4 w < 12
70
12
40
> 13
w 12
85
11
60
13
w<4
60
13
30
>> 13
4 w < 12
70
12
40
> 13
w 12
85
11
60
13
12 w < 50
110
10
70
12
250 kV to <350 kV
w 50
125
110
10
X-ray
w < 50
125
85
11
w 50
160
110
10
85
11
60
13
w < 40
160
110
10
w 40
200
125
250
200
250
200
>50 kV to <150 kV
X-ray
150 kV to <250 kV
X-ray
350 kV to <450 kV
Yb
169
, Tm
75
Se , Ir
Co
192
60
X-ray
170
13
X-ray
If magnification technique is used, double wire IQI readout is required only.

The given IQI numbers indicate the readout value of the first unresolved wire pair corresponding to EN 462-5.
The symbol > 13 requires the 13 th wire pair to be resolved with a dip separation larger than 20% (see Figure 3 of AS 2168.1).
The symbol >> 13 requires the 13 th wire pair to be resolved with a dip separation larger than 50%.
AS 2168.22009
Standards Australia
>1 MeV
AS 2168.22009
14
8.5 Alignment of beam

The beam of radiation shall be directed to the centre of the area being inspected and should
be normal to the object surface at that point, except when it can be demonstrated that
certain flaws are best revealed by a different alignment of the beam.
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation
8.6.1 Filters and collimators
In order to reduce the effect of back-scattered radiation, direct radiation shall be collimated
as much as possible to the section under examination.
With Se 75 , Ir 192 and Co 60 radiation sources, or in case of edge scatter, a sheet of lead can be
used as a filter for low energy scattered radiation between the object and the cassette. The
thickness of this sheet is 0.5 mm to 2 mm.
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation
If necessary, the IP shall be shielded from back-scattered radiation by an adequate thickness

of lead at least 1 mm, or of tin of at least 1.5 mm, placed behind the IP-screen combination.
The presence of back-scattered radiation shall be checked for each new test arrangement by
a lead letter B (with a height of minimum 10 mm and a thickness of minimum 1.5 mm)
placed immediately behind each cassette. If the image of this symbol records as an image
with less intensity than the background on the radiograph, it shall be rejected. If the symbol
is not visible the radiograph is acceptable and demonstrates adequate protection against
scattered radiation.
8.7 Source-to-object distance
The minimum source-to-object distance f min depends on the source size d and on the objectto-detector (IP) distance b.
The distance f, shall, where practicable, be chosen so that the ratio of this distance to the
source sized d, i.e. f/d, is not below the values given by the following equations:
For Class A:
f/d 7.5(b) 2/3
. . . (1)
For Class B
f/d 15(b) 2/3
. . . (2)
b is in millimetres (mm).
If the distance b < 1.2 t the dimension b in Equations (1) and (2) and Figure 2 shall be
replaced by the nominal thickness t.
For determination of the source-to-object distance, f min , the nomogram in Figure 2 may be
used.
The nomogram is based on Equations (1) and (2).
In Class A, if planar imperfections have to be detected the minimum distance f min shall be
the same as for Class B in order to reduce the geometric un-sharpness by a factor of 2.
In critical technical applications of crack-sensitive materials more sensitive radiographic
techniques than Class B shall be used.
Standards Australia
15
AS 2168.22009
50 0
mm
40 0
300
50 0 0
mm
10
mm
8
7
20 0
20 0 0
300
mm
20 0
10 0 0
10 0
80
10 0 0
50 0
60
50
300
50 0
40
20 0
30
10 0
10 0
50
20
b
20 0
fminb
fmina
300
10
1
30
20
50
30
20
5
10
4
3
0.5
10
L EG EN D:
a
b
= M i n i m u m s o u rc e to o b j e c t d i s t a n c e fo r c l a s s B
= M i n i m u m s o u rc e to o b j e c t d i s t a n c e fo r c l a s s A
FIGURE 2 NOMOGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM SOURCE-TO-OBJECT

DISTANCE fmin IN RELATION TO THE OBJECT-IP DISTANCE AND THE SOURCE SIZE
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure

The ratio of the penetrated thickness at the outer edge of an evaluated area of uniform
thickness to that at the centre beam shall not be more than 1.1 for Class B and 1.2 for
Class A.
The read-out intensities resulting from any variation of penetrated thickness shall not be
lower than those indicated in Clause 8.9.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
16
8.9 Minimum read-out intensity of computed radiographs

Each CR image shall have better or equal SNR than those defined by the system classes
mentioned in Tables 2 and 3. As SNR values are not measured regularly, the minimum SNR
values are guaranteed by the use of minimum read-out intensities I IPx where x represents the
IP class. These read-out intensities are analogous to the use of minimum optical densities in
film radiography. The definition of minimum read-out intensity is derived from
measurements of the particular CR system refer to AS 2168.1 and they are provided by the
manufacturer.
Each acquired computed radiograph shall be verified in accordance to Table 5. To be
classified as Class A or Class B, readings shall be equal or exceed the required values.
NOTE: The same IP-scanner system may be used for different applications, which have to satisfy
different IP-scanner system classes. This results in different minimum read-out intensities and
usually in different exposure times.
TABLE 6
READ-OUT INTENSITY OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHS

Testing class
Minimum
Read-out intensity*
for system Class x
0.81 I ipx
0.9 SNR
ipx
1.0 I ipx
1.0 SNR
ipx
Minimum SNR
* A measuring tolerance of 5% is permitted.

Value may be reduced by special agreement of contacting parties.
High intensities may be used with advantage if the IP-scanner system does not already limit
the SNR.
In order to avoid unduly high background intensities arising from exposure by natural
radiation, IPs shall always be erased before use if the last erasure was more than two weeks.
If IPs are used for high-energy application or gamma radiography, they shall be checked for
sufficient erasure by a test read out.
If I IPx values are not available, the achieved testing class can be determined from the IQIreadout values in accordance with AS 2314. No image processing is allowed apart from
linear brightness and contrast adjustment.
8.10 Monitor and film viewing conditions
The computed radiographs shall be examined in a darkened room on a monitor or a printed
film hardcopy- with a resolution better or equal to the requirements of AS 2177.
The monitor shall have a luminance of 100 cd/m 2 and a resolution of 1280 1024 pixel
with a pixel size of 150 m to 300 m. The graphic board shall provide 256 grey levels.
The software shall provide images, which are always visualized with 256 grey levels. The
ratio for displayable luminance (L max /L min ) shall be 100:1.
9 PRESENTATION DATA
9.1 Record test
The record of test shall include at least the following information:
(a)
Name of the laboratory or testing authority.
(b)
Identification of the component.
(c)
Job reference number
Standards Australia
17
AS 2168.22009
(d)
Number of the product Standard.
(e)
Details of the material under test.
(f)
The number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2168.2, the method designation, or
any departures from that method.
(g)
Details (to allow the radiograph to be related to the workpiece or the test specimen).
(h)
The surface condition of the workpiece, including type of preparation.
(i)
Details of the X-ray tube voltage and current, or of the isotope used and its
radioactivity.
(j)
The effective source size, in millimetres.
(k)
The source-to-detector (SDD) distance used, in millimetres.
(l)
The nature and thickness, in millimetres, of any screens or filters used.
(m)
Special notes on exposure geometry (if applicable).
(n)
IQI types, model, location and percent sensitivity achieved, refer to AS 2314 and
EN 462-5.
(o)
The trade designation of the IPs Cr system.
(p)
The minimum readout intensity.
(q)
Details of exposure, in milliampere seconds or curie seconds.
(r)
Nominal thickness.
(s)
The date and place of test.
(t)
The report number (of reference number) as applicable.
(u)
Identification of the testing personnel.
9.2 Test report

For each computed radiograph, or set of computed radiographs, a test report shall be made
giving information on the radiographic technique used, and on any other special
circumstances which would allow a better understanding of the results.
Details concerning form and contents as specified in special application standards or be as
required by the purchaser and supplier. If inspection is carried out exclusively to this
guideline then the test report shall contain at least the following information:
(a)
Name of the laboratory or testing authority.
(b)
Identification of the component, including sufficient details to permit subsequent

correlation between the report and radiographs.
(c)
Job reference number.
(d)
Number of the product Standard.
(e)
Details of the material under test.
(f)
Nominal thickness.
(g)
Reference to this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2168.2, the method designation, or any
departures from that method.
(h)
Details of the manufacturers process.
(i)
Details of any surface imperfections considered in the assessment of the radiograph.
(j)
IQI types, model, location and percent sensitivity achieved, refer to AS 2314 and
EN 462-5.
Standards Australia
AS 2168.22009
18
Details of intensifying screens/filters.
(l)
The minimum readout intensity.
(m)
The trade designation of the IPs, CR system.
(n)
The effective source size, in millimetres.
(o)
Test results.
(p)
A statement of compliance or otherwise with the acceptance criteria as specified in

the relevant product Standard or application Standard, if applicable.
(q)
The date and place of testing.
(r)
The report number and the date of issue.
(s)
Name of certification and signature from the responsible person(s).
(k)
Standards Australia
19
NOTES
AS 2168.22009
AS 2168.22009
20
NOTES
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2168.2-2009 Computerized Radiography Testing of Mettalic Materials Using X-Rays and Gamma Rays

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2168.2-2009 Computerized Radiography Testing of Mettalic Materials Using X-Rays and Gamma Rays

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AS 2168.

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT-007, Non-destructive Testing of

The following are represented on Committee MT-007:

Australian Aerospace Non-Destructive Testing Committee

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 06539.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

First published as AS 2168.22009.

Non-destructive testingIndustrial computed radiograph with storage

Non-destructive testingComputerized radiography

Non-destructive testingRadiography of welded butt joints in metal

Radiography of metalsImage quality indicators (IQI) and recommendations

Non-destructive testingQualification and approval of personnelAerospace

Non-destructive testingTerminology of and abbreviations for fusion weld

Statements expressed in mandatory terms in footnotes to tables are deemed to be

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ......................................................................................... 5

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES................. 6

RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING COMPUTED

PRESENTATION DATA ......................................................................................... 16

Non-destructive testingGlossary of terms

Non-destructive testingRadiography of welded butt joints in metals

Radiography of metalsImage quality indicators (IQI) and recommendations

Non-destructive testingComputerized radiography

Non-destructive testingDetermination of thickness

Non-destructive testingQualification and approval of personnelAerospace

Non-destructive testingQualification and certification of personnel

Non-destructive testingImage quality of radiographs

3.2 Computed radiography system class

Size of the source of radiation.

5 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION AND VISION REQUIREMENTS

Qualifications normally acceptable for the radiographic testing or welds or metallic

Certification by the Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (AINDT)

5.2 Vision requirements

Computed radiographic techniques are subdivided into two classes:

Class A: basic technique.

Class B: improved technique.

Class B technique will be used when Class A may be insufficiently sensitive.

7.2 Identification of radiographs

7.5 Image quality indicators

PEN E T R AT ED T HICK N ES S (w), m m

FIGURE 1 MAXIMUM X-RAY VOLTAGE FOR X-RAY DEVICES UP TO 500 kV AS

8.2.2 Other radiation sources

Penetrated thickness range (w)

X-ray equipment with energy 1 to 4 MeV

X-ray equipment with energy 4 to 12 MeV

X-ray equipment with energy > 12 MeV

8.3 Phosphor imaging plate-scanner systems and screens

Minimum normalized SNR

Y is the maximum basic spatial resolution (see Clause 6.3.2).

The classification statement consists of two values:

The assignment to an IP-class in agreement with Table 1. The measured normalized

The statement shall be given in the following form:

NOTE: For example, a system classified as IP 3/100 is characterized by a normalized

Penetrated wall thickness (w)

Type and minimum thickness in mm of metal screen

> 150 kV to 250 kV

> 250 kV to 350 kV

> 350 kV to 450 kV

* Better IP-system classes may also be used.

Type and minimum

> 150 kV to 250 kV

* Better IP-system classes may be also used.

8.4 System unsharpness

Max. pixel* size

Duplex wire IQI number